An analysis of race-related attitudes and beliefs in black cancer patients: Implications for health care disparities

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1503-1520

  Penner, Louis A ^a   Dovidio, John F ^b   Hagiwara, Nao ^c   Foster, Tanina ^d   Albrecht, Terrance L ^a   Chapman, Robert A ^e   Eggly, Susan ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e HENRY FORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Health care disparities; Patient mistrust; Patient suspicion; Perceived discrimination; Race related attitudes and beliefs

Indexed keywords

CANCER PATIENT; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IDENTITY; MEDICAL CARE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; RACE; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH LITERACY; HEALTH STATUS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM; PSYCHOLOGY; RACE RELATION; RACISM; SOCIOECONOMICS; TRUST; VERY ELDERLY;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH LITERACY; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; RACE RELATIONS; RACISM; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TRUST;

EID: 85012024034     PISSN: 10492089     EISSN: 15486869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/HPU.2016.0115     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2013: with special feature on prescription drugs. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2014. Available at: http:// www. cdc. gov/ nchs/ data/ hus/ hus13. pdf.
2. DeSantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Jul-Aug; 64 (4): 252–71. Epub 2014 Jun 1. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.3322/ caac.21235PMid: 24890451
3. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
4. Bickell NA, Wang JJ, Oluwole S, et al. Missed opportunities: racial disparities in adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar 20; 24 (9): 1357-62. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1200/ JCO.2005.04.5799PMid: 16549830
5. Murphy CC, Harlan LC, Warren JL, et al. Race and insurance differences in the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug 10; 33 (23): 2530–6. Epub 2015 Jul 6. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1200/ JCO.2015.61.3026PMid: 26150445
6. Hayn MH, Orom H, Shavers VL, et al. Racial/ ethnic differences in receipt of pelvic lymph node dissection among men with localized/ regional prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Oct 15; 117 (20): 4651–8. Epub 2011 Mar 31. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1002/ cncr.26103PMid: 21456009 PMCid: PMC3505608
7. Goyal MK, Kuppermann N, Cleary SD, et al. Racial disparities in pain management of children with appendicitis in emergency departments. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov; 169 (11): 996-1002. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2015.1915PMid: 26366984 PMCid: PMC4829078
8. Meghani SH, Kang Y, McMenamin E, et al. African Americans with cancer pain are more likely to receive an analgesic with toxic metabolite despite clinical risks: a mediation analysis study. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 1; 32 (25): 2773–9. Epub 2014 Jul 21. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1200/ JCO.2013.54.7992PMid: 25049323 PMCid: PMC4145186
9. Penner LA, Eggly S, Griggs JJ, et al. Life-threatening disparities: the treatment of Black and White cancer patients. J Soc Issues. 2012 Jun 25; 68 (2). http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1111/ j.1540-4560.2012.01751.xPMid: 24319297 PMCid: PMC3849720
10. Daly B, Olopade OI. A perfect storm: how tumor biology, genomics, and health care delivery patterns collide to create a racial survival disparity in breast cancer and proposed interventions for change. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 May-Jun; 65 (3): 221–38. Epub 2015 Apr 9. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.3322/ caac.21271PMid: 25960198
11. Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Localio AR, et al. Racial differences in antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2013 Apr; 131 (4): 677–84. Epub 2013 Mar 18. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1542/ peds.2012-2500PMid: 23509168
12. Penner LA, Blair IV, Albrecht TL, et al. Reducing racial health care disparities: a social psychological analysis. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2014 Oct; 1 (1): 204-12. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/ 2372732214548430PMid: 25705721 PMCid: PMC4332703
13. Brown TN. Measuring self-perceived racial and ethnic discrimination in social surveys. Soc Spectrum. 2001; 21 (3): 377-92. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1080/ 027321701300202046
14. Sellers RM, Shelton JN. The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 May; 84 (5): 1079-92. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ 0022-3514.84.5.1079PMid: 12757150
15. Dugan E, Trachtenberg F, Hall MA. Development of abbreviated measures to assess patient trust in a physician, a health insurer, and the medical profession. BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Oct 3; 5: 64. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1186/ 1472-6963-5-64PMid: 16202125 PMCid: PMC1262715
16. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American health dilemma: a medical history of African Americans and the problem of race: beginnings to 1900. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.
17. Boulware LE, Cooper LA, Ratner LE, et al. Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Rep. 2003 Jul-Aug; 118 (4): 358-65. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ S0033-3549 (04) 50262-5
18. LaVeist TA, Kim JN, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev. 2000; 57 Suppl 1: 146-61. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/ 1077558700574007 http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/ 107755800773743637PMid: 11092161
