Why nudge: The politics of libertarian paternalism

Why Nudge: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-195

  Sunstein, Cass R ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903039161     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (295)

1. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
2. David O. Brink, Mill's Progressive Principles (2013).
3. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy (2012);
4. Paternalism: Theory and Practice (Christian Coons and Michael Weber eds., 2013).
5. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
6. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
7. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
8. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011).
9. Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013);
10. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008).
11. Richard A. Posner, Why Is There No Milton Friedman Today, 10 Econ. J. Watch 210, 212 (2013), available at http://econjwatch.org/articles/why-is-there-no-milton-friedman-today-RP.
12. David Laibson, Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting, 112 Q.J. Econ. 443, 445 (1997).
13. Pedro Bordalo, Nicola Gennaioli & Andrei Shleifer, Salience Theory of Choice Under Risk, 127 Q.J. Econ. 1243 (2012);
14. Pedro Bordalo, Nicola Gennaioli & Andrei Shleifer, Salience in Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect, 102 Am. Econ. Rev. 47 (2012).
15. Ted O'Donoghue & Matthew Rabin, Choice and Procrastination, 116 Q.J. Econ. 121, 121-22 (2001);
16. Richard H. Thaler & Shlomo Benartzi, Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving, 112 J. Pol. Econ. S164, S168-69 (2004).
17. Eric Johnson & Daniel Goldstein, Do Defaults Save Lives?, 302 Science 1338 (2003), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1324774;
18. Duncan Watts, Everything Is Obvious 30-31 (2011);
19. Eric Johnson & Daniel Goldstein, Decisions by Default, in The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy 417 (Eldar Shafr ed., 2013).
20. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011).
21. Elizabeth W. Dunn, Daniel T. Gilbert & Timothy D. Wilson, If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right, 21 J. Consumer Psychol. 115 (2011);
22. Daniel T. Gilbert et al., Immune Neglect: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting, 75 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 617 (1998).
23. Richard H. Thaler and Will Tucker, Smarter Information, Smarter Consumers, Harv. Bus. Rev. January-February, 2012, available at http://hbr.org/2013/01/smarter-information-smarter-consumers/ar/pr.
24. http://99u.com/articles/6969/10-Online-Tools-for-Better-Attention-Focus;
25. http://appsforhealthykids.com/;
26. http://exercise.about.com/od/videosmusicsoftware/tp/ftnessapps.htm.
27. Ian Ayres, Carrots and Sticks (2010).
28. Oren Bar-Gill, Seduction by Contract (2012).
29. Andrei Shleifer, Psychologists at the Gate, 50 J. Econ. Literature 1080 (2012).
30. Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Behavior (Gerd Gigerenzer et al. eds., 2011).
31. Michael Greenstone, Toward a Culture of Persistent Regulatory Experimentation and Evaluation, in New Perspectives on Regulation 111 (David Moss & John Cisternino eds., 2009).
32. Abhijit V. Banerjee & Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (2011).
33. Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013).
34. Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013);
35. Theresa M. Marteau et al., Changing Human Behavior to Prevent Disease: The Importance of Targeting Automatic Processes, 337 Science 1492 (2012)
36. The Behavioural Insights Team, Cabinet Office, http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/behavioural-insights-team (last visited Dec. 10, 2012).
37. The Behavioural Insights Team, Cabinet Office, http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/behavioural-insights-team (last visited Dec. 10, 2012).
38. The Behavioural Insights Team, Cabinet Office, http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/behavioural-insights-team (last visited Dec. 10, 2012).
39. Oliver Wright, Steve Hilton's "Nudge Unit" Goes Global, Independent (London), Sept. 20, 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/steve-hiltons-nudge-unit-goes-global-8157492.html.
40. Consumer Policy Toolkit, Org. for Econ. Cooperation & Dev. (July 2010), http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumerpolicy/consumerpolicytoolkit.htm.
41. DG SANCO, Consumer Behaviour: The Road to Effective Policy-Making, Eur. Commission (2010), http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/docs/1dg-sanco-brochure-consumer-behaviour-final.pdf.
42. Sci. for Env't Policy, Future Brief: Green Behavior, Eur. Commission (Oct. 2012), http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/FB4.pdf.
43. Resources, iNudgeYou.com, http://www.inudgeyou.com/resources (last visited Dec. 5, 2012).
44. Changing Behaviours: The Rise of the Psychological State (Rhys Jones et al. eds., 2013).
45. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133 (2006);
46. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012).
47. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012)
48. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008), at 252.
49. Paul Rozin et al., Nudge to Nobesity I: Minor Changes in Accessibility Decrease Food Intake, 6 Judgment & Decision Making 323, 329 (2011).
50. Johan Egebark and Mathias Ekström, Can Indifference Make the World Greener? (2013), available at http://www2.ne.su.se/paper/wp13_12.pdf
51. David Foster Wallace, Plain Old Untrendy Troubles and Emotions, The Guardian (Sep. 20, 2008), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/sep/20/fiction.
52. Amanda Pallais, Small Differences That Matter: Mistakes in Applying to College (2013), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19480.
53. Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013).
54. Oren Bar-Gill, Seduction by Contract (2012), at 2-4.
55. Cass R. Sunstein, After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State 47-73 (1990).
56. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008), at 8.
57. David O. Brink, Mill's Progressive Principles (2013), at 104,
58. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
59. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012)
60. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012);
61. George Loewenstein & Peter Ubel, Op-Ed, Economics Behaving Badly, N.Y. Times, July 14, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/opinion/15loewenstein.html.
62. David O. Brink, Mill's Progressive Principles (2013), at 176-80
63. Matthew Adler, Well-Being and Fair Distribution: Beyond Cost-Benefit Analysis (2011);
64. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), at 7
65. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012). at 6-8.
66. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), at 11
67. Anuj K. Shah, Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir, Some Consequences of Having Too Little, 338 Science 682 (2012).
68. Esther Duflo, Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation & Dev. Econ., Mass. Inst. of Tech., Tanner Lectures on Human Values and the Design of the Fight Against Poverty (May 2, 2012), http://economics.mit.edu/files/7904.
69. Advances in Behavioral Economics (Colin F. Camerer et al. eds., 2003) (offering wide range of findings);
70. Advances in Behavioral Finance, Volume II (Richard H. Thaler ed., 2005);
71. Choices, Values, and Frames (Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky eds., 2000) (offering a large number of relevant findings);
72. Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (Thomas Gilovich et al. eds., 2002) (outlining a variety of empirical findings).
73. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011);
74. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness 19-22 (2008) (discussing "Humans" and "Econs").
75. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness 19-22 (2008).
76. Colin Camerer et al., Neuroeconomics: How Neuroscience Can Inform Economics, 43 J. Econ. Literature 1, 17 (2005).
77. The Human Amygdala (Paul J. Whalen & Elizabeth A. Phelps eds., 2009).
78. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 1, 6 (2010).
79. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 1, 6 (2010).
80. Tatiana A. Homonoff, "Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes Versus Bonuses on Small Bag Use" (job market paper, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, October 26, 2012), www.princeton.edu/homonoff/THomonoff_JobMarketPaper.
81. Boaz Keysar, Sayuri L. Hayakawa & Sun Gyu An, The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases, 23 Psychol. Sci. 661 (2012).
82. Boaz Keysar, Sayuri L. Hayakawa & Sun Gyu An, The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases, 23 Psychol. Sci. 666-67 (2012).
83. Beckett said that the French language had an aura of unfamiliarity about it, and that it allowed him to escape the habits inherent in the use of a native language. The Grove Companion to Samuel Beckett: A Reader's Guide to His Works, Life, and Thought 206 (C. J. Ackerly & S. E. Gontarski eds., 2004).
84. W. Kip Viscusi, Rational Risk Policy (1998).
85. The Feeling of Risk: New Perspectives on Risk Perception 3-20 (Paul Slovic ed., 2010).
86. Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind (2012)
87. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011), at 97-99.
88. Christopher H. Achen & Larry M. Bartels, Blind Retrospection: Electoral Responses to Drought, Flu, and Shark Attacks (Working Paper No. 199/2004, 2004), http://www.march.es/ceacs/publicaciones/working/archivos/2004_199.pdf.
89. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
90. David O. Brink, Mill's Progressive Principles (2013)
91. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w17977
92. Ted O'Donoghue & Matthew Rabin, Choice and Procrastination, 116 Q.J. Econ. 121, 121-22 (2001);
93. Richard H. Thaler & Shlomo Benartzi, Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving, 112 J. Pol. Econ. S164, S168-69 (2004).
