Unresolved questions in nudging research: Putting the psychology back in nudging

Social and Personality Psychology Compass

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Marchiori, David R ^a   Adriaanse, Marieke A ^a   De Ridder, Denise T D ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

disclosure; freedom of choice; future research; long term consequences; nudging; policy debates; transparency

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009831523     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17519004     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12297     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462
2. Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–62). New York: Academic Press.
3. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183–200. doi:10.1037/h0024835
4. Blumenthal-Barby, J. S., & Burroughs, H. (2012). Seeking better health care outcomes: The ethics of using the “Nudge”. The American Journal of Bioethics, 12, 1–10. doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.634481
5. Bonell, C., McKee, M., Fletcher, A., Wilkinson, P., & Haines, A. (2011). One nudge forward, two steps back. British Medical Journal, 342, d401. doi:10.1136/bmj.d401
6. Bovens, L. (2009). The ethics of nudge. In T. Grüne-Yanoff, & S. O. Hansson (Eds.), Preference change: Approaches from philosophy, economics and psychology (pp. 207–219). Berlin: Springer.
7. Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., & Messner, C. (2003). The devaluation effect: Activating a need devalues unrelated choice options. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 463–473. doi:10.1086/346243
8. Chartrand, T. L. (2005). The role of conscious awareness in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 203–210. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_4
9. Cialdini, R. (2009). Influence: Science and practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
10. De Ridder, D. T. D. (2014). Nudging for beginngers: A shortlist of issues in urgent need of research. The European Health Psychologist, 16, 2–6. doi:10.1874/307764
11. De Witt Huberts, J. C., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2012). License to sin: Self-licensing as underlying mechanism of hedonic consumption. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 490–496. doi:10.1002/ejsp.861
12. De Witt Huberts, J. C., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2014). Because I am worth it: A theoretical framework and empirical review of a justification-based account of self-regulation failure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 119–138. doi:10.1177/1088868313507533
13. Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D., & Vlaev I. (2010). Mindspace: Influencing behaviour through public policy. Institute For Government. http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/mindspace.
14. Dupas, P. (2012). Health behavior in developing countries. Annual Review of Economics, 3, 1–39.
15. Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 73–92. doi:10.1023/A:1009009018235
16. Elliot, A. (2006). The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 111–116. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9028-7
17. Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford Press.
18. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
19. Friedman, R. S., & Forster, J. (2002). The influence of approach and avoidance motor actions on creative cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 41–55. doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1488
20. Giné, X., Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2010). Put your money where your butt is: A commitment contract for smoking cessation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2, 213–235. doi:10.1257/app.2.4.213
21. Gneezy, U., Meier, S., & Rey-Biel, P. (2011). When and why incentives (don't) work to modify behavior. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 91–209.
22. Gorn, G. J., Jacobs, W. J., & Mana, M. J. (1987). Observations on awareness and conditioning. In M. Wallendorf, & P. Anderson (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (pp. 415–416). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
23. Hansen, P. G., & Jespersen, A. M. (2013). Nudge and the manipulation of choice: A framework for the responsible use of the nudge approach to behaviour change in public policy. The European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4, 3–28. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2555337
24. Hausman, D. M., & Welch, B. (2010). Debate: To nudge or not to nudge. Journal of Political Philosophy, 18, 123–136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2009.00351.x
25. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 162–176.
26. Hollands, G. J., Shemilt, I., Marteau, T. M., Jebb, S. A., Kelly, M. P., Nakamura, R., … Ogilvie, D. (2013). Altering micro-environments to change population health behavior: Towards an evidence base for choice architecture interventions. British Medical Journal: Public Health, 13, 1218. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1218
27. House, J., Lyons, E., & Soman, D. (2013). Towards a taxonomy of nudging strategies. Research Report Series: University of Toronto.
28. Johnson, E. J., & Goldstein, D. G. (2003). Do defaults save lives. Science, 302, 1338–1339. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1324774
29. Jung, J. Y., & Mellers, B. A. (2016). American attitudes toward nudges. Judgment and Decision making, 11, 62–74.
30. Junghans, A. F., Cheung, T. L., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2015). Under consumer's scrutiny – An investigation into consumers attitudes and concerns about nudging in the realm of health behaviir. BMC Public Health, 15, 336.
31. Junghans, A.F., Marchiori, D.R., Cremers, J., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D.T.D. (forthcoming). The who and how of nudging cross-national perspectives on consumer approval in eating behavioral.
32. Kahneman, D. (2012). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux.
33. Kroese, F. M., Marchiori, D. R., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2015). Nudging healthy food choices: A field experiment at the train station. Journal of Public Health, 1–5. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv096
