Understanding the motivations and emotions of visitors at Tuol Sleng Genocide Prison Museum (S-21) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

International Journal of Tourism Cities

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 232-247

  Isaac, Rami K ^a,b   Çakmak, Erdinç ^a  

^a NHTV BREDA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^b BETHLEHEM UNIVERSITY   (Palestine)

Author keywords

Blogs; Content analysis; Emotions; Motivations; Semantic network analysis; Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013869967     PISSN: 20565607     EISSN: 20565615     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/IJTC-06-2016-0014     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ashworth, G. (2004), “Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: managing the heritage of South African apartheid for entertainment”, in Singh, T.V. (Ed.), Tourism Seeks New Horizons, CABI, Wallingford, CT, pp. 95-108.
2. Ashworth, G. and Hartmann, R. (2005), Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited: The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism, Cognizant Communication Corporation, New York, NY.
3. Averill, J. (1980), “. A constructivist view of emotion”, in Plutchik, R. and Kellerman, H. (Eds), Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience, Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 305-39.
4. Biran, A., Yaniv, P. and Gila, O. (2011), “Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 820-41.
5. Blom, T. (2000), “Morbid tourism: a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp”, Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 54, pp. 29-36.
6. Björk, P. and Kauppinen-Räisänen, H. (2012), “A netnographic examination of travelers’ online discussions of risks”, Tourism Management Perspectives, Vols 2-3, April-July, pp. 65-71.
7. Buntman, F. (1997), “The politics of conviction: political prisoner resistance on Robben Island, 1962-1991, and its implications for South African politics and resistance theory”, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
8. Çakmak, E. and Isaac, R. (2012), “What destination marketers can learn from their visitors’ blogs: an image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine”, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, Vol. 1 Nos 1-2, pp. 124-33.
9. Doerfel, M. (1998), “What constitutes semantic network analysis? A comparison of research and methodologies”, Connections, Vol. 212, pp. 16-26.
10. Dunkley, R., Nigel, M. and Sheena, W. (2007), “A shot in the dark? Developing a new conceptual framework for thanatourism”, Asian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 54-73, 53.
11. Dunkley, S., Morgan, N. and Westwood, S. (2011), “Visiting the trenches: exploring mean and motivations in battlefield tourism”, Tourism Management, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 1-9.
12. Ekman, P. and Friesen, W. (1971), “Constants across cultures in the face and emotion”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 17, pp. 124-9.
13. Ellis, L. (1994), Research Methods in the Social Sciences, WCB Brown & Benchmark, Madison, WI.
14. Elliott, R. and Jankel-Elliott, N. (2003), “Using ethnography in strategic consumer research”, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 215-23.
15. Fehr, B. and Russell, J. (1984), “Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 113, pp. 464-86.
16. Foley, M. and Lennon, J. (1996a), “Editorial: heart of darkness”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 195-7.
17. Foley, M. and Lennon, J. (1996b), “JFK and dark tourism: a fascination with assassination”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 198-211.
18. Fredrickson, B. and Losada, M. (2005), “Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing”, American Psychologist, Vol. 60 No. 7, pp. 678-86.
19. Frey, L., Botan, C. and Kreps, G. (2000), Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research Methods, 2nd ed., Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
20. Frijda, N., Suprapti, M., Kaori, S. and Reinout, W. (1995), “Emotions and emotion words”, in Russell, J. (Eds), Everyday Conceptions of Emotion: An Introduction to the Psychology, Anthropology and Linguistics of Emotion, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 121-43.
21. Goldsmith, R. and Tsiotsou, R. (2012), Strategic Marketing in Tourism Service, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley.
22. Gross, J. and Barret, L. (2011), “Emotion generation and emotion regulation: one or two depends on your point of view”, Emotion Review, Vol. 3, pp. 8-16.
23. Hawk, D. (1986), “Tuol Sleng extermination centre”, Index on Censorship, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 25-31.
24. Hughes, R. (2008), “Dutiful tourism: encountering the Cambodian Genocide”, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 318-30.
25. Hupka, R., Lenton, A. and Hutchison, K. (1999), “Universal development of emotion categories in natural language”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 77 No. 2, pp. 247-78.
26. Isaac, R. and Çakmak, E. (2014), “Understanding visitor's motivation at sites of death and disaster: the case of former transit camp Westerbork, The Netherlands”, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 164-97.
27. Jamal, T. and Lelo, L. (2011), “Exploring the conceptual and analytical framing of dark tourism: from darkness to intentionality”, in Sharpley, R. and Stone, P. (Eds), Tourist Experience: Contemporary Perspectives, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 29-42.
28. Kozinets, R. (2001), “Utopian enterprise: articulating the meanings of Star Trek’s culture of consumption”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 28, pp. 67-88.
29. Kozinets, R. (2002), “The field behind the screen: using netnography for marketing research in online communities”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 61-72.
30. Kozinets, R. (2015), Netnography: Redefined, 2nd ed., Sage Publications Ltd.
31. Krippendorff, K. (2004), Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
32. Ledgerwood, J. (1987), “The Cambodian Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocidal crimes: national narrative”, Museum Anthropology, Vol. 21, pp. 13-35, available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/mua.1997.21.1.82/abstract (accessed 3 April 2013).
