Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: Consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup

Nature Reviews Nephrology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 241-257

  Chawla, Lakhmir S ^a   Bellomo, Rinaldo ^b   Bihorac, Azra ^c   Goldstein, Stuart L ^d   Siew, Edward D ^e   Bagshaw, Sean M ^f   Bittleman, David ^g   Cruz, Dinna ^h   Endre, Zoltan ⁱ   Fitzgerald, Robert L ^g   Forni, Lui ^j   Kane Gill, Sandra L ^k   Hoste, Eric ^l   Koyner, Jay ^m   Liu, Kathleen D ⁿ   MacEdo, Etienne ^h   Mehta, Ravindra ^h   Murray, Patrick ^o   Nadim, Mitra ^p   Ostermann, Marlies ^q   Palevsky, Paul M ^r,s   Pannu, Neesh ^f   Rosner, Mitchell ^t   Wald, Ron ^u   Zarbock, Alexander ^v   Ronco, Claudio ^w   Kellum, John A ^s   more..

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^h UCSD MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^j Tees Esk and Wear Valley NHS Trust   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^l GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^m UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^p UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^q GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^r VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^u ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^v UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^w SAN BORTOLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; BETA LACTAM DERIVATIVE; CREATININE; CYTOCHROME P450; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INULIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ACUTE DISEASE QUALITY INITIATIVE 16 WORKGROUP; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG CLEARANCE; FOLLOW UP; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOVOLEMIA; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY FUNCTION; NEPHROTOXICITY; ORGANIZATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK FACTOR; URINE VOLUME; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; REMISSION; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; HUMANS; REMISSION INDUCTION; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

EID: 85013933525     PISSN: 17595061     EISSN: 1759507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.2     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Lewington, A. J., Cerda, J. &Mehta, R. L. Raising awareness of acute kidney injury: a global perspective of a silent killer. Kidney Int. 84, 457-467 (2013)
2. Hoste, E. A. et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 41, 1411-1423 (2015)
3. Tao Li, P. K., Burdmann, E. A. &Mehta, R. L. Acute kidney injury: global health alert. Int. J. Organ Transplant. Med. 4, 1-8 (2013)
4. Chawla, L. S., Eggers, P. W., Star, R. A. &Kimmel, P. L. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 58-66 (2014)
5. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2, 1-138 (2012)
6. Levey, A. S. et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 67, 2089-2100 (2005)
7. Bagshaw, S. M., Goldstein, S. L., Ronco, C., Kellum, J. A. Acute kidney injury in the era of big data: the 15(th) Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Can. J. Kidney Health Dis. 3, 5 (2016)
8. Kellum, J. A., Bellomo, R. &Ronco, C. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI): methodology. Int. J. Artif. Organs 31, 90-93 (2008)
9. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine-Levels of Evidence (March 2009). CEBM http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ (2009)
10. Brown, J. R., Kramer, R. S., Coca, S. G. &Parikh, C. R. Duration of acute kidney injury impacts long-term survival after cardiac surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 90, 1142-1148 (2010)
11. Coca, S. G. et al. The duration of postoperative acute kidney injury is an additional parameter predicting long-term survival in diabetic veterans. Kidney Int. 78, 926-933 (2010)
12. Kellum, J. A. et al. Classifying AKI by urine output versus serum creatinine level. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26, 2231-2238 (2015)
13. Perinel, S. et al. Transient and persistent acute kidney injury and the risk of hospital mortality in critically ill patients: results of a multicenter cohort study. Crit. Care Med. 43, e269-e275 (2015)
14. Sood, M. M. et al. Early reversible acute kidney injury is associated with improved survival in septic shock. J. Crit. Care 29, 711-717 (2014)
15. Uchino, S., Bellomo, R., Bagshaw, S. M. &Goldsmith, D. Transient azotaemia is associated with a high risk of death in hospitalized patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25, 1833-1839 (2010)
16. Korenkevych, D. et al. The pattern of longitudinal change in serum creatinine and 90 day mortality after major surgery. Ann. Surg. 263, 1219-1227 (2016)