34. Loewenstein, G., Bryce, C., Hagmann, D., & Rajpal, S. (2015). Warning: You are about to be nudged. Behavioral Science & Policy, 1, 35–42.
35. Marteau, T. M., Hollands, G. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012). Changing human behavior to prevent disease: The importance of targeting automatic processes. Science, 337, 1492–1495. doi:10.1126/science.1226918
36. McNeil, B. J., Pauker, S. G., Sox, H. C. Jr., & Tversky, A. (1982). On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies. The New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 1259–1262. doi:10.1056/NEJM198205273062103
37. North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & McKendrick, J. (1999). The influence of in-store music on wine selections. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 271–276.
38. O'Connor, A. M. (1988). Effects of framing and level of probability on patients' preferences for cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42, 119–126. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(89)90085-1
39. Osman, M. (2004). An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 988–1010. doi:10.3758/BF03196730
40. Perloff, R. M. (1993). Third-person effect research 1983–1992: A review and synthesis. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 5, 167–184. doi:10.1093/ijpor/5.2.167
41. Prinsen, S., De Ridder, D. T. D., & De Vet, E. (2013). Eating by example: Effects of environmental cues on dietary decisions. Appetite, 70, 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.023
42. Reisch, L. A. & Sunstein, C. R., Do europeans like nudges? (February 27, 2016). Judgment and Decision Making, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2739118 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2739118
43. Salmon, S., Fennis, B. M., De Ridder, D. T. D., Adriaanse, M. A., & De Vet, E. (2014). Health on impulse: When low self-control promotes healthy food choices. Health Psychology, 33, 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031785
44. Scheibehenne, B., Greifeneder, R., & Todd, P. M. (2010). Can there ever be too many options? A meta-analytic review of choice overload. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 409–425. doi:10.1086/651235
45. Schwartz, B. (2004). Paradox of choice. New York: Harper Perennial.
46. Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013). Non-conscious processes and health. Health Psychology, 32, 460–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029203
47. Skov, L. R., Lourenço, S., Hansen, G. L., Mikkelsen, B. E., & Schofield, C. (2013). Choice architecture as a means to change eating behaviour in self-service settings: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 14, 187–196. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01054.x
48. Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3
49. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108–131. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01
50. Srachman, A., & Gable, S. L. (2006). What you want (and do not want) affects what you see (and so not see): Avoidance social goals and social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1446–1458. doi:10.1177/0146167206291007
51. Stroebe, W., Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Papies, E. K., & Aarts, H. (2013). Why most dieters fail but some succeed: A goal conflict model of eating behavior. Psychological Review, 130, 110–138. doi:10.1037/a0030849
52. Sugden, R. (2009). On nudging: A review of nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 16, 365–373. doi:10.1080/13571510903227064
53. Sunstein, C. R., & Thaler, R. H. (2003). Libertarian paternalism is not an oxymoron. The University of Chicago Law Review, 70, 1159–1202. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.405940
54. Sunstein, C. R. (2014). Why nudge. The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism: Yale University Press.
55. Sunstein, C. R. (2016a). People prefer System 2 nudges (Kind Of) (July 19, 2016). Duke Law Journal, 66. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2731868 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2731868
56. Sunstein, C. R. (2016b). Do people like nudges? (February 17, 2016). Administrative Law Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2604084 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2604084.
57. Tannenbaum, D., Fox, C.R., & Rogers, T. (Under review). Partisan nudge bias: How politics distort preferences for behavioral policy tools.
58. Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.
59. Valenzuela, A., & Raghubir, P. (2009). Position-based beliefs: The center-stage effect. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 185–196. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.02.011
60. Van Kleef, E., Otten, K., & van Trijp, H. (2012). Healthy snacks at the checkout counter: A lab and field study on the impact of shelf arrangement and assortment structure on consumer choices. British Medical Journal: Public Health, 12, 1072–1082.
61. Verhoeven, A. A. C., Adriaanse, M. A., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2012). The power of habits: Unhealthy snacking behaviour is primarily predicted by habit strength. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 758–770. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02070.x
62. Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, attitude, and planned behavior: Is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of goal-directed automaticity. In W. Stroebe, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 10) (pp. 101–134). Chichester, England: Wiley.
63. Wansink, B., & Sobal, J. (2007). Mindless eating: The 200 daily food decisions we overlook. Environment and Behavior, 39, 106–123. doi:10.1177/0013916506295573
64. Whitehead, M., Jones, R., Howell, R., Lilley, R., & Pykett, J. (2014). Nudging all over the world: Assessing the global impact of the behavioural sciences on public policy. Economic and Social Research Council.
65. Wilkinson, P. (2013). Nudging and manipulation. Political Studies, 61, 341–355.
66. Yeung, K. (2012). Nudge as fudge. The Modern Law Review, 75, 122–148.
67. Zimmerman, F. J. (2009). Using behavioral economics to promote physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 49, 289–291. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.008