94. Abhijit Banerjee & Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way To Fight Global Poverty 64-68 (2011).
95. Anuj K. Shah, Sendhil Mullainathan & Elda Shafir, Some Consequences of Having Too Little, 338 Science 682 (2012).
96. Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much (2013).
97. Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin & Andrew Schotter, Present-Bias, Quasi-Hyperbolic Discounting, and Fixed Costs, 69 Games & Econ. Behav. 205 (2010).
98. Dean Karlan et al., Getting to the Top of Mind: How Reminders Increase Saving 1, 14 (Yale Econ. Dept., Working Paper No. 82, 2010), http://karlan.yale.edu/p/Top-of-Mind-April2010.pdf
99. Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer & Jonathan Robinson, Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Evidence from Kenya, 101 Am. Econ. Review 2350, 2351-54 (2011)
100. Eric Johnson & Daniel Goldstein, Decisions by Default, in The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy 417 (Eldar Shafir ed., 2013);
101. Cass R. Sunstein, Impersonal Default Rules vs. Active Choices vs. Personalized Default Rules: A Triptych (SSRN Elec. Library, Working Paper No. 2,171,343, 2012), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2171343.
102. Raj Chetty et al., Active vs. Passive Decisions and Crowdout in Retirement Savings Accounts: Evidence from Denmark, available at http://obs.rc.fas.harvard.edu/chetty/crowdout.pdf.
103. David Laibson, Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting, 112 Q.J. Econ. 443, 445 (1997).
104. Richard H. Thaler & H. M. Shefrin, An Economic Theory of Self-Control, 89 J. Pol. Econ. 392, 404 (1981).
105. Jonathan H. Gruber & Sendhil Mullainathan, Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?, 5 Advances Econ. Analysis & Pol'y 1, 20 (2005).
106. Haiyan Shui & Lawrence M. Ausubel, Time Inconsistency in the Credit Card Market (SSRN Elec. Library, Working Paper No. 586,622, 2004), http://ssrn.com/abstract=586622.
107. Roland Benabou & Marek Pycia, Dynamic Inconsistency and Self-Control: A Planner-Doer Interpretation, 77 Econ. Letters 419 (2002).
108. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 4-5 (2010).
109. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 1 (2010).
110. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 5 (2010).
111. Jason P. Mitchell et al., Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice, 23 J. Cognitive Neurosci. 6 (2010).
112. Jonathan Gruber, Smoking's "Internalities," Reg., 25(4) Winter 2002-2003, at 52;
113. Richard Herrnstein et al., Utility Maximization and Melioration: Internalities in Individual Choice, 6 J. Behav. Decision Making 149 (1993);
114. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012).
115. Ian Ayres, Carrots and Sticks 47 (2010).
116. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012), at 31, 35.
117. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012), at 2-3, 9-10;
118. Hunt Allcott & Nathan Wozny, Gasoline Prices, Fuel Economy, and the Energy Paradox (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 18,583, 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w18583.
119. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012),
120. Christopher Chabris & Daniel Simons, The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us 6-8 (2010).
121. Oren Bar-Gill, Seduction by Contract 18-23 (2012).
122. Daniel Kahneman, Attention and Effort (1973).
123. Victor Stango & Jonathan Zinman, Limited and Varying Consumer Attention: Evidence from Shocks to the Salience of Bank Overdraft Fees 27-28 (Fed. Reserve Bank of Phila., Working Paper No. 11-17, 2011), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1817916.
124. Victor Stango & Jonathan Zinman, Limited and Varying Consumer Attention: Evidence from Shocks to the Salience of Bank Overdraft Fees at 25, 27.
125. Alix Peterson Zwane et al., Being Surveyed Can Change Later Behavior and Related Parameter Estimates, 108 Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 1821, 1825-26 (2011).
126. Ximena Cadena & Antoinette Schoar, Remembering to Pay? Reminders vs. Financial Incentives for Loan Payments (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17020, 2011), http://www.nber.org/papers/w17020.
127. Marty Makary, Unaccountable: What Hospitals Won't Tell You and How Transparency Can Revolutionize Health Care (2012).
128. Steffen Altman & Christian Traxler, Nudges at the Dentist (Inst. for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 6699, 2012), http://ftp.iza.org/dp6699.pdf.
129. Behavioural Insights Unit, Applying Behavioral Insights to Charitable Giving (2013), available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/203286/BIT_Charitable_Giving_Paper.pdf.
