Classic conditioning of immune functions - mechanisms and clinical relevance

Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Psychologie

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 83-93

  Meier, Bettina A ^a   Goebel, Marion U ^a   Gierse, Claudia ^a   Exton, Michael S ^a   Schedlowski, Manfred ^b  

^a Universitätsklinikum Essen ^*

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adrenergic mechanisms; Behavioural conditioning; Immune functions; Review

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013624961     PISSN: 09405569     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1975). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 37, 333-340.
2. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1982). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murin systemic lupus erythematosus. Science, 215, 1534-1536.
3. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1985). CNS - immune system interactions: Conditioning phenomena. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 8, 379-394.
4. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (2001). Conditioning and Immunity. In Psychoneuroimmunology Volume 2 (3-34). San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo: Academic Press.
5. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1991). The influence of conditioning on immune responses. In R. Ader, D.L. Felten & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology (611-646). San Diego: Academic Press.
6. ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1993). Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 53-85.
7. ADER, R., GROTA, L.J. & COHEN, N. (1987). Conditioning phenomena and immune function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 496, 532-544.
8. ALVAREZ-BORDA, B., RAMÍREZ-AMAYA, V., PÉREZ-MONTFORT, R. & BERM∨DEZ-RATTONI, F. (1995). Enhancement of antibody production by a learning paradigm. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 64, 103-105.
9. BLOM, J.M.C., TAMARKIN, L., SHIBER, J.R. & NELSON, R.J. (1995). Learned immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of chemically- induced tumors. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2, 92-99.
10. BOOTH, R.J., PETRIE, K.J. & BROOK, R.J. (1995). Conditioning allergic skin response in humans: a controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 492-4955.
11. BOVBJERG, D.H., ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1982). Behaviorally conditioned suppression of a graft-vs-host response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79, 583-585.
12. BOVBJERG, D., ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1984). Acquisition and extinction of conditioned suppression of a graft-vs-host response in the rat. Journal of Immunology, 132, 111-113.
13. BOVBJERG, D.H., REDD, W.H., JACOBSEN, P.B., MANNE, S.L., TAYLOR, K.L., SURBONE, A., CROWN, J.P., NORTON, L., GILEWSKI, T.A. & HUDIS, C.A. (1992). An experimental analysis of classically conditioned nausea during cancer chemotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 623-637.
14. BOVBJERG D.H., REDD W.H., MAIER L.A., HOLLAND J.C., LESKO L.M., NIEDZWIECKI D., RUBIN S.C. & HAKES T.B. (1990). Anticipatory immune suppression and nausea in women receiving cyclic chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 153-157.
15. BURES J. (1998). BURES J., BERMUDEZ-RATTONI & YAMAMOTO, T. (EDS.) Conditioned taste aversion: memory of a special kind (1-10). Oxford, New York, Tokyo: Oxford University Press.
16. BUSKE-KIRSCHBAUM, A., KIRSCHBAUM, C., STIERLE, H., JABAIJ, L. & HELLHAMMER, D. (1994). Conditioned manipulation of natural killer (NK) cells in humans using a discriminative learning protocol. Biological Psychology, 38, 143-155.
17. BUSKE-KIRSCHBAUM, A., KIRSCHBAUM, C., STIERLE, H., LEHNERT, H. & HELLHAMMER, D. (1992). Conditioned increase of natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 123-132.
18. COHEN, N., ADER, R., GREEN, N. & BOVBJERG, D. (1979). Conditioned suppression of thymus independent antibody response. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 487-491.
19. COUSSONS, M.E., DYKSTRA, L.A. & LYSLE, D.T. (1992). Pavlovian conditioning of morphine- induced alterations of immune status. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 39, 219-230.
20. COUSSONS-READ, M.E., DYKSTRA, L.A. & LYSLE, D.T. (1994b). Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status: evidence for peripheral ß-adrenergic receptor involvement. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 8, 204-217.
21. COUSSONS-READ, M.E., DYKSTRA, L.A. & LYSLE, D.T. (1994a). Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status: evidence for opioid receptor involvement. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 55, 135-142.
