Functions of the Gallbladder

Comprehensive Physiology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1549-1577

  Housset, Chantal ^a,b   Chrétien, Yves ^a,b   Debray, Dominique ^a,c   Chignard, Nicolas ^a  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b HÔPITAL SAINT ANTOINE   (France)

^c HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; MUCIN;

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; GALLBLADDER; GALLBLADDER DISEASES; GALLBLADDER EMPTYING; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLISM; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SECRETION (PROCESS); SMOOTH MUSCLE;

BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; GALLBLADDER; GALLBLADDER DISEASES; GALLBLADDER EMPTYING; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; MUCINS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SMOOTH;

EID: 85008894324     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20404603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/CPHY.C150050     Document Type: Article

References (286)

1. Abiru H, Sarna SK, Condon RE. Contractile mechanisms of gallbladder filling and emptying in dogs. Gastroenterology 106: 1652-1661, 1994.
2. Agarwal M, Agarwal AK, Singh S, Shukla VK. An ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder emptying in patients with cholelithiasis. J Clin Gastroenterol 31: 309-313, 2000.
3. Al-Jiffry BO, Shaffer EA, Woods CM, Menadue M, Young F, Oliver J, Thomas AC, Toouli J, Saccone GT. Endogenous endothelin increases gallbladder tone and leads to acute cholecystitis in the Australian pos-sum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16: 125-133, 2004.
4. Al-Jiffry BO, Toouli J, Saccone GT. Endothelin-3 induces both human and opossum gallbladder contraction mediated mainly by endothelin-B receptor subtype in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17: 324-331, 2002.
5. Altieri A, Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer in Italy. Br J Cancer 90: 1753-1755, 2004.
6. Amigo L, Husche C, Zanlungo S, Lutjohann D, Arrese M, Miquel JF, Rigotti A, Nervi F. Cholecystectomy increases hepatic triglyceride content and very-low-density lipoproteins production in mice. Liver Int 31: 52-64, 2011.
7. Andersson KE, Andersson R, Hedner P. Cholecystokinetic effect and concentration of cyclic AMP in gall-bladder muscle in vitro. Acta Phys-iol Scand 85: 511-516, 1972.
8. Andrea C, Enzo A. Cholesterol gallstones larger than 3 cm appear to be associated with gallbladder cancer: Identification of a high risk group of patients that could benefit from preventive cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 263: e56, 2016.
9. Arshad F, Laway BA, Rather TA, Kuchay MS, Khan SH. Impaired gallbladder motility in adults with newly detected type 2 diabetes and lack of reversibility after achieving euglycemia. Can J Diabetes 39: 101-104, 2015.
10. Aust S, Obrist P, Jaeger W, Klimpfinger M, Tucek G, Wrba F, Penner E, Thalhammer T. Subcellular localization of the ABCG2 transporter in normal and malignant human gallbladder epithelium. Lab Invest 84: 1024-1036, 2004.
11. Auth MK, Keitzer RA, Scholz M, Blaheta RA, Hottenrott EC, Her-rmann G, Encke A, Markus BH. Establishment and immunological characterization of cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells. Hepa-tology 18: 546-555, 1993.
12. Axelsson H, Danielsson A, Henriksson R, Wahlin T. Secretory behavior and ultrastructural changes in mouse gallbladder principal cells after stimulation with cholinergic and adrenergic drugs. A morphometric study. Gastroenterology 76: 335-340, 1979.
