What did schools experience from participating in a randomised controlled study (PLAY) that prioritised risk and challenge in active play for children while at school?

Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 239-257

  Farmer, Victoria L ^a   Fitzgerald, Ruth P ^a   Williams, Sheila M ^a   Mann, Jim I ^a   Schofield, Grant ^b   McPhee, Julia C ^b   Taylor, Rachael W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Child; intervention; play; risk and challenge; school

Indexed keywords

EID: 85012906983     PISSN: 14729679     EISSN: 17540402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14729679.2017.1286993     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Austin, G., Bell, T., Caperchione, C., & Mummery, W. K., (2011). Translating research to practice:Using the RE-AIM framework to examine an evidence-based physical activity intervention in primary school settings. Health Promotion Practice, 12(6), 932–941. doi:10.1177/1524839910366101
2. Bailey, G., (2014). Accountability and the rise of “play safe” pedagogical practices. Education + Training, 56(7), 663–674. doi:10.1108/ET-07-2014-0081
3. Ball, D. J., & Ball-King, L., (2013). Safety management and public spaces:Restoring balance. Risk Analysis:an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 33(5), 763–771. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01900.x
4. Banting, N., (2015). Calculated risks:The teacher as big data producer and risk analyst. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 12(1,2&3), 378–388.
5. Bennett, P. R., Lutz, A., & Jayaram, L., (2012). Beyond the schoolyard:The contributions of parenting logics, financial resources, and social institutions to the social class gap in structured activity participation. Sociology of Education, 85(2), 131–157. doi:10.1177/0038040711431585
6. Blaikie, N., (2000). Designing social research:The logic of anticipation. Cambridge, UK and Malden:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
7. Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G., (2009). The risk is that there is ‘no risk’:A simple, innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33–45. doi:10.1080/09669760802699878
8. Bundy, A. C., Naughton, G., Tranter, P., Wyver, S., Baur, L., Schiller, W., … Brentnall, J., (2011). The sydney playground project:Popping the bubblewrap—unleashing the power of play:A cluster randomized controlled trial of a primary school playground-based intervention aiming to increase children’s physical activity and social skills. BMC Public Health, 11, 680. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-680
9. Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C., (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children:Looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(1), 46–50. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.1.46
10. Clements, R., (2004). An investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), 68–80. doi:10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10
11. Engelen, L., Bundy, A. C., Naughton, G., Simpson, J. M., Bauman, A., Ragen, J., … Van Der Ploeg, H. P., (2013). Increasing physical activity in young primary school children—it’s child’s play:A cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 56(5), 319–325. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.007
12. Evans, J., (1994). Problems in the playground. Education 3–13:International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education, 22(2), 34–40.
13. Farmer, V. L., Williams, S. M., Mann, J. I., Schofield, G., McPhee, J. C., & Taylor, R. W., (in press-a). The effect of increasing risk and challenge in the school playground on bullying in children:A cluster randomised controlled trial (PLAY). Pediatrics.
14. Farmer, V. L., Williams, S. M., Mann, J. I., Schofield, G., McPhee, J. C., & Taylor, R. W., (in press-b). The effect of increasing risk and challenge in the school playground on physical activity and weight in children:A cluster randomised controlled trial (PLAY). International Journal of Obesity.
15. Fisher, E., (1992). The impact of play on development:A meta-analysis. Play & Culture, 5(2), 159–181.
16. Gill, T., (2007). No fear:Growing up in a risk averse society. London:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, United Kingdom Branch.
17. Gleave, J., (2008). Risk and play:A literature review Playday 2008 give us a go! (pp. 1–30). London:National Children's Bureau.
18. Heilbronn, R., (2013). Wigs, disguises and child’s play:Solidarity in teacher education. Ethics and Education, 8(1), 31–41. doi:10.1080/17449642.2013.793960
19. Hill, A, & Bundy, A., (2014). Reliability and validity of a new instrument to measure tolerance of everyday risk for children. Child:Care, Health And Development, 40(1), 68-76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01414.x
20. Hyndman, B., (2015). Where to next for school playground interventions to encourage active play? An exploration of structured and unstructured school playground strategies. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 8(1), 56–67. doi:10.1080/19411243.2015.1014956
21. Hyndman, B. P., Benson, A. C., & Telford, A., (2014a). A guide for educators to move beyond conventional school playgrounds:The RE-AIM evaluation of the lunchtime enjoyment activity and play (LEAP) intervention. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(1), n1. doi:10.14221/ajte.2014v39n1.2
22. Hyndman, B. P., Benson, A. C., Ullah, S., & Telford, A., (2014b). Evaluating the effects of the lunchtime enjoyment activity and play (LEAP) school playground intervention on children’s quality of life, enjoyment and participation in physical activity. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 164. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-164
23. Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B., (1998). Review of community-based research:Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19, 173–202. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173
24. Janssen, M., Toussaint, H., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E., (2013). Translating the PLAYgrounds program into practice:A process evaluation using the RE-AIM framework. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3), 211–216. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.06.009
25. Janssen, M., Toussaint, H. M., Van Willem, M., & Verhagen, E. A., (2011). PLAYgrounds:Effect of a PE playground program in primary schools on PA levels during recess in 6 to 12 year old children. Design of a prospective controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 11, 282. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-282
26. Janssen, M., Twisk, J. W., Toussaint, H. M., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A., (2015). Effectiveness of the PLAYgrounds programme on PA levels during recess in 6-year-old to 12-year-old children. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(4), 259–264. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091517
27. Justice, L. M., McGinty, A. S., Zucker, T., Cabell, S. Q., & Piasta, S. B., (2013). Bi-directional dynamics underlie the complexity of talk in teacher–child play-based conversations in classrooms serving at-risk pupils. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(3), 496–508. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.02.005
28. Little, H., Sandseter, E. B. H., & Wyver, S., (2012). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about children’s risky play in Australia and Norway. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 13(4), 300–316. doi:10.2304/ciec.2012.13.4.300
29. Little, H., & Sweller, N., (2015). Affordances for risk-taking and physical activity in australian early childhood education settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(4), 337–345. doi:10.1007/s10643-014-0667-0
30. Little, H., & Wyver, S., (2008). Outdoor play:Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33–40.
31. Lobman, C. L., & Clark, K., (2015). From the dress-up corner to the stage. Dramatic activities for early childhood classrooms. Young Children, 70(2), 92–99.
32. Meany-Walen, K. K., Bullis, Q., Kottman, T., & Dillman Taylor, D., (2015). Group adlerian play therapy with children with off-task behaviors. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 40(3), 294–314. doi:10.1080/01933922.2015.1056569
33. Merzel, C., & D’Afflitti, J., (2003). Reconsidering community-based health promotion:Promise, performance, and potential. American Journal of Public Health, 93(4), 557–574. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.557
34. Milteer, R. M., & Ginsburg, K. R., (2012). The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bond:Focus on children in poverty. Pediatrics, 129(1), e204–e213. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2953
35. Niehues, A., Bundy, A., Broom, A., Tranter, P., Ragen, J., & Engelen, L., (2013). Everyday uncertainties:Reframing perceptions of risk in outdoor free play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 13(3), 223–237. doi:10.1080/14729679.2013.798588
36. O’Brien, J., & Smith, J., (2002). Childhood transformed? Risk perceptions and the decline of free play. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(3), 123–128. doi:10.1177/030802260206500304
37. Oakley, A., (2000). Experiments in knowing:Gender and method in the social sciences. New York, NY:The New Press.
38. Patton, M., (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications, Inc.
39. Perry, B., (2015). Household incomes in New Zealand:Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2014. Wellington:Ministry of Social Development.
40. Sandseter, E. B. H., (2009). Characteristics of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3–21. doi:10.1080/14729670802702762
41. Santos, M. P., Pizarro, A. N., Mota, J., & Marques, E. A., (2013). Parental physical activity, safety perceptions and children’s independent mobility. BMC Public Health, 13, 584. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-584
42. Simpson, J., Duncanson, M., Oben, G., Wicken, A., & Pierson, M., (2015). Child Poverty Monitor 2015 Technical Report. Dunedin:NZ Child and Youth Epidemiology Service, University of Otago.
43. Smith, S. J., (1998). Risk and our pedagogical relation to children:On the playground and beyond. Albany NY:State University of New York press.
44. Stover, S., (2013). Odd alliances:Working theories on ‘unintended consequences’ of early childhood education in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 38(3), 4–8.
45. Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A., & Salmon, J., (2004). Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, 38(1), 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026
46. Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Ball, K., & Salmon, J., (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents’ perceptions of influences on children’s active free-play. Health & Place, 12(4), 383–393. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009
47. Wilson, L., (2015). Waikato Times:Playgrounds advocates say kids need more risk. Retrieved April 29, 2015, from http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/68123182/playgrounds-advocates-say-kids-need-more-risk