22. CUNNINGHAM, E.T.J. & SOUZA, E.B.D. (1993). Interleukin 1 receptors in the brain and endocrine tissues. Immunology Today, 14, 171-176.
23. DEMISSIE, S., ROGERS, C.F., HIRAMOTO, N.S., GHANTA, V.K. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1996). Lipopolysaccharide and IL-1 α activate CNS pathways as measured by NK cell activity. Physiology & Behavior, 59, 499-504.
24. DOLIN, A.O. & DOLINA, C.A. (1972). Pathology of higher nervous functions. Moskau: Vysshaya Shkola.
25. ELENKOV, I.J., WILDER, R.L., CHROUSOS, G.P. & VIZI, E.S. (2000). The sympathetic nerve - An integrative interface between two supersystems: The brain and the immune system. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 595-638.
26. ESCOBAR, M.L., FERNÁNDEZ, J., GUEVARAAGUILAR, R. & BERM∨DEZ-RATTONI, F. (1989). Fetal brain grafts induce recovery of learning deficits and connectivity in rats with gustatory neocortex lesions. Brain Research, 478, 368-374.
27. EXTON, M.S., BULL, D.F., KING, M.G. & HUSBAND, A.J. (1995a). Modification of body temperature and sleep states using behavioral conditioning. Physiology and Behavior, 57, 723-729.
28. EXTON, M.S., ELFERS, A., JEONG, W.Y., BULL, D.F., WESTERMANN, J. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. (2000). Conditioned suppression of contact sensitivity is independent of sympathetic splenic innervation. American Journal of Physiology, 279, R1310-R1315.
29. EXTON, M.S., KING, M.G. & HUSBAND, A.J. (1999a). Behavioral conditioning of immunity. In Psychoneuroimmunology (453-471). New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
30. EXTON, M.S., SCHULT, M., DONATH, S., STRUBEL, T., BODE, U., DEL REY, A., WESTERMANN, J. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. (1999b). Conditioned immunosuppression makes subtherapeutic cyclosporin effective via splenic innervation. American Journal of Physiology, 276, R1710-1717.
31. EXTON, M.S., VON AUER A.K., BUSKEKIRSCHBAUM, A., STOCKHORST, U., GÖBEL, U. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. (2000). Pavlovian conditioning of immune function: animal investigation and the challenge of human application. Behavioural Brain Research, 110, 129-141.
32. EXTON, M.S., VON HÖRSTEN, S., SCHULT, M., VÖGE, J., STRUBEL, T., DONATH, S., STEINMÜLLER, C., SEELIGER, H., NAGEL, E., WESTERMANN, J. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. (1998b). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression using cyclosporine A: central nervous system reduces IL-2 production via splenic innervation. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 88, 182-191.
33. EXTON, M.S., VON HÖRSTEN, S., STRUBEL, T., DONATH, S., SCHEDLOWSKI, M. & WESTERMANN, J. (2000). Conditioned alterations of specific blood leukocyte subsets are reconditionable. Neuroimmunomodulation, 7, 106-114.
34. EXTON, M.S., VON HÖRSTEN, S., VÖGE, J., WESTERMANN, J., SCHULT, M., NAGEL, E. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. (1998a). Conditioned taste aversion produced by cyclosporine A: concomitant reduction in lymphoid organ weight and splenocyte proliferation. Physiology & Behavior, 63, 241-47.
35. GAUCI, M., HUSBAND, A.J., SAARRA, H. & KING, M.G. (1994). Pavlovian Conditioning of nasal tryptase release in human subjects with allergic rhinitis. Physiology and Behavior, 55, 823-825.
36. GARCÍA, J., KIMMELDORF, D.J. & KOELLING, R.A. (1955). Conditioned aversion to Saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science, 122, 157-158.
37. GHANTA, V.K., HIRAMOTO, N.S., SOLVASON, H.B., SOONG, S.J. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1990). Conditioning: A new approach to immunotherapy. Cancer Research, 50, 4295-4299.
