Gastric Cancer: How Can We Reduce the Incidence of this Disease?

Current Gastroenterology Reports

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 1-8

  den Hoed, Caroline M ^a   Kuipers, Ernst J ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Diet; Epidemiology; Gastric cancer; Helicobacter pylori; Prevention; Screening

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CELECOXIB; PLACEBO;

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CHRONIC GASTRITIS; DIET; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; INTESTINE METAPLASIA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SMOKING CESSATION; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH CARCINOGENESIS; COMPLICATION; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; INCIDENCE; LIFESTYLE; MICROBIOLOGY; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

DIET; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIFE STYLE; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 85011587129     PISSN: 15228037     EISSN: 1534312X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0506-0     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359–86.
2. Ferlay J, SI, Ervik M, Dikshit R, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. 2012 [cited 2016 January 25]; Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
3. Arnold M, Moore SP, Hassler S, et al. The burden of stomach cancer in indigenous populations: a systematic review and global assessment. Gut. 2014;63(1):64–71.
4. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 1975;2(7924):58–60.
5. Naghavi M, Whang H, Lozano R et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–71.
6. Camargo MC, Anderson WF, King JB, et al. Divergent trends for gastric cancer incidence by anatomical subsite in US adults. Gut. 2011;60(12):1644–9.
7. Song H, Held M, Sandin S, et al. Increase in the prevalence of atrophic gastritis among adults age 35 to 44 years old in Northern Sweden between 1990 and 2009. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(9):1592–600 e1.
8. You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L, et al. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(14):974–83.
9. Ma JL, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(6):488–92. The authors demonstrate, in this well designed population based study with long follow up, that gastric cancer incidence is reduced by H. pylori eradication and vitamin intake, but not by garlic intake.
10. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(2):187–94.
11. Lee YC, Chen TH, Chiu HM, et al. The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a community-based study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut. 2013;62(5):676–82. The authors demonstrate in this community based study that the mass eradication of H. pylori is a succesfull intervention in the reduction of gastric cancer incidence. The intervention was effective for reducing the incidence of atrophic gastritis, but not for reducing the incidence of intestinal metaplasia.
12. Take S, Mizuno M, Ishiki K, et al. The effect of eradicating helicobacter pylori on the development of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(5):1037–42.
13. Ogura K, Hirata Y, Yanai A, et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on reducing the incidence of gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(3):279–83.
14. Ford AC, Forman D, Hunt R, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication for the prevention of gastric neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD005583. This Cochrane meta analysis concludes that there is limited, moderate-quality evidence that searching for and eradicating H. pylori reduces the incidence of gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected Asian individuals, the data cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other populations.
15. Hunt RH, Camilleri M, Crowe SE, et al. The stomach in health and disease. Gut. 2015;64(10):1650–68.
16. Li WQ, Ma JL, Zhang L, et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment on gastric cancer incidence and mortality in subgroups. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(7).
17. Fukase K, Kato M, Kikuchi S, et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9636):392–7.
18. Nakagawa S, Asaka M, Kato M, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication and metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic mucosal resection of early gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:214–8.
19. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(8):639–42.
20. Maehata Y, Nakamura S, Fujisawa K, et al. Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(1):39–46. In this single center retrospective study the authors studied the effect of H. pylori eradication after the endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. They do not demonstrate a positive effect of eradication on the development of metachronous gastric cancer.
21. Bae SE, Jung HY, Kang J, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on metachronous recurrence after endoscopic resection of gastric neoplasm. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(1):60–7. The authors demonstrate with this large retrospective study that there is a positive effect ofH. pylorieradication on the occurrence of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. This positive effect was seen in patient with and without precancerous lesions.