13. Baeckstrom D, Karlsson N, Hansson GC. Purification and characterization of sialyl-Le(a)-carrying mucins of human bile; evidence for the presence of MUC1 and MUC3 apoproteins. J Biol Chem 269: 14430-14437, 1994.
14. Balemba OB, Salter MJ, Heppner TJ, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Spontaneous electrical rhythmicity and the role of the sarcoplas-mic reticulum in the excitability of guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290: G655-G664, 2006.
15. Balemba OB, Salter MJ, Mawe GM. Innervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 280: 836-847, 2004.
16. Bani-Hani KE. Agenesis of the gallbladder: Difficulties in management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20: 671-675, 2005.
17. Barrera F, Azocar L, Molina H, Schalper KA, Ocares M, Liberona J, Villarroel L, Pimentel F, Perez-Ayuso RM, Nervi F, Groen AK, Miquel JF. Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acid synthesis and circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 19. Ann Hepatol 14: 710-721, 2015.
18. Bayerdorffer E, Mannes GA, Richter WO, Ochsenkuhn T, Wiebecke B, Kopcke W, Paumgartner G. Increased serum deoxycholic acid levels in men with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 104: 145-151, 1993.
19. Behar J, Lee KY, Thompson WR, Biancani P. Gallbladder contraction in patients with pigment and cholesterol stones. Gastroenterology 97: 1479-1484, 1989.
20. Boyer JL, Soroka CJ. A cholecystohepatic shunt pathway: Does the gallbladder protect the liver? Gastroenterology 142: 1416-1419, 2012.
21. Boyer JL. Bile formation and secretion. Compr Physiol 3: 1035-1078, 2013.
22. Briere DA, Ruan X, Cheng CC, Siesky AM, Fitch TE, Dominguez C, Sanfeliciano SG, Montero C, Suen CS, Xu Y, Coskun T, Michael MD. Novel small molecule agonist of TGR5 possesses anti-diabetic effects but causes gallbladder filling in mice. PLoS One 10: e0136873, 2015.
23. Buisine MP, Devisme L, Degand P, Dieu MC, Gosselin B, Copin MC, Aubert JP, Porchet N. Developmental mucin gene expression in the gastroduodenal tract and accessory digestive glands. II. Duodenum and liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. J Histochem Cytochem 48: 1667-1676, 2000.
24. Calamita G, Ferri D, Bazzini C, Mazzone A, Botta G, Liquori GE, Paulmichl M, Portincasa P, Meyer G, Svelto M. Expression and sub-cellular localization of the AQP8 and AQP1 water channels in the mouse gall-bladder epithelium. Biol Cell 97: 415-423, 2005.
25. Campion JP, Porchet N, Aubert JP, L’Helgoualc’h A, Clement B. UW-preservation of cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells: Phenotypic alterations and differential mucin gene expression in the presence of bile. Hepatology 21: 223-231, 1995.
26. Causey MW, Miller S, Fernelius CA, Burgess JR, Brown TA, Newton C. Gallbladder duplication: Evaluation, treatment, and classification. J Pediatr Surg 45: 443-446, 2010.
27. Chari RS, Schutz SM, Haebig JE, Shimokura GH, Cotton PB, Fitz JG, Meyers WC. Adenosine nucleotides in bile. Am J Physiol 270: G246-G252, 1996.
28. Chavez-Tapia NC, Kinney-Novelo IM, Sifuentes-Renteria SE, Torres-Zavala M, Castro-Gastelum G, Sanchez-Lara K, Paulin-Saucedo C, Uribe M, Mendez-Sanchez N. Association between cholecystectomy for gallstone disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Ann Hepatol 11: 85-89, 2012.
29. Chen Q, Amaral J, Biancani P, Behar J. Excess membrane cholesterol alters human gallbladder muscle contractility and membrane fluidity. Gastroenterology 116: 678-685, 1999.
30. Chen Q, Lee K, Xiao Z, Biancani P, Behar J. Mechanism of gallbladder relaxation in the cat: Role of norepinephrine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285: 475-479, 1998.