17. Kellum, J. A. et al. Recovery after acute kidney injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 65, 528-529 (2016)
18. Kellum, J. A. et al. The effects of alternative resuscitation strategies on acute kidney injury in patients with septic shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 193, 281-287 (2016)
19. Brown, J. R. et al. Determinants of acute kidney injury duration after cardiac surgery: an externally validated tool. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 93, 570-576 (2012)
20. Darmon, M. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler renal resistive index for reversibility of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 37, 68-76 (2011)
21. Schnell, D. et al. Renal resistive index better predicts the occurrence of acute kidney injury than cystatin C. Shock 38, 592-710 (2012)
22. Platt, J. F., Rubin, J. M. &Ellis, J. H. Acute renal failure: possible role of duplex Doppler US in distinction between acute prerenal failure and acute tubular necrosis. Radiology 179, 419-423 (1991)
23. Dewitte, A. et al. Doppler resistive index to reflect regulation of renal vascular tone during sepsis and acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 16, R165 (2012)
24. Ninet, S. et al. Doppler-based renal resistive index for prediction of renal dysfunction reversibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Crit. Care 30, 629-635 (2015)
25. Geus, H., Bakker, J., Lesaffre, E. &leNoble, J. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at ICU admission predict for acute kidney injury in adult patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183, 907-914 (2011)
26. Basu, R. K. et al. Incorporation of biomarkers with the renal angina index for prediction of severe AKI in critically ill children. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 654-662 (2014)
27. Chawla, L. S. et al. Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 17, R207 (2013)
28. Uchino, S. et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 294, 813-818 (2005)
29. Carlier, M. et al. Comparison of different equations to assess glomerular filtration in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 41, 427-435 (2015)
30. Chrymko, M. M. &Schentag, J. J. Creatinine clearance predictions in acutely ill patients. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 38, 837-840 (1981)
31. Kwong, M. B., Tong, T. K., Mickell, J. J. &Chan, J. C. Lack of evidence that formula-derived creatinine clearance approximates glomerular filtration rate in pediatric intensive care population. Clin. Nephrol. 24, 285-288 (1985)
32. Hoste, E. A. et al. Assessment of renal function in recently admitted critically ill patients with normal serum creatinine. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 747-753 (2005)
33. Jelliffe, R. Estimation of creatinine clearance in patients with unstable renal function, without a urine specimen. Am. J. Nephrol. 22, 320-324 (2002)
34. Bouchard, J. et al. Comparison of methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25, 102-107 (2010)
35. Pianta, T. J., Endre, Z. H., Pickering, J. W., Buckley, N. A. &Peake, P. W. Kinetic estimation of GFR improves prediction of dialysis and recovery after kidney transplantation. PLoS ONE 10, e0125669 (2015)
36. Benz-Bretagne, I. et al. New sampling strategy using a Bayesian approach to assess iohexol clearance in kidney transplant recipients. Ther. Drug Monit. 34, 289-297 (2012)
37. Dixon, J. J. et al. Validation of a continuous infusion of low dose Iohexol to measure glomerular filtration rate: randomised clinical trial. J. Transl Med. 13, 58 (2015)
38. Wang, E. et al. A portable fiberoptic ratiometric fluorescence analyzer provides rapid point of care determination of glomerular filtration rate in large animals. Kidney Int. 81, 112-117 (2012)
39. Hoste, E. A. et al. Four phases of intravenous fluid therapy: a conceptual model. Br. J. Anaesth. 113, 740-747 (2014)
40. Siew, E. D. &Matheny, M. E. Choice of reference serum creatinine in defining acute kidney injury. Nephron 131, 107-112 (2015)
41. Siew, E. D. et al. Estimating baseline kidney function in hospitalized patients with impaired kidney function. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 7, 712-719 (2012)
42. Siew, E. D. et al. Commonly used surrogates for baseline renal function affect the classification and prognosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 77, 536-542 (2010)
43. Siew, E. D. Use of multiple imputation method to improve estimation of missing baseline serum creatinine in acute kidney injury research. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 10-18 (2013)