22. Shin SH, da Jung H, Kim JH, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication prevents metachronous gastric neoplasms after endoscopic resection of gastric dysplasia. PLoS One. 2015;10(11), e0143257.
23. Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Sharp L. Cost-effectiveness of screening and treating Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(6):933–47. Study on the cost-effectiveness ofH. pylorieradication on gastric cancer incidence in high- and low-incidence countries.
24. Hildebrand P, Bardhan P, Rossi L, et al. Recrudescence and reinfection with Helicobacter pylori after eradication therapy in Bangladeshi adults. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(4):792–8.
25. Czinn SJ, Blanchard T. Vaccinating against Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(3):133–40.
26. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut. 2015;64(9):1353–67. Recent consensus report on the endoscopic diagnosis, screening and follow up of premalignant gastric lesions.
27. Tahara T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, et al. Gastric mucosal pattern by using magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy clearly distinguishes histological and serological severity of chronic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(2):246–53.
28. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, et al. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71(7):1150–8.
29. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Virchows Arch. 2012;460(1):19–46. European guideline on the surveillance of precancerous gastric lesions.
30. Rugge M, Meggio A, Pennelli G, et al. Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut. 2007;56(5):631–6.
31. Huang YK, Yu JC, Kang WM, et al. Significance of serum pepsinogens as a biomarker for gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142080. The authors of this meta-analysis conclude that there is great potential in the use of serum pepsinogens as serologic screening. Because of considerable heterogeneity in the studies and possible publication bias, no clear conclusions are drawn on the practical use of pepsinogens as general screening method.
32. Ichinose M. Screening for gastric cancer in Japan. In: Wu GY, Aziz K. Cancer screening for common malignancies. Totawa: Humana Press; 2001. p. 87–102.
33. Hamashima C, Ogoshi K, Narisawa R, et al. Impact of endoscopic screening on mortality reduction from gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(8):2460–6. The authors demonstrate a risk reduction of 57 % in gastric cancer by performing population based endoscopic screening. The participation rate in the study was low with only 25 %.
34. Hamashima C, Ogoshi K, Okamoto M, et al. A community-based, case–control study evaluating mortality reduction from gastric cancer by endoscopic screening in Japan. PLoS One. 2013;8(11), e79088.
35. Ohata H, Kitauchi S, Yoshimura N, et al. Progression of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004;109(1):138–43.
36. Yanaoka K, Oka M, Yoshimura N, et al. Risk of gastric cancer in asymptomatic, middle-aged Japanese subjects based on serum pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody levels. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(4):917–26.
37. Yoshida T, Kato J, Inoue I, et al. Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophy as assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody titer. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(6):1445–57. Study on the relationship between gastric cancer development and H. pylori status and serum pepsinogens. The study performed in asymptomatic subjects demonstrates that serum levels of pepsinogens and H. pylori antibody titer provide indices of the risk of gastric cancer development.
38. Kurilovich S, Belkovets A, Reshetnikov O, et al. Stomach-specific biomarkers (GastroPanel) can predict the development of gastric cancer in a Caucasian population: a longitudinal nested case–control study in Siberia. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(1):247–53.
39. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Yamaki G, Miki K, et al. Meta-analysis on the validity of pepsinogen test for gastric carcinoma, dysplasia or chronic atrophic gastritis screening. J Med Screen. 2004;11(3):141–7.
40. Yeh JM, Hur C, Ward Z, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma screening and prevention in the era of new biomarker and endoscopic technologies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2015.
41. Areia M, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Rocha Goncalves F. Cost-utility analysis of endoscopic surveillance of patients with gastric premalignant conditions. Helicobacter. 2014;19(6):425–36.
42. Nam JH, Choi IJ, Cho SJ, et al. Association of the interval between endoscopies with gastric cancer stage at diagnosis in a region of high prevalence. Cancer. 2012;118(20):4953–60. The authors demonstrate that a significant benefit in gastric cancer stage at diagnosis was observed in all screened subjects compared to the never screened subjects. Endoscopy intervals of 3 years or less show similar benefits, while intervals of 4 or 5 years lead to the diagnosis of more advanced stage gastric cancer.
