메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1497-1508

Analysing shrub encroachment in the southern Kalahari: A grid-based modelling approach

Author keywords

Grazing impact; Potential carrying capacity; Rangeland degradation; Spatial simulation model; Vegetation change

Indexed keywords

ARID GRASSLAND; GRAZING; MODELLING; RANGELAND; SHRUB ENCROACHMENT;

EID: 0031437502     PISSN: 00218901     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2405265     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (118)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0345329301 scopus 로고
    • Carrying capacity, rangeland degradation and livestock development policy for the communal rangelands of Botswana
    • Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
    • Abel, N. (1993) Carrying capacity, rangeland degradation and livestock development policy for the communal rangelands of Botswana. Pastoral Development Network, 35c, 1-9, Overseas Development Institute, London, UK.
    • (1993) Pastoral Development Network , vol.35 C , pp. 1-9
    • Abel, N.1
  • 3
    • 0024880609 scopus 로고
    • Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history?
    • Archer, S. (1989) Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history? American Naturalist, 134, 545-561.
    • (1989) American Naturalist , vol.134 , pp. 545-561
    • Archer, S.1
  • 4
    • 0024257249 scopus 로고
    • Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: Conversion of grassland to thorn woodland
    • Archer, S., Scifres, C.J., Bassham, C.R. & Maggio, R. (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecological Monographs, 58, 111-127.
    • (1988) Ecological Monographs , vol.58 , pp. 111-127
    • Archer, S.1    Scifres, C.J.2    Bassham, C.R.3    Maggio, R.4
  • 5
    • 0009785630 scopus 로고
    • Water relations of Southern African savannas
    • Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Springer, Berlin
    • Bate, G.C., Furniss, P.R. & Pendle, B.G. (1982) Water relations of Southern African savannas. Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Ecological Studies 42, pp. 336-358. Springer, Berlin.
    • (1982) Ecological Studies , vol.42 , pp. 336-358
    • Bate, G.C.1    Furniss, P.R.2    Pendle, B.G.3
  • 6
    • 0025603490 scopus 로고
    • Tree/grass ratios in East African savannas: A comparison of existing models
    • Belsky, A.J. (1990) Tree/grass ratios in East African savannas: a comparison of existing models. Journal of Biogeography, 17, 483-489.
    • (1990) Journal of Biogeography , vol.17 , pp. 483-489
    • Belsky, A.J.1
  • 7
    • 0028177741 scopus 로고
    • Influences of trees on savanna productivity: Tests of shade, nutrients, and tree-grass competition
    • Belsky, A.J. (1994) Influences of trees on savanna productivity: tests of shade, nutrients, and tree-grass competition. Ecology, 75, 922-932.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 922-932
    • Belsky, A.J.1
  • 9
    • 0001874212 scopus 로고
    • Plant succession: An analysis of the development of vegetation
    • Clements, F.E. (1916) Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Institute Publication, 242, 1-512.
    • (1916) Carnegie Institute Publication , vol.242 , pp. 1-512
    • Clements, F.E.1
  • 10
    • 0028163924 scopus 로고
    • Historical changes in stocking rates of domestic livestock as a measure of semi-arid and arid rangeland degradation in the Cape Province, South Africa
    • Dean, W.R.J. & Macdonald, I.A.W. (1994) Historical changes in stocking rates of domestic livestock as a measure of semi-arid and arid rangeland degradation in the Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments, 26, 281-298.
    • (1994) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.26 , pp. 281-298
    • Dean, W.R.J.1    Macdonald, I.A.W.2
  • 11
    • 0022238257 scopus 로고
    • Climatic change and the broad scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes
    • Emanuel, W.R., Shugart, H.H. & Stevenson, M. (1985) Climatic change and the broad scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change, 7, 29-43.
    • (1985) Climatic Change , vol.7 , pp. 29-43
    • Emanuel, W.R.1    Shugart, H.H.2    Stevenson, M.3
  • 12
    • 0028165114 scopus 로고
    • Water and nitrogen dynamics in arid woodland
    • Evans, R.D. & Ehlinger, J.R. (1994) Water and nitrogen dynamics in arid woodland. Oecologia, 99, 233-242.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.99 , pp. 233-242
    • Evans, R.D.1    Ehlinger, J.R.2
  • 13
    • 84960646269 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model for assessing the influence of stocking rate on the incidence of drought and for estimating the optimal stocking rates
    • Fouché, H.J., de Jager, J.M. & Opperman, D.P.J. (1985) A mathematical model for assessing the influence of stocking rate on the incidence of drought and for estimating the optimal stocking rates. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 2, 4-6.