38. GHANTA, V.K., HIRAMOTO, N.S., SOLVASON, H.B. & SPECTOR, N.H. (1985). Neural and environmental influences on neoplasia and conditioning of NK activity. Journal of Immunology, 135, 848-852.
39. GHANTA, V., HIRAMOTO, R.N., SOLVASON, B. & SPECTOR, N.H. (1987a). Influence of conditioned natural immunity on tumor growth. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 496, 637-646.
40. GHANTA, V.K., HIRAMOTO, N.S., SOONG, S.J. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1995). Conditioning of the secondary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to YC8 tumor. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 50, 399-403.
41. GHANTA, V.K., HIRAMOTO, N.S., SOONG, S.J., MILLER, D.M. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1993). A multiple modality approach to immunotherapy. International Journal of Neuroscience, 71, 251-265.
42. GHANTA, V., MIURA, T., HIRAMOTO, N.S. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1988). Augmentation of natural immunity and regulation of tumor growth by conditioning. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 521, 29-42.
43. GORCZYNSKI, R.M. (1990). Conditioned enhancement of skin allografts in mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 4, 85-92.
44. GORCZYNSKI, R.M., KENNEDY, M. & CIAMPI, A. (1985). Cimetidine reverses tumor growth enhancement of plasmacytoma tumors in mice demonstrating conditioned immunosuppression. Journal of Immunology, 134, 4261-4266.
45. GORCYNSKI, R.M., MACREA, S. & KENNEDY, M. (1984). Factors involved in the classical conditioning of antibody responses in mice. In Breakdown in human adaptation to "stress": Towards a multidisciplinary approach (704-712). Hingham, MA: Martinus Nijhof.
46. GROCHOWICZ, P.M., SCHEDLOWSKI, M., HUSBAND, A.J., KING, M.G., HIBBERD, A.D. & BOWEN, K.M. (1991). Behavioral conditioning prolongs heart allograft survival in rats. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 5, 349-356.
47. HILL, L.E. (1930). Philosophy of a Biologist. London: Arnold.
48. HIRAMOTO, R.N., HSUEH, C.M., ROGERS, C.F., DEMISSIE, S. HIRAMOTO, N.S., SOONG, S.J. & GHANTA, V.K. (1993). Conditioning of the allogeneic cytotoxic lymphocyte response. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 44, 275-280.
49. HSUEH, C.M., CHEN, S.F., GHANTA, V.K. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1995). Expression of the conditioned NK cell activity is ß-endorphin dependent. Brain Research, 678, 76-82.
50. HSUEH, C.M., CHEN, S.F., HUANG, H.J., GHANTA, J.K. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1996). Activation of m-opioid receptors are required for the conditioned enhancement of NK cell activity. Brain Research, 737, 263-2688.
51. HSUEH, C.M., HIRAMOTO, R.N. & GHANTA, V.K. (1992). The central effect of methionineenkephalin on NK cell activity. Brain Research, 578, 142-148.
52. HSUEH, C.M., KUO, J.S., CHEN, S.F., HUANG, H.J., CHENG, F.C. CHUNG, L.J. & LIN, R.J. (1999). Involvement of catecholamines in recall of the conditioned NK cell response. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 94, 172-181.
53. HSUEH, C.M., ROGERS, C., HIRAMOTO, R.N. & GHANTA, V.K. (1994b). Effect of dexamethasone on conditioned enhancement of natural killer cell activity. Neuroimmunomodulation, 1, 370-376.
54. HSUEH, C.M., TYRING, S.K., HIRAMOTO, R.N. & GHANTA, V.K. (1994a). Efferent signal(s) responsible for the conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell activity. Neuroimmunomodulation, 1, 74-81.
55. HUSBAND, A.J., KING, M.G. & BROWN, R. (1987). Behaviorally conditioned modification of T cell subset ratios in rats. Immunology Letters, 14, 91-94.