31. Chignard N, Mergey M, Barbu V, Finzi L, Tiret E, Paul A, Hous-set C. VPAC1 expression is regulated by FXR agonists in the human gallbladder epithelium. Hepatology 42: 549-557, 2005.
32. Chignard N, Mergey M, Veissiere D, Parc R, Capeau J, Poupon R, Paul A, Housset C. Bile acid transport and regulating functions in the human biliary epithelium. Hepatology 33: 496-503, 2001.
33. Chignard N, Mergey M, Veissiere D, Poupon R, Capeau J, Parc R, Paul A, Housset C. Bile salts potentiate adenylyl cyclase activity and cAMP-regulated secretion in human gallbladder epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G205-G212, 2003.
34. Chinet T, Fouassier L, Dray-Charier N, Imam-Ghali M, Morel H, Mergey M, Dousset B, Parc R, Paul A, Housset C. Regulation of electro-genic anion secretion in normal and cystic fibrosis gallbladder mucosa. Hepatology 29: 5-13, 1999.
35. Choi M, Moschetta A, Bookout AL, Peng L, Umetani M, Holmstrom SR, Suino-Powell K, Xu HE, Richardson JA, Gerard RD, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. Identification of a hormonal basis for gallbladder filling. Nat Med 12: 1253-1255, 2006.
36. Chow WH, Johansen C, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Fraumeni JF, Jr. Gallstones, cholecystectomy and risk of cancers of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. Br J Cancer 79: 640-644, 1999.
37. Clotman F, Lannoy VJ, Reber M, Cereghini S, Cassiman D, Jacquemin P, Roskams T, Rousseau GG, Lemaigre FP. The onecut transcription factor HNF6 is required for normal development of the biliary tract. Development 129: 1819-1828, 2002.
38. Coffinier C, Gresh L, Fiette L, Tronche F, Schutz G, Babinet C, Pon-toglio M, Yaniv M, Barra J. Bile system morphogenesis defects and liver dysfunction upon targeted deletion of HNF1beta. Development 129: 1829-1838, 2002.
39. Cong P, Pricolo V, Biancani P, Behar J. Effects of cholesterol on CCK-1 receptors and caveolin-3 proteins recycling in human gallbladder muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 299: G742-G750, 2010.
40. Cong P, Xiao ZL, Biancani P, Behar J. Reactive oxygen species are mes-sengers in maintenance of human and guinea pig gallbladder tonic con-traction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293: G1244-G1251, 2007.
41. Cong P, Xiao ZL, Biancani P, Behar J. Prostaglandins mediate tonic contraction of the guinea pig and human gallbladder. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292: G409-G418, 2007.
42. Conter RL, Roslyn JJ, DenBesten L, Taylor IL. Pancreatic polypeptide enhances postcontractile gallbladder filling in the prairie dog. Gastroen-terology 92: 771-776, 1987.
43. Corradini SG, Elisei W, Giovannelli L, Ripani C, Della Guardia P, Corsi A, Cantafora A, Capocaccia L, Ziparo V, Stipa V, Chirletti P, Caronna R, Lomanto D, Attili AF. Impaired human gallbladder lipid absorption in cholesterol gallstone disease and its effect on cholesterol solubility in bile. Gastroenterology 118: 912-920, 2000.
44. Cortes V, Amigo L, Zanlungo S, Galgani J, Robledo F, Arrese M, Bozi-novic F, Nervi F. Metabolic effects of cholecystectomy: Gallbladder ablation increases basal metabolic rate through G-protein coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1-dependent mechanisms in mice. PLoS One 10: e0118478, 2015.
45. De Lisle RC, Isom KS, Ziemer D, Cotton CU. Changes in the exocrine pancreas secondary to altered small intestinal function in the CF mouse. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281: G899-G906, 2001.
46. Debray D, Rainteau D, Barbu V, Rouahi M, El Mourabit H, Lerondel S, Rey C, Humbert L, Wendum D, Cottart CH, Dawson P, Chignard N, Housset C. Defects in gallbladder emptying and bile Acid homeosta-sis in mice with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator deficiencies. Gastroenterology 142: 1581-1591 e6, 2012.