    • (1985) Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa , vol.2 , pp. 4-6
    • Fouché, H.J.1    De Jager, J.M.2    Opperman, D.P.J.3
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0022857439 scopus 로고
    • The role of competition in plant communities in arid and semi-arid regions
    • Fowler, N. (1986) The role of competition in plant communities in arid and semi-arid regions. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 17, 89-110.
    • (1986) Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics , vol.17 , pp. 89-110
    • Fowler, N.1
  • 16
    • 0002685265 scopus 로고
    • The ecological effect of fire in savannas
    • (ed. B.H. Walker), ICSU Press, Miami
    • Frost, P.G.H. & Robertson, F. (1987) The ecological effect of fire in savannas. Determinants of Tropical Savannas (ed. B.H. Walker), pp. 93-140. ICSU Press, Miami.
    • (1987) Determinants of Tropical Savannas , pp. 93-140
    • Frost, P.G.H.1    Robertson, F.2
  • 19
    • 0000959508 scopus 로고
    • Community changes following shrub invasion of grasslands
    • Hobbs, R.J. & Mooney, H.A. (1986) Community changes following shrub invasion of grasslands. Oecologia, 70, 508-513.
    • (1986) Oecologia , vol.70 , pp. 508-513
    • Hobbs, R.J.1    Mooney, H.A.2
  • 20
    • 0002627744 scopus 로고
    • Elements of grazing strategies for perennial grass management in rangelands
    • (ed. G.P. Chapman), Academic Press, London
    • Hodgkinson, M.T. (1992) Elements of grazing strategies for perennial grass management in rangelands. Desertified Grasslands: Their Biology and Management (ed. G.P. Chapman), pp. 77-94. Academic Press, London.
    • (1992) Desertified Grasslands: Their Biology and Management , pp. 77-94
    • Hodgkinson, M.T.1
  • 23
    • 0031441152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating pattern formation around artificial waterholes in the semi-arid Kalahari
    • Jeltsch, F., Milton, S.J., Dean, W.R.J. & van Rooyen, N. (1997) Simulating pattern formation around artificial waterholes in the semi-arid Kalahari. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8, 177-189.
    • (1997) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.8 , pp. 177-189
    • Jeltsch, F.1    Milton, S.J.2    Dean, W.R.J.3    Van Rooyen, N.4
  • 24
    • 0011819592 scopus 로고
    • Modelling factors which may cause standlevel dieback in forests
    • (eds R.F. Huettl & D. Mueller-Dombois), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Jeltsch, F. & Wissel, C. (1993) Modelling factors which may cause standlevel dieback in forests. Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region (eds R.F. Huettl & D. Mueller-Dombois), pp. 251-260. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1993) Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region , pp. 251-260
    • Jeltsch, F.1    Wissel, C.2
  • 25
    • 0028602641 scopus 로고
    • Modelling dieback phenomena in natural forests
    • Jeltsch, F. & Wissel, C. (1994) Modelling dieback phenomena in natural forests. Ecological Modelling, 75/76, 111-121.
    • (1994) Ecological Modelling , vol.75-76 , pp. 111-121
    • Jeltsch, F.1    Wissel, C.2
  • 27
    • 0011305917 scopus 로고
    • Botanical Survey of South Africa Memoir 38. Government Printer, Pretoria
    • Leistner, O.A. (1967) The Plant Ecology of the Southern Kalahari, Botanical Survey of South Africa Memoir 38. Government Printer, Pretoria.
    • (1967) The Plant Ecology of the Southern Kalahari
    • Leistner, O.A.1
  • 28
    • 2642615282 scopus 로고
    • Veld management for sustained production in the arid savanna of the northern Cape, South Africa - A case for game ranching
    • (eds W. Van Hoven, H. Ebedes & A. Conroy), Promedia, Pretoria
    • Lloyd, J.W. & Fairall, N. (1994) Veld management for sustained production in the arid savanna of the northern Cape, South Africa - a case for game ranching. Wildlife ranching - a Celebration of Diversity (eds W. Van Hoven, H. Ebedes & A. Conroy), pp. 100-108. Promedia, Pretoria.