56. JANZ, L.J., GREEN-JOHNSON, J., MURRAY, L., VRIND, C.Y., NANCE, D.M., GREENBERG, A.H. & DYCK, D. (1996). Pavlovian conditioning of LPS-induced responses: Effects on corticosterone, splenic NE, and IL-2 production. Physiology and Behavior, 59, 1103-1109.
57. KAPP, B.S., SCHWABER, J.S. & DRISCOLL, P.A. (1985). Frontal cortex projections to the amygdaloid central nucleus in the rabbit. Neuroscience, 15, 327-346.
58. KELLY, K.W., DANTZER, R., MORMEDE, P., SALMON, H. & AYNAUD, J. (1985). Conditioned taste aversion suppresses induction of delayedtype hypersensitivity immune reaction. Physiology and Behavior, 34, 189-193.
59. KING, M.G. & HUSBAND, A.J. (1996). Konditionierung immunologischer Funktionen. In Psychoneuroimmunologie (537-560). Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
60. KING, M.G., HUSBAND, A.J. & KUSNECOV, A.W. (1987). Behaviourally conditioned immunosuppression using anti-lymphocyte serum: duration of effect and role of corticosteroids. Medical Science Research, 15, 407-408.
61. KIRSCHBAUM, C., JABAAIJ, L., BUSKEKIRSCHBAUM, A., HENNIG, J., BLOM, M., DORST, K., BAUCH, J., DIPAULI, R., SCHMITZ, G., BALLIEUX, R. & HELLHAMMER, D. (1992). Conditioning of drug-induced immunomodulation in human volunteers: a European collaborative study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 459-472.
62. KLOSTERHALFEN, S. & KLOSTERHALFEN, W. (1987). Classically conditioned effects of cyclophosphamide on white blood cell counts in rats. Annals of the New York Acadamy of Sciences, 496, 569-577.
63. KLOSTERHALFEN, W. & KLOSTERHALFEN, S. (1983). Pavlovian conditioning of immunosuppression modifies adjuvant arthritis in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 97, 663-666.
64. KLOSTERHALFEN, W. & KLOSTERHALFEN, S. (1985). Conditioned immunopharmacologic effects and adjuvant arthritis: further results. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Neuroimmunomodulation (183-187). Bethesda, MD: IWGN.
65. KLOSTERHALFEN, W. & KLOSTERHALFEN, S. (1990). Conditioned cyclosporine effects but not conditioned taste aversion in immunized rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 716-724.
66. KOHM, A.P. & SANDERS, V.M. (2000). Norepinephrine: a messenger from the brain to the immune system. Immunology Today, 21(11), 539-542.
67. KUSNECOV, A.W., HUSBAND, A.J. & KING, M.G. (1990). The influence of dexamethasone on behaviorally conditioned immunomodulation and plasmacorticosterone. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 4, 50-66.
68. KUSNECOV, A.W., SIVYER, M., KING, M.G., HUSBAND, A.J., CRIPPS, A.W. & CLANCY, R.L. (1983). Behaviorally conditioned suppression of the immune response by antilymphocyte serum. Journal of Immunology, 130, 2117-2120.
69. LASITER, P.S. & GLANZMAN, D.L. (1985). Cortical substrates of taste aversion learning: Involvement of dorsolateral amygdaloid nuclei and temporal neocortex in taste aversion learning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 99, 257-276.
70. LONGO, D.L., DUFFEY, P.L., KOPP, W.C., HEYES, M.P., ALVORD, W.G., SHARFMAN, W.H., SCHMIDT, P.J., RUBINOW, D.R. & ROSENSTEIN, D.L. (1999). Conditioned immune response to interferon-γ in humans. Clinical Immunology, 90, 173-181.
71. LUECKEN, L.J. & LYSLE, D.T. (1992). Evidence for the involvement of ß-adrenergic receptors in conditioned immunomodulation. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 38, 209-220.
72. LUHESHI, G.N., HAMMOND, E. & DAM, A.M.V. (1996). Cytokines as messengers of immune interactions. Trends in Neurosciences, 19, 46-47.
73. LUPARELLO, T.J., LEIST, N., LOURIE, C.H. & SWEET, P. (1970). The interaction of psychological stimuli and pharmacologic agents on airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 32, 509-512.
