Geographic variation in trends and disparities in acute myocardial infarction hospitalization and mortality by income levels, 1999-2013

JAMA Cardiology

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 255-265

  Spatz, Erica S ^a,b   Beckman, Adam L ^c   Wang, Yun ^a,b,d   Desai, Nihar R ^a,b   Krumholz, Harlan M ^a,b,c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; AGED; BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGION; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUNTRY ECONOMIC STATUS; FEMALE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HIGH INCOME COUNTRY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LOW INCOME COUNTRY; MALE; MEDICARE; MORTALITY RATE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; REVIEW; TREND STUDY; HEART INFARCTION; INCOME; MORTALITY; TRENDS; UNITED STATES;

HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INCOME; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85012303456     PISSN: 23806583     EISSN: 23806591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0382     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the National Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation. 2000; 102(25):3137-3147.
2. Diez Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D, et al. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(2): 99-106.
3. Lindenauer PK, Lagu T, Rothberg MB, et al. Income inequality and 30 day outcomes after acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2013; 346(3):f521.
4. Alter DA, Chong A, Austin PC, et al.; SESAMI Study Group. Socioeconomic status and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(2):82-93.
5. Bikdeli B, Wayda B, Bao H, et al. Place of residence and outcomes of patients with heart failure: analysis from the telemonitoring to improve heart failure outcomes trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; 7(5):749-756.
6. Kitagawa E, Hauser P. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1973.
7. Kulkarni VT, Ross JS, Wang Y, et al. Regional density of cardiologists and rates of mortality for acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013; 6(3):352-359.
8. Cooper RA. States with more physicians have better-quality health care. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009; 28(1):w91-w102.
9. Aneja S, Ross JS, Wang Y, et al. US cardiologist workforce from 1995 to 2007: modest growth, lasting geographic maldistribution especially in rural areas. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011; 30(12):2301-2309.
10. Smith GD, Hart C, Watt G, Hole D, Hawthorne V. Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998; 52(6):399-405.
11. Waitzman NJ, Smith KR. Phantom of the area: poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88(6):973-976.
12. Kleinschmidt I, Hills M, Elliott P. Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995; 49(SUPPL. 2):S72-S77.
13. Wilkinson R, Marmot M, eds. Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts. 2nd ed. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization; 2003.
14. Jencks SF, Cuerdon T, Burwen DR, et al. Quality of medical care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries: a profile at state and national levels. JAMA. 2000; 284(13):1670-1676.
15. Ferrer RL, Cruz I, Burge S, Bayles B, Castilla MI. Measuring capability for healthy diet and physical activity. Ann Fam Med. 2014; 12(1):46-56.
16. Peterson ED, Roe MT, Rumsfeld JS, et al. A call to ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network): a national effort to promote timely clinical feedback and support continuous quality improvement for acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009; 2(5):491-499.
17. Havranek EP, Mujahid MS, Barr DA, et al.; American Heart Association Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health, and Stroke Council. Social determinants of risk and outcomes for cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015; 132(9):873-898.
18. McCarthy M. Tackling social factors is key in reducing cardiovascular disease, say US heart doctors. BMJ. 2015; 351:h4333.
19. Pearson TA, Bazzarre TL, Daniels SR, et al.; American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science. American Heart Association guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level: a statement for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, and health policy makers from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science. Circulation. 2003; 107(4): 645-651.
20. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: the cornerstone for prevention. PHS publication No. 2012-1038. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hpdata2010/hp2010-final-review.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2016.
21. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al.; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010; 121(4):586-613.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Million Hearts: strategies to reduce the prevalence of leading cardiovascular disease risk factors-United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60(36):1248-1251.
23. Krumholz HM, Normand S-LT, Wang Y. Trends in hospitalizations and outcomes for acute cardiovascular disease and stroke, 1999-2011. Circulation. 2014; 130(12):966-975.
24. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997; 18:341-378.
25. Haan M, Kaplan GA, Camacho T. Poverty and health: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 125(6):989-998.
26. Kaplan GA. Socioeconomic considerations in the health of urban areas. J Urban Health. 1998; 75(2):228-235.
27. Minnesota Department of Health. White paper on income and health. http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/opa/2014incomeandhealth.pdf. Published March 3, 2014. Accessed December 1, 2015.
28. Flippen A. Where are the hardest places to live in the US? New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/26/upshot/where-are-the-hardest-places-to-live-in-the-us.html. Published June 26, 2014. Accessed November 27, 2015.
29. Pickle LW, Gillum RF. Geographic variation in cardiovascular disease mortality in US blacks and whites. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999; 91(10):545-556.
30. Krumholz HM, Wang Y, Mattera JA, et al. An administrative claims model suitable for profiling hospital performance based on 30-day mortality rates among patients with an acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2006; 113(13): 1683-1692.
31. US Census Bureau. Population and housing unit estimates. http://www.census.gov/popest/index.html. Published 2015. Accessed June 1, 2015.
32. Bucholz EM, Ma S, Normand SL, Krumholz HM. Race, socioeconomic status, and life expectancy after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2015; 132(14):1338-1346.