33. Lennon, J. (2009), “Tragedy and heritage: the case of Cambodia”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 35-43.
34. Lennon, J. and Foley, M. (2000), Dark Tourism, Thomson Learning, London.
35. Lennon, J. and Foley, M. (2004), Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster, Thomson Learning, London.
36. Mesquita, B. (2001), “Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 68-74.
37. Miles, W. (2002), “Auschwitz: museum interpretation and darker tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 1175-78.
38. Nawijn, J., Ondrej, M. Y. and Deborah, K. (2012), “How do we feel on vacation? A closer look at how emotions change over the course of a trip”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 52 No. 2, pp. 265-74.
39. Nawijn, J., Isaac, R., Gridnevskiy, K. and Van Liempt, A. (2015), “Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites: an exploratory study into expected emotional response”, Current Issues in Tourism, pp. 1-16, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1058343.
40. Neuendorf, K. A. (2002), The Content Analysis Guidebook, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
41. Oatley, K., Dacher, K. and Jennifer, J. (2006), Understanding Emotions, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA.
42. Parrot, G. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA.
43. Plutchik, R. (1980), The Emotions, University Press of America.
44. Podoshen, J. (2013), “Dark tourism motivations: simulation, emotional contagion and topographic comparison”, Tourism Management, Vol. 35, pp. 263-71, 55.
45. Poria, Y., Arie, R. and Avital, B. (2006), “Heritage site management, motivations and expectations”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 162-78.
46. Preece, T. and Price, G. (2005), “Motivations of participants in dark tourism: a case study of Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia”, in Ryan, C., Page, S. and Aicken, M. (Eds), Taking tourism to the limit: Issues, Concepts and managerial Perspectives, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 191-8.
47. Rojek, C. (1997), “Indexing, dragging, and the social construction of tourists sights”, in Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (Eds), Touring Cultures, Transformations of Travel and Theory, Routledge, London, pp. 52-74.
48. Ross, J. (2012), “Touring imprisonment: a descriptive statistical analysis of prison museums”, Tourism Management Perspectives, Vol. 4, pp. 113-18.
49. Scherer, K. (2005), “What are emotions? And how can they be measured?”, Social Science Information, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 695-729.
50. Seaton, T. (1996), “From thanatopsis to thanatourism: guided by the dark”, Journal of International Heritage Studies, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 234-44.
51. Seaton, T. (2012), “Keynote presentation”, presented at the Dark Tourism Symposium, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, 24 April.
52. Sharpley, R. (2009), “An introduction”, in Sharpley, R. and Stone, P. (Eds), The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, Channel view Publications, Bristol, pp. 1-6.
53. Smith, V. (1998), “War and tourism: an American ethnography”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25, pp. 202-27.
54. Strange, C. and Kempa, M. (2003), “Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 386-405.
55. Stone, P. (2005), “Dark tourism – an old concept in a new world”, Journal of the Tourism Society Quarter, Vol. IV No. 125, pp. 20.
56. Stone, P. (2006), “A dark tourism spectrum: towards a typology of death and macabre related tourism sites, attractions and exhibitions”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, Vol. 54 No. 2, pp. 145-60.
57. Stone, P. and Sharpley, R. (2008), “Consuming dark tourism: a thanatological perspective”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 574-95.
58. Tarlow, P. (2005), “Dark tourism: the appealing ‘dark’ side of tourism and more”, in Novelli, M. (Ed.), Niche Tourism: Contemporary Issues, Trends and Cases, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 47-57.
59. Timothy, D. (2011), Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction, Channel View Publications, Bristol.
60. Van Atteveldt, W. (2008), “Semantic network analysis: techniques for extracting, representing, and querying media content”, dissertation, BookSurge, Charleston, SC.
61. Violi, P. (2012), “Trauma site museums and politics of memory; Tuol Sleng, Villa Grimaldi, and the Bologna Ustica Museum”, Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 36-75.
62. Wilson, J. (2008), Prison: Cultural Memory and Dark Tourism, Peter Lang Publishing, New York, NY.
63. Wight, C. (2005), “Philosophical and methodological praxes in dark tourism: controversy, contention and the evolving paradigm”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 119-29.
64. Williams, P. (2004), “Witnessing genocide: vigilance and remembrance at Tuol Sleng and Choeung EK”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 234-54.
65. Chandler, D. (1996), The Killing Fields, Twin Palms Publishers, Santa Fe.
66. Cole, T. (1999), Selling the holocaust. From Auschwitz to Schlinder: How History is Bought Packaged and Sold, Routledge, New York, NY.
67. Dann, G. (1998), “The dark side of tourism”, Etudes et Rapports, SérieL, Sociology/Psychology /Philosophy/Anthropology 14 Aix-en-Provence, Centre International de Recherches et d’Etudes Touristiques, Provence.
68. Foley, M. and Lennon, J. (1997), “Dark tourism: an ethical dilemma”, in Foley, M., Lennon, J. and Maxwell, G. (Eds), Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Management: Issues in Strategy and Culture, Cassell, London, pp. 153-64.
69. Seaton, T. (1999), “War and thanatourism: waterloo 1815-1914”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 130-58.
70. Seaton, T. and Lennon, J. (2004), “Thanatourism in the early 21st century: moral panics ulterior motives and alterior desires”, in Singh, T.V. (Ed.), New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stragne Practices, CABI International, Wallingford, CT, pp. 65-82.
71. Stone, P. (2012), “Dark tourism and significant other death: towards a model of mortality mediation”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 1565-87.
72. Williams, P. (2007), Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities, Berg, Oxford.