130. Xavier Gabaix & David Laibson, Shrouded Attributes, Consumer Myopia, and Information Suppression in Competitive Markets, 121 Q.J. Econ. 505, 511 (2006).
131. Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1349, 1373 (2011).
132. Nat'l Highway Traffic Admin., Dep't of Transp., Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Corporate Average Fuel Economy for MY2017-MY 2025 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (2012).
133. Nat'l Highway Traffic Admin., Dep't of Transp., Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Corporate Average Fuel Economy for MY2017-MY 2025 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (2012) at 983
134. Hunt Allcott & Michael Greenstone, Is There an Energy Efficiency Gap?, 26 J. Econ. Persp. 3 (2012).
135. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012).
136. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), at 6-12.
137. Hunt Allcott, Sendhil Mullainathan & Dmitry Taubinsky, Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 17,977, 2012);
138. Hunt Allcott & Nathan Wozny, Gasoline Prices, Fuel Economy, and the Energy Paradox (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 18,583, 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w18583.
139. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011);
140. Tali Sharot et al., How Unrealistic Optimism Is Maintained in the Face of Reality, 14 Nature Neuroscience 1475 (2011)
141. Christine Jolls, Behavioral Economics Analysis of Redistributive Legal Rules, 51 Vand. L. Rev. 1653, 1659 (1998).
142. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011)
143. Tali Sharot, The Science of Optimism: Why We're Hard-Wired for Hope (2012).
144. Tali Sharot et al., Selectively Altering Belief Formation in the Human Brain, 109 Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 17058 (2012), http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1205828109.
145. Oren Bar-Gill, Seduction by Contract 21-26 (2012).
146. Christine Jolls & Cass R. Sunstein, Debiasing Through Law, 35 J. Legal Stud. 199, 215 (2006).
147. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011), at x-xiv.
148. Neil D. Weinstein, Unrealistic Optimism About Susceptibility to Health Problems: Conclusions from a Community-Wide Sample, 10 J. Behav. Med. 481, 494-96 (1987).
149. Don A. Moore & Deborah A. Small, Error and Bias in Comparative Judgment: On Being Both Better and Worse than We Think We Are, 92 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 972 (2007).
150. Paul Slovic, Do Adolescent Smokers Know the Risks?, 47 Duke L.J. 1133, 1136-37 (1998).
151. David Eil & Justin M. Rao, The Good News-Bad News Effect: Asymmetrical Processing of Objective Information About Yourself, 3 Am. Econ. J. Microecon. 114, 116-17 (2011).
152. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011).
153. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011) at 1477.
154. Tali Sharot et al., Selectively Altering Belief Formation in the Human Brain, 109 Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 17058 (2012), http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1205828109.
155. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011), at 1477.
156. Tali Sharot, The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain (2011), at 1477.
157. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability, 5 Cognitive Psychol. 207, 221 (1973).
158. Elke U. Weber, Experience-Based and Description-Based Perceptions of Long-Term Risk: Why Global Warming Does Not Scare Us (Yet), 77 Climatic Change 103, 107-8 (2006).
159. Laurette Dubé-Rioux & J. Edward Russo, An Availability Bias in Professional Judgment, 1 J. Behav. Decision Making 223, 233-34 (1988);
160. Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischhoff & Sarah Lichtenstein, Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking, in The Perception of Risk 37-38 (Paul Slovic ed., 2000).
161. George F. Loewenstein et al., Risk as Feelings, 127 Psychol. Bull. 267, 280 (2001);
162. Cass R. Sunstein, Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law, 112 Yale L.J. 61 (2002).
163. Yuval Rottenstreich & Christopher K. Hsee, Money, Kisses, and Electric Shocks: On the Affective Psychology of Risk, 12 Psychol. Sci. 185, 185 (2001).
164. A. Peter McGraw, Eldar Shafir & Alexander Todorov, Valuing Money and Things: Why a $20 Item Can Be Worth More and Less than $20, 56 Mgmt. Sci. 816, 827 (2010).
165. The Feeling of Risk: New Perspectives on Risk Perception (Paul Slovic ed., 2010).
166. Kevin Loria, New York Soda Ban Proposal: Public Hearing Gets Impassioned, Christian Sci. Monitor, July 24, 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2012/0724/New-York-soda-ban-proposal-Public-hearing-gets-impassioned.
167. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
168. B. Douglas Bernheim & Antonio Rangel, Beyond Revealed Preference: Choice Theoretic Foundations for Behavioral Welfare Economics, 124 Q.J. Econ. 51 (2009).
169. Robert A. Kagan & Jerome H. Skolnick, Banning Smoking: Compliance Without Enforcement, in Smoking Policy: Law, Politics, and Culture 69, 72 (Robert L. Rabin & Stephen D. Sugarman eds., 1993) (finding high compliance in part because of expressive function of law).
170. Tatiana A. Homonoff, "Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes Versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use" (job market paper, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, October 26, 2012), http://www.princeton.edu/homonoff/THomonoff_JobMarketPaper.
171. Riccardo Rebonato, Taking Liberties: A Critical Examination of Libertarian Paternalism (2012).
172. Lawrence Lessig, The Regulation of Social Meaning, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 943 (1995).
173. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
174. Sunit Agarwal et al., Regulating Consumer Financial Products: Evidence from Credit Cards (2013), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19484.
175. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 149-80 (2012).
176. Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1349, 1373 (2011).
177. Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1349, 1373 (2011).
178. Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984) (exploring those questions in detail).
179. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 1-16 (2012).
180. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 149-80 (2012).
181. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 149-80 (2012).
182. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (1861).
183. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 100-125 (2012).
184. Brian Wansink, Mindless Eating (2010);
185. Brian Wansink, Slim By Design: Mindless Eating Solutions for Everyday Life (forthcoming 2014).
186. Jon Elster, Ulysses and the Sirens: Studies in Rationality and Irrationality (1984).
187. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 1-15 (2012).
188. See Tips from Former Smokers, Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/resources/videos (last updated Nov. 28, 2012).
189. See Required Warnings for Cigarette Packages and Advertisements, 76 Fed. Reg. 36,628 (June 22, 2011) (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. pt. 1141). The rule was invalidated in R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. FDA, 696 F.3d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 2012), but upheld in Discount Tobacco City & Lottery, Inc. v. United States, 674 F.3d 509 (6th Cir. 2012).
190. Michael Howard Saul, Mayor's Soda Plan Fails, Wall St. J., Aug. 20, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903596904576518902332775160.html.
191. Perspectives on Framing (Gideon Keren ed., 2010).
192. See R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. FDA, 845 F. Supp. 2d 266, 272 (D.D.C. 2012).
193. Oren Bar-Gill, Seduction by Contract 26-32 (2012).
194. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
195. F. A. Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society, 35 Am. Econ. Rev. 519, 524-26 (1945).
196. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
197. Gabriel D. Carroll et al., Optimal Defaults and Active Decisions, 124 Q.J. Econ. 1639 (2009).
198. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012);
199. Bruce Ian Carlin et al., Libertarian Paternalism, Information Production, and Financial Decision-Making (June 6, 2012) (unpublished manuscript), http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/sgervais/Research/Papers/LibertarianPaternalism.WP.pdf.
200. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
201. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
202. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
203. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
204. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), for a version of this argument.
205. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133 135-42 (2006).
206. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
207. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
208. Cass R. Sunstein, Impersonal Default Rules vs. Active Choices vs. Personalized Default Rules: A Triptych (SSRN Elec. Library, Working Paper No. 2,171,343, 2012), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2171343, at 21-24.
209. Gordon Tullock, Arthur Seldon & Gordon Lo Brady, Government Failure: A Primer in Public Choice (2002).
210. Timur Kuran & Cass R. Sunstein, Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 683 (1999).
211. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012).
212. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133 135-42 (2006).
213. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012);
214. Niclas Berggren, Time for Behavioral Political Economy? An Analysis of Articles in Behavioral Economics (The Ratio Institute, Ratio Working Paper No. 166, 2011), http://www.ratio.se/media/81477/nb_behavioral.pdf.
215. Cass R. Sunstein, The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Myths and Realities, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1838 (2013).
216. Cass R. Sunstein, Cognition and Cost-Benefit Analysis, 29 J. Legal. Stud. 1059 (2000);
217. Cass R. Sunstein, The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Myths and Realities, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1838 (2013).
218. Timur Kuran & Cass R. Sunstein, Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 683 (1999).
219. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
220. Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind (2012).
221. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 100-125 (2012).