33. Koopman C, van Oeffelen AA, Bots ML, et al. Neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in incidence of acute myocardial infarction: a cohort study quantifying age- and gender-specific differences in relative and absolute terms. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:617.
34. Rodriguez F, Wang Y, Naderi S, Johnson CE, Foody JM. Community-level cardiovascular risk factors impact geographic variation in cardiovascular disease hospitalizations for women. J Community Health. 2013; 38(3):451-457.
35. Yen IH, Kaplan GA. Poverty area residence and changes in physical activity level: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88(11):1709-1712.
36. Anderson RT, Sorlie P, Backlund E, Johnson N, Kaplan GA. Mortality effects of community socioeconomic status. Epidemiology. 1997; 8(1): 42-47.
37. Gebreab SY, Davis SK, Symanzik J, Mensah GA, Gibbons GH, Diez-Roux AV. Geographic variations in cardiovascular health in the United States: contributions of state- and individual-level factors. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015; 4(6):e001673.
38. Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI inflation calculator. http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation-calculator.htm. Published 2014. Accessed October 22, 2015.
39. Kindig DA, Asada Y, Booske B. A population health framework for setting national and state health goals. JAMA. 2008; 299(17):2081-2083.
40. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. County health rankings & roadmaps: how healthy is your community? http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/. Accessed December 1, 2015.
41. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Muntaner C, et al. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146(1):48-63.
42. Bucholz EM, Rathore SS, Gosch K, et al. Effect of living alone on patient outcomes after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2011; 108(7):943-948.
43. Dupre ME, George LK, Liu G, Peterson ED. The cumulative effect of unemployment on risks for acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(22):1731-1737.
44. László KD, Ahnve S, Hallqvist J, Ahlbom A, Janszky I. Job strain predicts recurrent events after a first acute myocardial infarction: the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. J Intern Med. 2010; 267(6):599-611.
45. Marciniak TA, Ellerbeck EF, Radford MJ, et al. Improving the quality of care for Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA. 1998; 279(17):1351-1357.
46. Krumholz HM, Bradley EH, Nallamothu BK, et al. A campaign to improve the timeliness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Door-to-Balloon: an alliance for quality. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008; 1(1):97-104.
47. Dube SR, Asman K, Malarcher A, Carabollo R; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation-United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009; 58(44):1227-1232.
48. Mann D, Reynolds K, Smith D, Muntner P. Trends in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among US adults: impact of the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Ann Pharmacother. 2008; 42(9): 1208-1215.
49. Dharmarajan K, Krumholz HM. Strategies to reduce 30-day readmissions in older patients hospitalized with heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2014; 3(4):306-315.
50. Krumholz HM, Anderson JL, Brooks NH, et al.; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures; Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. ACC/AHA clinical performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47(1):236-265.
51. Curtis JP, Schreiner G, Wang Y, et al. All-cause readmission and repeat revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention in a cohort of Medicare patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54(10): 903-907.
52. Suter LG, Li SX, Grady JN, et al. National patterns of risk-standardized mortality and readmission after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia: update on publicly reported outcomes measures based on the 2013 release. J Gen Intern Med. 2014; 29(10):1333-1340.
53. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Prevention quality indicators overview. http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/modules/pqi-resources.aspx. Accessed December 1, 2015.
54. Mensah GA. Eliminating disparities in cardiovascular health: six strategic imperatives and a framework for action. Circulation. 2005; 111(10): 1332-1336.
55. Cheng ER, Kindig DA. Disparities in premature mortality between high- and low-income US counties. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012; 9:E75.
56. Unger E, Diez-Roux AV, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Association of neighborhood characteristics with cardiovascular health in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; 7(4):524-531.
57. Auchincloss AH, Mujahid MS, Shen M, Michos ED, Whitt-Glover MC, Diez Roux AV. Neighborhood health-promoting resources and obesity risk (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(3):621-628.
58. Christine PJ, Auchincloss AH, Bertoni AG, et al. Longitudinal associations between neighborhood physical and social environments and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(8):1311-1320.
59. Sussman JB, Halasyamani LK, Davis MM. Hospitals during recession and recovery: vulnerable institutions and quality at risk. J Hosp Med. 2010; 5(5):302-305.
60. Kaufman BG, Thomas SR, Randolph RK, et al. The rising rate of rural hospital closures. J Rural Health. 2016; 32(1):35-43.
61. Casper M, Barnett E, Halverson JA. Women and Heart Disease: An Atlas of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mortality. Morgantown: West Virginia University, Office for Social Environment and Health Research; 1999.
62. Cooper RA, Cooper MA, McGinley EL, Fan X, Rosenthal JT. Poverty, wealth, and health care utilization: a geographic assessment. J Urban Health. 2012; 89(5):828-847.
63. Bonito A, Bann C, Eicheldinger C, Carpenter L. Creation of new race-ethnicity codes and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators for Medicare beneficiaries: final report. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/medicareindicators/medicareindicators.pdf. Published January 2008. Accessed August 1, 2015.
64. Blum AB, Egorova NN, Sosunov EA, et al. Impact of socioeconomic status measures on hospital profiling in New York City. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; 7(3):391-397.
65. Muennig P. Health selection vs causation in the income gradient: what can we learn from graphical trends? J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008; 19(2):574-579.
66. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community health status indicators (CHSI 2015). http://www.cdc.gov/communityhealth. Updated December 18, 2015. Accessed December 1, 2015.