44. Zavada, J. et al. A comparison of three methods to estimate baseline creatinine for RIFLE classification. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25, 3911-3918 (2010)
45. Amdur, R. L. et al. Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int. 76, 1089-1097 (2009)
46. Hsu, C. Y. et al. Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 891-898 (2009)
47. Wald, R. et al. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 302, 1179-1185 (2009)
48. Wu, V. C. et al. Acute on chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int. 80, 1222-1230 (2011)
49. Wu, V. C. et al. Long-term risk of coronary events after AKI. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 25, 595-605 (2014)
50. Monseu, M. et al. Acute kidney injury predicts major adverse outcomes in diabetes: synergic impact with low glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. Diabetes Care 38, 2333-2340 (2015)
51. Palevsky, P. M. et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 61, 649-672 (2013)
52. James, M. et al. Canadian Society of Nephrology commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 61, 673-685 (2013)
53. Chu, R. et al. Assessment of KDIGO definitions in patients with histopathologic evidence of acute renal disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 1175-1182 (2014)
54. Prowle, J. R. et al. Serum creatinine changes associated with critical illness and detection of persistent renal dysfunction after AKI. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 1015-1023 (2014)
55. Liu, K. D. et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with acute lung injury: impact of fluid accumulation on classification of acute kidney injury and associated outcomes. Crit. Care Med. 39, 2665-2671 (2011)
56. Doi, K. et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 1217-1221 (2009)
57. Moran, S. M. &Myers, B. D. Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics. Kidney Int. 27, 928-937 (1985)
58. Bosch, J. P., Lauer, A. &Glabman, S. Short-term protein loading in assessment of patients with renal disease. Am. J. Med. 77, 873-879 (1984)
59. Thomas, D. M., Coles, G. A. &Williams, J. D. What does the renal reserve mean? Kidney Int. 45, 411-416 (1994)
60. Graf, H., Stummvoll, H. K., Luger, A. &Prager, R. Effect of amino acid infusion on glomerular filtration rate. N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 159-160 (1983)
61. Bucaloiu, I. D. et al. Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 81, 477-485 (2012)
62. Heung, M. et al. Acute kidney injury recovery pattern and subsequent risk of CKD: an analysis of Veterans Health Administration Data. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 67, 742-752 (2016)
63. Endre, Z. H., Pickering, J. W. &Walker, R. J. Clearance and beyond: the complementary roles of GFR measurement and injury biomarkers in acute kidney injury (AKI). Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 301, F697-F707 (2011)
64. Chen, S. Retooling the creatinine clearance equation to estimate kinetic GFR when the plasma creatinine is changing acutely. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 24, 877-888 (2013)
65. Pickering, J. W., Frampton, C. M., Walker, R. J., Shaw, G. M. &Endre, Z. H. Four hour creatinine clearance is better than plasma creatinine for monitoring renal function in critically ill patients. Crit. Care 16, R107 (2012)
66. Endre, Z. H. Recovery from acute kidney injury: the role of biomarkers. Nephron Clin. Pract. 127, 101-105 (2014)
67. Ronco, C. &Chawla, L. S. Glomerular and tubular kidney stress test: new tools for a deeper evaluation of kidney function. Nephron 134, 191-194 (2016)
68. Herrera, J., Avila, E., Marin, C. &Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. Impaired creatinine secretion after an intravenous creatinine load is an early characteristic of the nephropathy of sickle cell anaemia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17, 602-607 (2002)
69. Herrera, J. &Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. Stimulation of tubular secretion of creatinine in health and in conditions associated with reduced nephron mass. Evidence for a tubular functional reserve. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 13, 623-629 (1998)
70. Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Herrera, J. &Garcia, R. Response to acute protein load in kidney donors and in apparently normal postacute glomerulonephritis patients: evidence for glomerular hyperfiltration. Lancet 2, 461-464 (1985)
71. Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Herrera, J., Marin, C. &Manalich, R. Tubular stress test detects subclinical reduction in renal functioning mass. Kidney Int. 59, 1094-1102 (2001)