222. Elizabeth S. Anderson, John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living, 102 Ethics 4 (1991).
223. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
224. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011);
225. Elizabeth W. Dunn, Daniel T. Gilbert & Timothy D. Wilson, If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right, 21 J. Consumer Psychol. 115, 115 (2011).
226. Joel Waldfogel, Scroogenomics: Why You Shouldn't Buy Presents for the Holidays (2009).
227. Daniel J. Benjamin et al., What Do You Think Would Make You Happier? What Do You Think You Would Choose?, 102 Am. Econ. Rev. 2083, 2085-86 (2012).
228. Niklas Karlsson, George Loewenstein & Jane McCafferty, The Economics of Meaning, 30 Nordic J. Pol. Econ. 61, 62 (2004);
229. Peter A. Ubel & George Loewenstein, Pain and Suffering Awards: They Shouldn't Be (Just) About Pain and Suffering, 37 J. Legal Stud. S195, S206-7 (2008).
230. Daniel J. Benjamin et al., What Do You Think Would Make You Happier? What Do You Think You Would Choose?, 102 Am. Econ. Rev. 2085, 2085-86 (2012).
231. Daniel T. Gilbert et al., Immune Neglect: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting, 75 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 617, 618 (1998).
232. Joel Waldfogel, Scroogenomics: Why You Shouldn't Buy Presents for the Holidays (2009).
233. Jonathan H. Gruber & Sendhil Mullainathan, Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?, 5 Advances Econ. Analysis & Pol'y 1, 2 (2005).
234. Lucia Reisch & Wencke Gwozdz, Smart Defaults and Soft Nudges: How Insights from Behavioral Economics Can Inform Effective Nutrition Policy (unpublished manuscript 2012) (discussing the uses and limits of nudges and outlining and apparently approving of steps in Denmark, Hungary, and France to tax certain foods);
235. Jeff Strnad, Conceptualizing the "Fat Tax": The Role of Food Taxes in Developed Economies (John M. Olin Program in Law & Econ., Working Paper No. 286, 2004), http://ssrn.com/abstract=561321.
236. Christopher Snowden, The Proof of the Pudding: Denmark's Fat Tax Fiasco (2013), available at http://www.iea.org.uk/publications/research/the-proof-of-the-pudding-denmark's-fat-tax-fiasco.
237. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133 135-42 (2006);
238. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012).
239. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133 135-42 (2006),
240. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
241. Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Invisible Hand Explanations, 39 Synthese 263 (1978).
242. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008).
243. Richard Thaler et al., Choice Architecture, in Behavioral Foundations of Policy 428, 428-31 (Eldar Shafir ed. 2012).
244. Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013).
245. See Exec. Order No. 13,563, 76 Fed. Reg. 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011) (directing agencies to catalogue costs and benefits and to ensure, to the extent permitted by law, that the benefits justify the costs);
246. Cass R. Sunstein, The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Myths and Realities, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1838 (2013).
247. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, at 83 (Adrienne Koch ed., 1984) (statement of James Madison).
248. For one account, see Senate Legislative Process, United States Senate, http://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Senate_legislative_process.htm (last visited Dec. 5, 2012).
249. Riccardo Rebonato, Taking Liberties: A Critical Examination of Libertarian Paternalism (2012);
250. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012).
251. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), discusses and rejects the objection from respect; see, e.g., pp. 33-40.
252. J. S. Blumenthal-Barby & Hadley Burroughs, Seeking Better Health Care Outcomes: The Ethics of Using the "Nudge," 12 Am. J. Bioethics 1 (2012).
253. Bjorn Bartling et al., The Intrinsic Value of Decision Rights (2013), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274618.
254. Sheena Iyengar, The Art of Choosing (2010);
255. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), at 90-94.
256. Larry Alexander, Deontology at the Threshold, 37 San Diego L. Rev. 893, 898-901 (2000).
257. Joshua D. Wright & Douglas H. Ginsburg, Behavioral Law and Economics: Its Origins, Fatal Flaws, and Implications for Liberty, 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1033 (2012).
258. Gidon Felsen et al., Decisional Enhancement and Autonomy: Public Attitudes Toward Overt and Covert Nudges, 8 Judgment and Decision Making 202 (2013).
259. Peter B. Reiner, Are You Willing to Be Nudged into Making the Right Decision, Slate (Aug. 13, 2013) (emphasis in original), available at http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/08/13/research_shows_when_nudging_works_and_when_it_doesn_t.html.