    • (1994) Wildlife Ranching - A Celebration of Diversity , pp. 100-108
    • Lloyd, J.W.1    Fairall, N.2
  • 29
    • 0001194455 scopus 로고
    • Overgrazing overstated
    • Mace, R. (1991) Overgrazing overstated. Nature, 349, 280-281.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.349 , pp. 280-281
    • Mace, R.1
  • 30
    • 0025600648 scopus 로고
    • Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Cote-d'Ivoire: Modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbours
    • Menaut, J.C., Gignoux, J., Prado, C. & Clobert, J. (1990) Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Cote-d'Ivoire: modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbours. Journal of Biogeography, 17, 471-481.
    • (1990) Journal of Biogeography , vol.17 , pp. 471-481
    • Menaut, J.C.1    Gignoux, J.2    Prado, C.3    Clobert, J.4
  • 31
    • 0002526959 scopus 로고
    • The application of state and transition models to rangeland research and management in arid succulent and semi-arid grassy Karoo, South Africa
    • Milton, S.J. & Hoffman., M.T. (1994) The application of state and transition models to rangeland research and management in arid succulent and semi-arid grassy Karoo, South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 11, 18-26.
    • (1994) African Journal of Range and Forage Science , vol.11 , pp. 18-26
    • Milton, S.J.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 32
    • 0009694572 scopus 로고
    • Evapotranspiration in three plant communities of a Rhigozum trichotomum habitat at Upington
    • Moore, A. (1988) Evapotranspiration in three plant communities of a Rhigozum trichotomum habitat at Upington. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 5, 80-84.
    • (1988) Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa , vol.5 , pp. 80-84
    • Moore, A.1
  • 34
    • 0003982518 scopus 로고
    • A Synthesis of Field Experiments Concerning the Grass Layer in the Savanna Regions of Southern Africa
    • Pretoria
    • O'Connor, T.G. (1985) A Synthesis of Field Experiments Concerning the Grass Layer in the Savanna Regions of Southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programs Report no. 114, Pretoria.
    • (1985) South African National Scientific Programs Report No. 114 , vol.114
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 35
    • 0028982938 scopus 로고
    • Acacia karroo invasion of grassland: Environmental and biotic effects influencing seedling emergence and establishment
    • O'Connor, T.G. (1995) Acacia karroo invasion of grassland: environmental and biotic effects influencing seedling emergence and establishment. Oecologia, 103, 214-223.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.103 , pp. 214-223
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 36
    • 0026010707 scopus 로고
    • Effect of stress and time for recovery on the amount of compensatory growth after grazing
    • Oesterheld, M. & McNaughton, S.J. (1991) Effect of stress and time for recovery on the amount of compensatory growth after grazing. Oecologia, 85, 305-313.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 305-313
    • Oesterheld, M.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 37
    • 0028994016 scopus 로고
    • Water losses in the Patagonian steppe: A modelling approach
    • Paruelo, J.M. & Sala, O.E. (1995) Water losses in the Patagonian steppe: a modelling approach. Ecology, 76, 510-520.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 510-520
    • Paruelo, J.M.1    Sala, O.E.2
  • 38
    • 0027725727 scopus 로고
    • Environmental responses and sensitivity to permanent cattle ranching, semi-arid western central Botswana
    • (eds D.S.G. Thomas & R.J. Allison), John Wiley & Sons, London
    • Perkins, J.S. & Thomas, D.S.G. (1993a) Environmental responses and sensitivity to permanent cattle ranching, semi-arid western central Botswana. Landscape Sensitivity (eds D.S.G. Thomas & R.J. Allison), pp. 273-286. John Wiley & Sons, London.
    • (1993) Landscape Sensitivity , pp. 273-286
    • Perkins, J.S.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2
  • 39
    • 0027770318 scopus 로고
    • Spreading deserts of spatially confined environmental impacts - Land degradation and cattle ranching in the Kalahari desert of Botswana
    • Perkins, J.S. & Thomas, D.S.G. (1993b) Spreading deserts of spatially confined environmental impacts - land degradation and cattle ranching in the Kalahari desert of Botswana. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation, 4, 179-194.
    • (1993) Land Degradation and Rehabilitation , vol.4 , pp. 179-194
    • Perkins, J.S.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2
  • 40
    • 0003295042 scopus 로고
    • Range degradation in Botswana: Myth or reality?
    • Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
    • Queiroz, J.S. (1993) Range degradation in Botswana: myth or reality? Overseas Development Network, 35b, 1-17. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK.
    • (1993) Overseas Development Network , vol.35 B , pp. 1-17
    • Queiroz, J.S.1
  • 42
    • 0022841002 scopus 로고
    • Industrial contributions to desertification in South America
    • Schofield, C.J. & Bucher, E.H. (1986) Industrial contributions to desertification in South America. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 78-80.
    • (1986) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.1 , pp. 78-80
    • Schofield, C.J.1    Bucher, E.H.2
  • 44
    • 0343614176 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the semi-arid regions of India with emphasis on landuse
    • (ed. B. H. Walker), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Singh, J.S. & Joshi, M.C. (1979) Ecology of the semi-arid regions of India with emphasis on landuse. Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems (ed. B. H. Walker), pp. 243-27. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
    • (1979) Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems , pp. 243-327
    • Singh, J.S.1    Joshi, M.C.2
  • 45
    • 0025588829 scopus 로고
    • Shrub layer dynamics under different herbivore densities in an arid savanna, Botswana
    • Skarpe, C. (1990a) Shrub layer dynamics under different herbivore densities in an arid savanna, Botswana. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 873-885.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 873-885
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 46
    • 0025594508 scopus 로고
    • Structure of the woody vegetation in disturbed and undisturbed arid savanna, Botswana
    • Skarpe, C. (1990b) Structure of the woody vegetation in disturbed and undisturbed arid savanna, Botswana. Vegetatio, 87, 11-18.
    • (1990) Vegetatio , vol.87 , pp. 11-18
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 47
    • 0026313975 scopus 로고
    • Impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems
    • Skarpe, C. (1991) Impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems. Ambio, 20, 351-356.
    • (1991) Ambio , vol.20 , pp. 351-356
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 48
    • 84986850994 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of savanna ecosystems
    • Skarpe, C. (1992) Dynamics of savanna ecosystems. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3, 293-300.
    • (1992) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.3 , pp. 293-300
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 49
    • 0022833196 scopus 로고
    • The effect of competition on the structure and dynamics of Acacia savannas in southern Africa
    • Smith, T.M. & Goodman, P.S. (1986) The effect of competition on the structure and dynamics of Acacia savannas in southern Africa. Journal of Ecology, 74, 1031-1044.
    • (1986) Journal of Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1031-1044
    • Smith, T.M.1    Goodman, P.S.2
  • 52
    • 0024910560 scopus 로고
    • The competitive interaction between Acacia karroo and the herbaceous layer and how this is influenced by defoliation
    • Stuart-Hill, G.C. & Tainton, N.M. (1989) The competitive interaction between Acacia karroo and the herbaceous layer and how this is influenced by defoliation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 285-298.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 285-298
    • Stuart-Hill, G.C.1    Tainton, N.M.2
  • 53
    • 0002701494 scopus 로고
    • Relations between woody and herbaceous components and the effect of bush-clearing in southern African savannas
    • Teague, W.R. & Smit, G.N. (1992) Relations between woody and herbaceous components and the effect of bush-clearing in southern African savannas. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 9, 60-71.
    • (1992) Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa , vol.9 , pp. 60-71
    • Teague, W.R.1    Smit, G.N.2
  • 54
    • 0028975325 scopus 로고
    • A model simulating the genesis of banded vegetation patterns in Niger
    • Thiéry, J.M., D'Herbés, J.M. & Valentin, C. (1995) A model simulating the genesis of banded vegetation patterns in Niger. Journal of Ecology, 83, 497-507.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 497-507
    • Thiéry, J.M.1    D'Herbés, J.M.2    Valentin, C.3
  • 56
    • 0025528095 scopus 로고
    • Plant responses to human activities in the tropical savanna ecosystem of Botswana
    • (eds J. Rozema & J. A. C. Verkleij), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • Tietema, T., Tolsma, D.J., Veenendaal, E.M. & Schroten, J. (1991) Plant responses to human activities in the tropical savanna ecosystem of Botswana. Ecological Response to Environmental Stresses (eds J. Rozema & J. A. C. Verkleij), pp. 262-276. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1991) Ecological Response to Environmental Stresses , pp. 262-276
    • Tietema, T.1    Tolsma, D.J.2    Veenendaal, E.M.3    Schroten, J.4
  • 57
    • 0023482650 scopus 로고
    • Nutrients in soil and vegetation around two artificial waterpoints in Eastern Botswana
    • Tolsma, D.J., Ernst, W.H.O. & Verwey, R.A. (1987) Nutrients in soil and vegetation around two artificial waterpoints in Eastern Botswana. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 991-1000.