72. Srisawat, N. et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia. Kidney Int. 80, 545-552 (2011)
73. van der Voort, P. H. et al. Furosemide does not improve renal recovery after hemofiltration for acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Crit. Care Med. 37, 533-538 (2009)
74. Pannu, N., James, M., Hemmelgarn, B., Klarenbach, S. &Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Association between AKI, recovery of renal function, and long-term outcomes after hospital discharge. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 194-202 (2013)
75. Chawla, L. S. &Ronco, C. Renal stress testing in the assessment of kidney disease. K. I. Rep. 1, 57-63 (2016)
76. Shiao, C. C. et al. Long-term remote organ consequences following acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 19, 438 (2015)
77. Ishani, A. et al. Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 223-228 (2009)
78. Ishani, A. et al. The magnitude of acute serum creatinine increase after cardiac surgery and the risk of chronic kidney disease, progression of kidney disease, and death. Arch. Intern. Med. 171, 226-233 (2011)
79. Coca, S. G., Singanamala, S. &Parikh, C. R. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 81, 442-448 (2012)
80. James, M. T. et al. Acute kidney injury following coronary angiography is associated with a long-term decline in kidney function. Kidney Int. 78, 803-809 (2010)
81. Hsu, C. Y. et al. Elevated BP after AKI. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27, 914-923 (2016)
82. Pechman, K. R. et al. Recovery from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with altered renal hemodynamics, blunted pressure natriuresis, and sodium-sensitive hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297, R1358-R1363 (2009)
83. James, M. T. et al. Associations between acute kidney injury and cardiovascular and renal outcomes after coronary angiography. Circulation 123, 409-416 (2011)
84. Chawla, L. S. et al. Association between AKI and long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes in United States veterans. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 448-456 (2014)
85. Pickering, J. W., James, M. T. &Palmer, S. C. Acute kidney injury and prognosis after cardiopulmonary bypass: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 65, 283-293 (2015)
86. Newsome, B. B. et al. Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 168, 609-616 (2008)
87. Palevsky, P. M. et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 7-20 (2008)
88. Goldstein, S. L., Jaber, B. L., Faubel, S., Chawla, L. S. &Acute Kidney Injury Advisory Group of American Society of Nephrology. AKI transition of care: a potential opportunity to detect and prevent CKD. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 476-483 (2013)
89. Siew, E. D. et al. Outpatient nephrology referral rates after acute kidney injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 305-312 (2012)
90. Kirwan, C. J. et al. Critically ill patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy are at an increased risk of long-term renal dysfunction, but rarely receive specialist nephrology follow up. Nephron 129, 164-170 (2015)
91. Horkan, C. M. et al. The association of acute kidney injury in the critically ill and postdischarge outcomes: a cohort study. Crit. Care Med. 43, 354-364 (2015)
92. Khan, I. H., Catto, G. R., Edward, N. &Macleod, A. M. Acute renal failure: factors influencing nephrology referral and outcome. QJM 90, 781-785 (1997)
93. Harel, Z. et al. Nephrologist follow up improves all-cause mortality of severe acute kidney injury survivors. Kidney Int. 83, 901-908 (2013)
94. Matheny, M. E. et al. Laboratory test surveillance following acute kidney injury. PLoS ONE 9, e103746 (2014)
95. United States Renal Data System Annual Data Report 2013. Acute Kidney Injury [online], https://www.usrds. org/2013/pdf/v1-ch6-13.pdf (2013)
96. Chawla, L. S., Amdur, R. L., Amodeo, S., Kimmel, P. L. &Palant, C. E. The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 79, 1361-1369 (2011)
97. Hickson, L. J. et al. Predictors of outpatient kidney function recovery among patients who initiate hemodialysis in the hospital. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 65, 592-602 (2015)
98. Siew, E. D. et al. Predictors of recurrent AKI. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014121218 (2015)
99. Koulouridis, I., Price, L. L., Madias, N. E. &Jaber, B. L. Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury and hospital readmission: a cohort study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 65, 275-282 (2015)
100. Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H. &Croft, J. B. White blood cell count: an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality among a national cohort. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54, 316-322 (2001)