260. Susan Parker, Esther Duflo Explains Why She Believes Randomized Controlled Trials Are So Vital, The Center for Effective Philanthropy Blog (June 23, 2011), http://www.effectivephilanthropy.org/blog/2011/06/esther-duflo-explains-why-she-believes-randomized-controlled-trials-are-so-vital.
261. Esther Duflo, Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation & Dev. Econ., Mass. Inst. of Tech., Tanner Lectures on Human Values and the Design of the Fight Against Poverty (May 2, 2012), http://economics.mit.edu/files/7904.
262. Abhijit Banerjee & Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way To Fight Global Poverty (2011).
263. Joshua D. Greene, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment, in The Cognitive Neurosciences 987 (Michael S. Gazzaniga ed., 4th ed. 2009);
264. Joshua D. Greene et al., Cognitive Load Selectively Interferes with Utilitarian Moral Judgment, 107 Cognition 1144 (2008).
265. Joshua D. Greene, Why Are VMPFC Patients More Utilitarian? A Dual-Process Theory of Moral Judgment Explains, 11 Trends in Cognitive Sci. 322 (2007);
266. Cass R. Sunstein, Moral Heuristics, 28 Behav. & Brain Sci. 531 (2005);
267. Cass R. Sunstein, Is Deontology A Heuristic? On Psychology, Neuroscience, Ethics, and Law (unpublished manuscript 2013), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304760.
268. Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics 425-26 (7th ed. 1981).
269. F. M. Kamm, Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm (2007).
270. Derek Parfit, On What Matters (2011).
271. Joshua D. Greene, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment, in The Cognitive Neurosciences 987 (Michael S. Gazzaniga ed., 4th ed. 2009).
272. Esther Duflo, Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation & Dev. Econ., Mass. Inst. of Tech., Tanner Lectures on Human Values and the Design of the Fight Against Poverty (May 2, 2012), http://economics.mit.edu/files/7904;
273. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism (2012), at 90;
274. Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much (2012).
275. Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1349, 1373 (2011).
276. Adam B. Jaffe & Robert N. Stavins, The Energy Paradox and the Diffusion of Conservation Technology, 16 Resource & Energy Econ. 91, 92-94 (1994).
277. Hunt Allcott & Michael Greenstone, Is There an Energy Efficiency Gap?, 26 J. Econ. Persp. 3 (2012).
278. See Ry. Express Agency v. New York, 336 U.S. 106, 112-13 (1949) (Jackson, J., concurring).
279. See Ry. Express Agency v. New York, 336 U.S. 106, 112-13 (1949) (Jackson, J., concurring).
280. F. A. von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty 155 (1960).
281. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 133, 149 (2006).
282. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 7-8 (2012),
283. Edward L. Glaeser, Paternalism and Psychology, 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 151, (2006).
284. Gidon Felsen et al., Decisional Enhancement and Autonomy: Public Attitudes Toward Overt and Covert Nudges, 8 Judgment and Decision Making 202 (2013).
285. Gidon Felsen et al., Decisional Enhancement and Autonomy: Public Attitudes Toward Overt and Covert Nudges, 8 Judgment and Decision Making 202 (2013).
286. Gidon Felsen et al., Decisional Enhancement and Autonomy: Public Attitudes Toward Overt and Covert Nudges, 8 Judgment and Decision Making 202 (2013).
287. John Beshears et al., The Limitations of Defaults 8 (unpublished manuscript, 2010), http://www.nber.org/programs/ag/rrc/NB10-02,%20Beshears,%20Choi,%20Laibson,%20Madrian.pdf.
288. Zachary Brown et al., Testing the Effects of Defaults on the Thermostat Settings of OECD Employees, 39 Energy Economics 128 (2013).
289. Riccardo Rebonato, Taking Liberties: A Critical Examination of Libertarian Paternalism (2012).
290. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 8 (Kathy Casey ed., 2002) (1859).
291. Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain 37, 193-94 (2008).
292. Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain 193-94 (2008).
293. Sarah Conly, Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism 7-8 (2012), at 103-11,
294. The Life You Save May Be Your Own, in Flannery O'Connor, The Complete Stories (1971);
295. The Life You Save May Be Your Own, in Thomas Schelling, Choice and Consequence (1984).