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 991-1000
    • Tolsma, D.J.1    Ernst, W.H.O.2    Verwey, R.A.3
  • 58
    • 0001115296 scopus 로고
    • Ecological effects of fire in South African savannas
    • Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Springer, New York
    • Trollope, W.S.W. (1982) Ecological effects of fire in South African savannas. Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Ecological Studies 42, pp. 292-306. Springer, New York.
    • (1982) Ecological Studies , vol.42 , pp. 292-306
    • Trollope, W.S.W.1
  • 59
    • 0025631610 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of the vegetation around artificial watering points (windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
    • van Rooyen, N., Bezuidenhout, D., Theron, G.K. & Bothma, J. du, P. (1990) Monitoring of the vegetation around artificial watering points (windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe, 33, 63-88.
    • (1990) Koedoe , vol.33 , pp. 63-88
    • Van Rooyen, N.1    Bezuidenhout, D.2    Theron, G.K.3    Du Bothma, J.P.4
  • 60
    • 0026310178 scopus 로고
    • Kalahari vegetation: Veld condition trends and ecological status of species
    • van Rooyen, N., Bredenkamp, G.J. & Theron, G.K. (1991) Kalahari vegetation: veld condition trends and ecological status of species. Koedoe, 34, 61-72.
    • (1991) Koedoe , vol.34 , pp. 61-72
    • Van Rooyen, N.1    Bredenkamp, G.J.2    Theron, G.K.3
  • 61
    • 0345329298 scopus 로고
    • Long term vegetation dynamics in the semi-arid Kalahari
    • van Rooyen, N., Theron, G.K. & Bredenkamp, G.J. (1991) Long term vegetation dynamics in the semi-arid Kalahari. Koedoe, 34, 91-92.
    • (1991) Koedoe , vol.34 , pp. 91-92
    • Van Rooyen, N.1    Theron, G.K.2    Bredenkamp, G.J.3
  • 62
    • 0021594904 scopus 로고
    • Thornbush invasion in a savanna ecosystem in eastern Botswana
    • van Vegten, J.A. (1983) Thornbush invasion in a savanna ecosystem in eastern Botswana. Vegetatio, 56, 3-7.
    • (1983) Vegetatio , vol.56 , pp. 3-7
    • Van Vegten, J.A.1
  • 63
    • 0027371464 scopus 로고
    • Rangeland ecology: Understanding and managing change
    • Walker, B.H. (1993) Rangeland ecology: understanding and managing change. Ambio, 22, 80-87.
    • (1993) Ambio , vol.22 , pp. 80-87
    • Walker, B.H.1
  • 64
    • 0002259496 scopus 로고
    • Australian savannas
    • (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Springer, New York
    • Walker, J. & Gillison, A.N. (1982) Australian savannas. Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), pp. 5-24. Springer, New York.
    • (1982) Ecology of Tropical Savannas , pp. 5-24
    • Walker, J.1    Gillison, A.N.2
  • 65
    • 0000405323 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems
    • Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Springer, New York
    • Walker, B.H. & Noy-Meir, I. (1982) Aspects of stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems. Ecology of Tropical Savannas (eds B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Ecological Studies 42, pp. 143-155. Springer, New York.
    • (1982) Ecological Studies , vol.42 , pp. 143-155
    • Walker, B.H.1    Noy-Meir, I.2
  • 66
    • 0024944976 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium
    • Westoby, M., Walker, B.H. & Noy-Meir, I. (1989) Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management, 42, 266-274.
    • (1989) Journal of Range Management , vol.42 , pp. 266-274
    • Westoby, M.1    Walker, B.H.2    Noy-Meir, I.3
  • 68
    • 0028980853 scopus 로고
    • A simulation model for a shrub-ecosystem in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa
    • Wiegand, T., Milton, S.J. & Wissel, C. (1995) A simulation model for a shrub-ecosystem in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa. Ecology, 76, 2205-2221.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2205-2221
    • Wiegand, T.1    Milton, S.J.2    Wissel, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.