43. Whiting JL, Sigurdsson A, Rowlands DC, et al. The long term results of endoscopic surveillance of premalignant gastric lesions. Gut. 2002;50(3):378–81.
44. Riboli E, Hunt KJ, Slimani N, et al. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(6B):1113–24.
45. Buckland G, Travier N, Huerta JM, et al. Healthy lifestyle index and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in the EPIC cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(3):598–606. Data from the EPIC cohort study—a large prospective study conducted in 10 European countries on diet, lifestyle, metabolic, and environmental factors on chronic diseases such as gastric cancer.
46. Shikata K, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M, et al. A prospective study of dietary salt intake and gastric cancer incidence in a defined Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(1):196–201.
47. Joossens JV, Hill MJ, Elliott P, et al. Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(3):494–504.
48. Gonzalez CA, Lujan-Barroso L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma: a reanalysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study after a longer follow-up. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(12):2910–9. Data from the EPIC cohort study—a large prospective study conducted in 10 European countries on diet, lifestyle, metabolic, and environmental factors on chronic diseases such as gastric cancer.
49. Jeurnink SM, Buchner FL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Variety in vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of gastric and esophageal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):E963-73. Data from the EPIC cohort study—a large prospective study conducted in 10 European countries on diet, lifestyle, metabolic, and environmental factors on chronic diseases such as gastric cancer.
50. Moller ME, Dahl R, Bockman OC. A possible role of the dietary fibre product, wheat bran, as a nitrite scavenger. Food Chem Toxicol. 1988;26(10):841–5.
51. Zhang Z, Xu G, Ma M, et al. Dietary fiber intake reduces risk for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):113–120 e3.
52. Kong P, Cai Q, Geng Q, et al. Vitamin intake reduce the risk of gastric cancer: meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized and observational studies. PLoS One. 2014;9(12), e116060.
53. Kodali RT, Eslick GD. Meta-analysis: does garlic intake reduce risk of gastric cancer? Nutr Cancer. 2015;67(1):1–11.
54. Xiao Q, Freedman ND, Ren J, et al. Intakes of folate, methionine, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in a large cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(5):1328–33.
55. Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Wakai K, et al. Green tea consumption and gastric cancer in Japanese: a pooled analysis of six cohort studies. Gut. 2009;58(10):1323–32.
56. Boehm K, Borrelli F, Ernst E, et al. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3, CD005004.
57. IARC. Tobacco Smoking and Tobacco Smoke. IARC Monographs [Website] [cited 2016 01–11]; Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/.
58. Tramacere I, Negri E, Pelucchi C, et al. A meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(1):28–36.
59. Pan KF, Zhang L, Gerhard M, et al. A large randomised controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut. 2016;65(1):9–18.
60. Steffen A, Huerta JM, Weiderpass E, et al. General and abdominal obesity and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(3):646–57.
61. Chen Y, Liu L, Wang X, et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(8):1395–408.
62. Singh PP, Singh S. Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(7):1721–30. The authors performed a meta-analysis on the effect of Statins on gastric cancer risk. The study demonstrates a reduction in gastric cancer risk with the use of statins. The number needed to treat to prevent one gastric cancer case is high.
63. Wu XD, Zeng K, Xue FQ, et al. Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(10):1855–60.
64. Saukkonen K, Rintahaka J, Sivula A, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 and gastric carcinogenesis. APMIS. 2003;111(10):915–25.
65. Yang P, Zhou Y, Chen B, et al. Aspirin use and the risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1533–9.
66. Kim YI, Kim SY, Kim JH, et al. Long-term Low-dose aspirin use reduces gastric cancer incidence: a Nationwide Cohort Study. Cancer Res Treat. 2015. In this retrospective-matched case–control study, the authors conclude that the use of Aspirin 100 mg once a day results in a reduced gastric cancer risk, particularly in subjects using Aspirin for more than 3 years.
67. Wong BC, Zhang L, Ma JL, et al. Effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor and Helicobacter pylori eradication on precancerous gastric lesions. Gut. 2012;61(6):812–8. In this randomized controlled trial the effects ofH. pylorieradication and COX-2 inhibitor treatment on gastric cancer risk were studied.H. pylorieradication results in a significant reduction, as does COX-2 inhibitors. No additional risk reduction was demonstrated in a combination ofH. pylorieradication and COX-2 inhibitor use.