74. LUPARELLO, T.J., LYONS H.A., BLEECKER, E.R., & MCFADDEN, E.R. (1968). Influences of suggestion on airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 30, 819-825.
75. LUK’YANENKO, V.I. (1961). The problem of conditioned-reflex regulation of immunologic reactions. Akad. Nauk SSSR Usphekhi Sovrem. Biol., 51, 170-187.
76. LYSLE, D.T., CUNNICK, J.E., FOWLER, H. & RABIN, B.S. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning of shock-induced suppression of lymphocyte reactivity: Acquisition, extinction, and preexposure effect. Life Sciences, 42, 2185-2194.
77. LYSLE, D.T., CUNNICK, J.E., KUCINSKI, B.J., FOWLER, H. & RABIN, B.S. (1990). Characterization of immune alterations induced by a conditioned aversive stimulus. Psychobiology, 18, 220-226.
78. LYSLE, D.T., CUNNICK, J.E. & MASLONEK, K.A. (1991). Pharmacological manipulation of immune alterations induced by an aversive con ditioned stimulus: Evidence for a ß-adrenergic receptor-mediated Pavlovian conditioning process. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 443-449.
79. LYSLE, D.T., LUECKEN, L.J. & MASLONEK, K.A. (1992). Modulation of immune status by a conditioned aversive stimulus: evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 6, 179-188.
80. MACKENZIE, J.N. (1896). The production of the so-called "rose cold" by means of an artifical rose. American Journal of Medical Science, 91, 45-47.
81. MACQUEEN, G., MARSHALL, J., PERDUE, M., SIEGEL, S., BIENENSTOCK, J. (1989). Pavlovian conditioning of rat mucosal mast cells to secrete rat mast cell protease II. Science, 243, 83-85.
82. MASEK, K., PETROVICKY, P. & SEIFERT, J. (1992). An introduction on the possible role of central nervous system structures in neuroendocrine- immune system interactions. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 14, 317-322.
83. METAL’NIKOV, S. & CHORINE, V. (1926). The role of conditioned reflexes in immunity. In Foundations of psychoneuroimmunology (263-267). New York: Aldine.
84. NEVEU, P.J., DANTZER, R. & LE MOAL, M. (1986). Behaviorally conditioned suppression of mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation and antibody production in mice. Neuroscience Letters, 65, 293-298.
85. PASCOE, J.P. & KAPP, B.S. (1987). Responses of amygdaloid central nucleus neurons to stimulation of the insular cortex in awake rabbits. Neuroscience, 21, 471-485.
86. PEREZ, L. & LYSLE, D.T. (1995). Corticotropin- releasing hormone is involved in conditioned stimulus-induced reduction of natural killer cell activity but not in conditioned alterations in cytokine production or proliferation responses. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 63, 1-8.
87. PEREZ, L. & LYSLE, D.T. (1997). Conditioned immunomodulation: investigation of the role of endogenous activity at µ, κ, and δ opioid receptor subtypes. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 79, 101-112.
88. RAMÍREZ-AMAYA, V., ALVAREZ-BORDA, B. & BERM∨DEZ-RATTONI, F. (1998). Differential effects of NMDA-induced lesions into the insular cortex and amygdala on the acquisition and evocation of conditioned immunosuppression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 12, 149-160.
89. RAMÍREZ-AMAYA, V., ALVAREZ-BORDA, B., ORMSBY, C.E., MARTÍNEZ, R.D., PÉREZ-MONTFORT, R. & BERM∨DEZ-RATTONI, F. (1996). Insular cortex lesions impair the acquisition of conditioned immunosuppression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 10, 103-114.
90. RAMÍREZ-AMAYA, V. & BERM∨DEZ-RATTONI, F. (1999). Conditioned enhancement of antibody production is disrupted by insula and amygdala but not hippocampal lesions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 12, 149-160.
91. RICARDO, J.A. & KOH, E.T. (1978). Anatomical evidence of direct projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Research, 153, 1-26.