101. Kelleher, S. P., Robinette, J. B., Miller, F. &Conger, J. D. Effect of hemorrhagic reduction in blood pressure on recovery from acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 31, 725-730 (1987)
102. Solez, K., Morel-Maroger, L. &Sraer, J. D. The morphology of "acute tubular necrosis" in man: analysis of 57 renal biopsies and a comparison with the glycerol model. Medicine 58, 362-376 (1979)
103. Xie, M. &Iqbal, S. Predictors for nephrology outpatient care and recurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after an in hospital AKI episode. Hemodial. Int. 18 (Suppl. 1), S7-S12 (2014)
104. Huber, M. et al. Mortality and cost of acute and chronic kidney disease after vascular surgery. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 30, 72-81.e2 (2016)
105. Cox, Z. L. et al. Adverse drug events during AKI and its recovery. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 1070-1078 (2013)
106. Coleman, E. A., Smith, J. D., Raha, D. &Min, S. J. Posthospital medication discrepancies: prevalence and contributing factors. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 1842-1847 (2005)
107. Bell, C. M. et al. Association of ICU or hospital admission with unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases. JAMA 306, 840-847 (2011)
108. Silver, S. A. et al. Improving care after acute kidney injury: a prospective time series study. Nephron 131, 43-50 (2015)
109. Duran, P. A. &Concepcion, L. A. Survival after acute kidney injury requiring dialysis: long-term follow up. Hemodial. Int. 18 (Suppl. 1), S1-S6 (2014)
110. RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1627-1638 (2009)
111. Ponce, D., Buffarah, M. B., Goes, C. &Balbi, A. Peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury: trends in the outcome across time periods. PLoS ONE 10, e0126436 (2015)
112. Heung, M. &Chawla, L. S. Predicting progression to chronic kidney disease after recovery from acute kidney injury. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 21, 628-634 (2012)
113. Bouchard, J. et al. Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 76, 422-427 (2009)
114. Sharma, P. et al. Short-term pretransplant renal replacement therapy and renal nonrecovery after liver transplantation alone. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 1135-1142 (2013)
115. Gautam, S. C. et al. Predictors and outcomes of post-hospitalization dialysis dependent acute kidney injury. Nephron 131, 185-190 (2015)
116. Schiffl, H. &Fischer, R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23, 2235-2241 (2008)
117. Parker, R. A. et al. Prognosis of patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis: results of a multicenter study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32, 432-443 (1998)
118. Nascimento, G. V., Balbi, A. L., Ponce, D. &Abrao, J. M. Early initiation of dialysis: mortality and renal function recovery in acute kidney injury patients. J. Bras. Nefrol. 34, 337-342 (2012)
119. Schneider, A. G. et al. Choice of renal replacement therapy modality and dialysis dependence after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 39, 987-997 (2013)
120. Wald, R. et al. The association between renal replacement therapy modality and long-term outcomes among critically ill adults with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study. Crit. Care Med. 42, 868-877 (2014)
121. Jun, M. et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy and patient outcomes in the randomized evaluation of normal versus augmented level of replacement therapy study. Crit. Care Med. 42, 1756-1765 (2014)
122. Friedrich, J. O., Wald, R., Bagshaw, S. M., Burns, K. E. &Adhikari, N. K. Hemofiltration compared to hemodialysis for acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care 16, R146 (2012)
123. Vinsonneau, C. et al. Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368, 379-385 (2006)
124. Hu, S. L., Said, F. R., Epstein, D. &Lokeshwari, M. The impact of anemia on renal recovery and survival in acute kidney injury. Clin. Nephrol. 79, 221-228 (2013)
125. Lapi, F., Azoulay, L., Yin, H., Nessim, S. J. &Suissa, S. Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: nested case-control study. BMJ 346, e8525 (2013)
126. Chao, C.-T. et al. Cumulative cardiovascular polypharmacy is associated with the risk of acute kidney injury in elderly patients. Medicine 94, e1251 (2015)
127. Ftouh, S., Thomas, M. &Acute Kidney Injury Guideline Development Group. Acute kidney injury: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 347, f4930 (2013)