19. Thompson HS, Valdimarsdottir HB, Winkel G, et al. The Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale: psychometric properties and association with breast cancer screening. Prev Med. 2004 Feb; 38 (2): 209-18. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ j.ypmed.2003.09.041PMid: 14715214
20. Crawley L, Ahn D, Winkleby M. Perceived medical discrimination and cancer screening behaviors of racial and ethnic minority adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Aug; 17 (8): 1937–44. Epub 2008 Aug 6. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1158/ 1055-9965.EPI-08-0005PMid: 18687583 PMCid: PMC2526181
21. Sheppard VB, Mays D, LaVeist T, et al. Medical mistrust influences black women’s level of engagement in BRCA 1/ 2 genetic counseling and testing. J Natl Med Assoc. 2013 Spring; 105 (1): 17-22. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ S0027-9684 (15) 30081-X
22. Sussner KM, Edwards TA, Thompson HS, et al. Ethnic, racial and cultural identity and perceived benefits and barriers related to genetic testing for breast cancer among at-risk women of African descent in New York City. Public Health Genomics. 2011 14 (6): 356–70. Epub 2011 May 3. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1159/ 000325263PMid: 21540561 PMCid: PMC3221259
23. Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Edmondson D, et al. The experience of discrimination and Black-White health disparities in medical care. J Black Psychol. 2009 May 1; 35 (2). http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/ 0095798409333585PMid: 24347741 PMCid: PMC3862356
24. Benkert R, Hollie B, Nordstrom CK, et al. Trust, mistrust, racial identity and patient satisfaction in urban African American primary care patients of nurse practitioners. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2009; 41 (2): 211-19. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1111/ j.1547-5069.2009.01273.xPMid: 19538706
25. Moore AD, Hamilton JB, Knafl GJ, et al. The influence of mistrust, racism, religious participation, and access to care on patient satisfaction for African American men: the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project. J Natl Med Assoc. 2013 Spring; 105 (1): 59-68. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ S0027-9684 (15) 30086-9
26. Baker TA, O’Connor ML, Roker R, et al. Satisfaction with pain treatment in older cancer patients: identifying variants of discrimination, trust, communication, and self-efficacy. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2013 Dec; 15 (8). http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1097/ NJH.0b013e3182a12c24PMid: 24363611 PMCid: PMC3867008
27. Hagiwara N, Penner LA, Gonzalez R, et al. Racial attitudes, physician-patient talk time ratio, and adherence in racially discordant medical interactions. Soc Sci Med. 2013 Jun; 87: 123–31. Epub 2013 Mar 28. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ j.socscimed.2013.03.016PMid: 23631787 PMCid: PMC3677202
28. Sheppard VB, Isaacs C, Luta G, et al. Narrowing racial gaps in breast cancer chemo therapy initiation: the role of the patient-provider relationship. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 May; 139 (1): 207–16. Epub 2013 Apr 16. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s10549-013-2520-3PMid: 23588954 PMCid: PMC3662254
29. Shelton RC, Clarke Hillyer G, Hershman DL, et al. Interpersonal influences and attitudes about adjuvant therapy treatment decisions among non-metastatic breast cancer patients: an examination of differences by age and race/ ethnicity in the BQUAL study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 Feb; 137 (3): 817–28. Epub 2012 Dec 22. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s10549-012-2370-4PMid: 23263696 PMCid: PMC3563273
30. LaVeist TA, Isaac LA, Williams KP. Mistrust of health care organizations is associated with underutilization of health services. Health Serv Res. 2009 Dec; 44 (6): 2093–105. Epub 2009 Sep 2. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1111/ j.1475-6773.2009.01017.xPMid: 19732170 PMCid: PMC2796316
31. Vorauer JD. An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction. Psychol Rev. 2006 Oct; 113 (4): 862-86. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ 0033-295X.113.4.862PMid: 17014306
32. Eggly S, Tkatch R, Penner LA, et al. Development of a question prompt list as a communication intervention to reduce racial disparities in cancer treatment. J Cancer Educ. 2013 Jun; 28 (2): 282-9. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s13187-013-0456-2PMid: 23440665 PMCid: PMC3665702
33. Luhtanen R, Crocker J. A collective self-esteem scale: self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1992 Jun; 18 (3): 302-18. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/ 0146167292183006
34. Shelton RC, Winkel G, Davis SN, et al. Validation of the group-based medical mistrust scale among urban black men. J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Jun; 25 (6): 549–55. Epub 2010 Mar 2. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s11606-010-1288-yPMid: 20195782 PMCid: PMC2869405
35. Penner LA, Gaertner S, Dovidio JF, et al. A social psychological approach to improving the outcomes of racially discordant medical interactions. J Gen Intern Med. 2013 Sep; 28 (9): 1143–9. Epub 2013 Feb 2. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s11606-013-2339-yPMid: 23377843 PMCid: PMC3744315
36. Benson T, Sizmur S, Whatling J, et al. Evaluation of a new short generic measure of health status: howRu. Inform Prim Care. 2010; 18 (2): 89-101. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.14236/ jhi.v18i2.758
37. Wallace LS, Rogers ES, Roskos SE, et al. Brief report: screening items to identify patients with limited health literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Aug; 21 (8): 874-7. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1111/ j.1525-1497.2006.00532.xPMid: 16881950 PMCid: PMC1831582