92. ROGERS, M.P., REICH, P., STROM, T.B. & CARPENTER, C.B. (1976). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression: Replication of a recent study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 447-452.
93. ROUDEBUSH, R.E. & BRYANT, H.U. (1991). Conditioned immunosuppression of a murine delayed type hypersensitivity response: Dissociation from corticosterone elevation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 5, 308-317.
94. RUSSELL, M., DARK, K.A., CUMMINS, R.W., ELLMAN, G., CALLAWAY, E., PEEKE, H.V. (1984). Learned histamine release. Science, 225, 733-744.
95. SCHEDLOWSKI, M., HOSCH, W., OBERBECK, R., BENSCHOP, R.J., JACOBS, R., RAAB, H.R. & SCHMIDT, R.E. (1996). Catecholamines modulate human NK cell circulation and function via spleen-independent beta 2-adrenergic mechanisms. Journal of Immunology, 156, 93-99.
96. SMITH, R.G. & MCDANIEL, S.M. (1983). Psychologically mediated effects on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45, 65-70.
97. SOLVASON, H.B., GHANTA, V.K. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1988). Conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell activity. Independence from nociceptive effects and dependence on interferon- beta. Journal of Immunology, 140, 661-665.
98. SOLVASON, H.B., GHANTA, V.K. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1993). The identity of the unconditioned stimulus to the central nervous system is interferon-ß. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 45, 75-82.
99. SOLVASON, H.B., GHANTA, V.K., LORDEN, J.F., SOONG, S.J. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1991a). A behavioral augmentation of natural immunity: odor specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model. International Journal of Neuroscience, 61, 277-288.
100. SOLVASON, H.B., GHANTA, V.K., SOONG, S.J., ROGERS, C.F., HSUEH, C.M., HIRAMOTO, N.S. & HIRAMOTO, R.N. (1992). A simple, single, trial-learning paradigm for conditioned increase in natural killer cell activity. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 199, 199-203.
101. SOLVASON, H.B., HIRAMOTO, R.N. & GHANTA, V.K. (1989). Naltrexone blocks the expression of the conditioned elevation of natural killer cell activity in BALB/c mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 3(3), 247-262.
102. STOCKHORST, U., SPENNES-SALEH, S., KÖRHOLZ, D., GÖBEL, U., SCHNEIDER, M.E., STEINGRÜBER, H.J. & KLOSTERHALFEN, S. (2000). Anticipatory symtoms and anticipatory responses in pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: features of a classicallly conditioned response? Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 14, 198-218.
103. STRUTSOVSKAYA, A.L. (1953). An experiment on the formation of conditioned phagocytic reaction in children. Zhurnal Vyssej Nervnoj Dejatel Nosti Immeni IP Pavlova, 3, 238-246.
104. VAN DER KOOY, D.L., KODA, L.Y., MCGINTY, J.F., GERFEN, C.R. & BLOOM, F.E. (1984). The organization of projections from the cortex to the amygdala, and hypothalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 224, 1-24.
105. VON HÖRSTEN, S., EXTON, M.S., SCHULT, M., NAGEL, E., STALP, M., SCHWEITZER, G., VÖGE, J., DEL REY, A., SCHEDLOWSKI, M. & WESTERMANN, J. (1998). Behaviorally conditioned effects of Cyclosporine A on the immune system of rats: specific alterations of blood leukocyte numbers and decrease of granulocyte function. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 85, 193-201.
106. WAYNER, E.A., FLANNERY, G.R. & SINGER, G. (1978). Effects of taste aversion conditioning on the primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells and brucella abortus in the albino rat. Physiology & Behavior, 21, 995-1000.
107. YAMAMOTO, T., AZUMA, S. & KAWAMURA, Y. (1984). Functional relations between the cortical gustatory area and the amygdala: Electrophysiological and behavioral studies in rats. Experimental Brain Research, 56, 23-31.
108. ZALCMAN, S., RICHTER, M. & ANISMAN, H. (1989). Alterations of immune functioning following exposure to stressor-related cues. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 3, 99-109.