128. Smets, H. L., Haes, J. F., Swaef, A., Jorens, P. G. &Verpooten, G. A. Exposure of the elderly to potential nephrotoxic drug combinations in Belgium. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 17, 1014-1019 (2008)
129. Tomlinson, L. A. et al. ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor II antagonist prescribing and hospital admissions with acute kidney injury: a longitudinal ecological study. PLoS ONE 8, e78465 (2013)
130. Onuigbo, M. A. Reno-prevention versus reno-protection: a critical re appraisal of the evidence-base from the large RAAS blockade trials after ONTARGET-A call for more circumspection. QJM 102, 155-167 (2009)
131. Morden, A. et al. The risks and benefits of patients temporarily discontinuing medications in the event of an intercurrent illness: a systematic review protocol. Syst. Rev. 4, 139 (2015)
132. Mudumbai, C. et al. Thirty-day mortality risk associated with the postoperative nonresumption of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a retrospective study of the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. J. Hosp. Med. 9, 289 (2014)
133. Lee, S. M., Takemoto, S. &Wallace, A. W. Association between withholding angiotensin receptor blockers in the early postoperative period and 30 day mortality: a cohort study of the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Anesthesiology 123, 288-306 (2015)
134. Cox, L. et al. Adverse drug events during AKI and its recovery. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 1070 (2013)
135. Philips, B. J., Lane, K., Dixon, J. &Macphee, I. The effects of acute renal failure on drug metabolism. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 10, 11-23 (2014)
136. Nicholson, J. P., Wolmarans, M. R. &Park, G. R. The role of albumin in critical illness. Br. J. Anaesth. 85, 599-610 (2000)
137. Kaufman, J., Dhakal, M., Patel, B. &Hamburger, R. Community-acquired acute renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 17, 191-198 (1991)
138. Wu, T. Y. et al. Ten-year trends in hospital admissions for adverse drug reactions in England 1999-2009. J. R. Soc. Med. 103, 239-250 (2010)
139. Brivet, F. G., Kleinknecht, D. J., Loirat, P. &Landais, P. J. Acute renal failure in intensive care units-causes, outcome, and prognostic factors of hospital mortality; a prospective, multicenter study. French Study Group on Acute Renal Failure. Crit. Care Med. 24, 192-198 (1996)
140. Mehta, R. L. et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 66, 1613-1621 (2004)
141. Kane-Gill, S. L., Forsberg, E. A., Verrico, M. M. &Handler, S. M. Comparison of three pharmacovigilance algorithms in the ICU setting: a retrospective and prospective evaluation of ADRs. Drug Saf. 35, 645-653 (2012)
142. Cartin-Ceba, R. et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit. Care Res. Pract. 2012, 691013 (2012)
143. Rivosecchi, R., Dasta, J., Kellum, J. &Kane-Gill, S. 975: a unique application of the GRADE criteria: drug-combination associated Aki. Crit. Care Med. 43, 245 (2015)
144. Moffett, B. S. &Goldstein, S. L. Acute kidney injury and increasing nephrotoxic-medication exposure in noncritically-ill children. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6, 856-863 (2011)
145. Patel, A. M. et al. Statin toxicity from macrolide antibiotic coprescription: a population-based cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 158, 869-876 (2013)
146. Nachtigall, I. et al. Standard operating procedures for antibiotic therapy and the occurrence of acute kidney injury: a prospective, clinical, non-interventional, observational study. Crit. Care 18, R120 (2014)
147. Picard, W. et al. Propensity-based study of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58, 7468-7474 (2014)
148. By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 63, 2227-2246 (2015)
149. Kirkendall, E. S. et al. Development and performance of electronic acute kidney injury triggers to identify pediatric patients at risk for nephrotoxic medication-associated harm. Appl. Clin. Inform. 5, 313-333 (2014)
150. Goldstein, S. L. et al. Electronic health record identification of nephrotoxin exposure and associated acute kidney injury. Pediatrics 132, e756-e767 (2013)
151. Handler, S. M., Kane-Gill, S. L. &Kellum, J. A. Optimal and early detection of acute kidney injury requires effective clinical decision support systems. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 29, 1802-1803 (2014)
152. Pai, A. B. Keeping kidneys safe: the pharmacist's role in NSAID avoidance in high-risk patients. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55, e15-23 (2015)
153. Jang, S. M. et al. NSAID-avoidance education in community pharmacies for patients at high risk for acute kidney injury, upstate New York, 2011. Prev. Chronic Dis. 11, E220 (2014)