38. Institute of Medicine. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
39. Osborn CY, Paasche-Orlow MK, Davis TC, et al. Health literacy: an overlooked factor in understanding HIV health disparities. Am J Prev Med. 2007 Nov; 33 (5): 374-8. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ j.amepre.2007.07.022PMid: 17950402
40. Williams MV, Davis T, Parker RM, et al. The role of health literacy in patient-physician communication. Fam Med. 2002 May; 34 (5): 383–9. PMid: 12038721
41. Davis TC, Long SW, Jackson RH, et al. Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument. Fam Med. 1993 Jun; 25 (6): 391–5. PMid: 8349060
42. Wallston KA, Stein MJ, Smith CA. Form C of the MHLC scales: a condition-specific measure of locus of control. J Pers Assess. 1994 Dec; 63 (3): 534-53. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1207/ s15327752jpa6303_10PMid: 7844739
43. Wallston KA, Malcarne VL, Flores L, et al. Does God determine your health? The God locus of health control scale. Cognit Ther Res. 1999; 23 (2): 131-42. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1023/ A: 1018723010685
44. O’Hea EL, Moon S, Grothe KB, et al. The interaction of locus of control, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancy in relation to HbA1c in medically underserved individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med. 2009 Feb; 32 (1): 106–17. Epub 2008 Dec 17. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ s10865-008-9188-xPMid: 19089606
45. Taylor SE, Lichtman RR, Wood JV. Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984 Mar; 46 (3): 489-502. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ 0022-3514.46.3.489PMid: 6707865
46. Degner LF, Kristjanson LJ, Bowman D, et al. Information needs and decisional preferences in women with breast cancer. JAMA. 1997 May 14; 277 (18): 1485-92. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1001/ jama.277.18.1485 http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1001/ jama.1997.03540420081039PMid: 9145723
47. Ghane A, Huynh HP, Andrews SE, et al. The relative importance of patients’ decisional control preferences and experiences. Psychol Health. 2014; 29 (10): 1105-18. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1080/ 08870446.2014.911873PMid: 24724728
48. Hays RD, Kravitz RL, Mazel RM, et al. The impact of patient adherence on health outcomes for patients with chronic disease in the Medical Outcomes Study. J Behav Med. 1994 Aug; 17 (4): 347-60. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1007/ BF01858007PMid: 7966257
49. Hagiwara N, Penner LA, Gonzalez R, et al. Within-group health disparities among Blacks: the effects of Afrocentric features and unfair treatment. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2013 Oct; 19 (4): 477–80. Epub 2013 Aug 5. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ a0032566PMid: 23914746 PMCid: PMC3818459
50. Cohen J. A power primer. Psych Bull. 1992 Jul; 112 (1): 155-9. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ 0033-2909.112.1.155PMid: 19565683
51. Bird ST, Bogart LM. Perceived race-based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination in interactions with health care providers. Ethn Dis. 2001 Autumn; 11 (3): 554–63. PMid: 11572421
52. Dovidio JF, Penner LA, Albrecht TA, et al. Disparities and distrust: the implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Aug; 67 (3): 478–86. Epub 2008 May 26. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ j.socscimed.2008.03.019PMid: 18508171
53. Gibbons FX, Etcheverry PE, Stock ML, et al. Exploring the link between racial discrimination and substance use: what mediates? What buffers? J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010 Nov; 99 (5): 785-801. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ a0019880PMid: 20677890 PMCid: PMC3314492
54. Hausmann LR, Jeong K, Bost JE, et al. Perceived discrimination in health care and health status in a racially diverse sample. Med Care. 2008 Sep; 46 (9): 905-14. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1097/ MLR.0b013e3181792562PMid: 18725844 PMCid: PMC3424509
55. Sinaceur M. Suspending judgment to create value: suspicion and trust in negotiation. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010; 46: 543-50. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1016/ j.jesp.2009.11.002
56. Penner LA, Hagiwara N, Eggly S, et al. Racial healthcare disparities: a social psychological analysis. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2013; 24 (1): 70-122. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1080/ 10463283.2013.840973PMid: 25197206 PMCid: PMC4151477
57. DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD. Income and poverty in the United States: 2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014. Available at: https: // www. census. gov/ content/dam/ Census/ library/ publications/ 2014/ demo/ p60-249. pdf.
58. Hurd NM, Sellers RM, Cogburn CD, et al. Racial identity and depressive symptoms among Black emerging adults: the moderating effects of neighborhood racial composition. Dev Psychol. 2013 May; 49 (5): 938–50. Epub 2012 Jun 18. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1037/ a0028826PMid: 22709129 PMCid: PMC3484216
59. Sellers RM, Caldwell CH, Schmeelk-Cone KH, et al. Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. J Health Soc Behav. 2003 Sep; 44 (3): 302-17. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.2307/ 1519781PMid: 14582310
60. Hamel LM, Chapman R, Malloy M, et al. Critical shortage of African American medical oncologists in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Nov 10; 33 (32): 3697–700. Epub 2015 Sep 21. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1200/ JCO.2014.59.2493PMid: 26392105