47. Demeilliers C, Jacquemin E, Barbu V, Mergey M, Paye F, Fouassier L, Chignard N, Housset C, Lomri NE. Altered hepatobiliary gene expres-sions in PFIC1: ATP8B1 gene defect is associated with CFTR down-regulation. Hepatology 43: 1125-1134, 2006.
48. Dikkers A, Tietge UJ. Biliary cholesterol secretion: More than a simple ABC. World J Gastroenterol 16: 5936-5945, 2010.
49. Dray-Charier N, Paul A, Combettes L, Bouin M, Mergey M, Balladur P, Capeau J, Housset C. Regulation of mucin secretion in human gallbladder epithelial cells: Predominant role of calcium and protein kinase C. Gastroenterology 112: 978-990, 1997.
50. Dray-Charier N, Paul A, Scoazec JY, Veissiere D, Mergey M, Capeau J, Soubrane O, Housset C. Expression of delta F508 cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator protein and related chloride transport properties in the gallbladder epithelium from cystic fibrosis patients. Hepatology 29: 1624-1634, 1999.
51. Dray-Charier N, Paul A, Veissiere D, Mergey M, Scoazec JY, Capeau J, Brahimi-Horn C, Housset C. Expression of cystic fibrosis transmem-brane conductance regulator in human gallbladder epithelial cells. Lab Invest 73: 828-836, 1995.
52. Duan H, Ning M, Chen X, Zou Q, Zhang L, Feng Y, Zhang L, Leng Y, Shen J. Design, synthesis, and antidiabetic activity of 4-phenoxynicotinamide and 4-phenoxypyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives as potent and orally efficacious TGR5 agonists. J Med Chem 55: 10475-10489, 2012.
53. Duan H, Ning M, Zou Q, Ye Y, Feng Y, Zhang L, Leng Y, Shen J. Discovery of Intestinal Targeted TGR5 Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 58: 3315-3328, 2015.
54. ′-monophosphate in gallbladder epithelial cells of man. Comparison with the guinea pig. J Clin Invest 67: 742-752, 1981.
55. Duvall MD, O’Grady SM. Regional adrenergic regulation of ion transport across the isolated porcine gallbladder. Am J Physiol 264: R703-R707, 1993.
56. Eltze M, Konig H, Ullrich B, Grebe T. Contraction of guinea-pig gall-bladder: Muscarinic M3 or M4 receptors? Eur J Pharmacol 332: 77-87, 1997.
57. Erranz B, Miquel JF, Argraves WS, Barth JL, Pimentel F, Marzolo MP. Megalin and cubilin expression in gallbladder epithelium and regulation by bile acids. J Lipid Res 45: 2185-2198, 2004.
58. Finzi L, Barbu V, Burgel PR, Mergey M, Kirkwood KS, Wick EC, Scoazec JY, Peschaud F, Paye F, Nadel JA, Housset C. MUC5AC, a gel-forming mucin accumulating in gallstone disease, is overproduced via an epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in the human gallbladder. Am J Pathol 169: 2031-2041, 2006.
59. Finzi L, Shao MX, Paye F, Housset C, Nadel JA. Lipopolysaccharide initiates a positive feedback of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by prostaglandin E2 in human biliary carcinoma cells. J Immunol 182: 2269-2276, 2009.
60. Fischer S, Muller I, Zundt BZ, Jungst C, Meyer G, Jungst D. Ursodeoxy-cholic acid decreases viscosity and sedimentable fractions of gallbladder bile in patients with cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16: 305-311, 2004.
61. Fisher RS, Rock E, Levin G, Malmud L. Effects of somatostatin on gallbladder emptying. Gastroenterology 92: 885-890, 1987.
62. Fisher RS, Rock E, Malmud LS. Gallbladder emptying response to sham feeding in humans. Gastroenterology 90: 1854-1857, 1986.
63. Fon Tacer K, Bookout AL, Ding X, Kurosu H, John GB, Wang L, Goetz R, Mohammadi M, Kuro-o M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. Research resource: Comprehensive expression atlas of the fibroblast growth factor system in adult mouse. Mol Endocrinol 24: 2050-2064, 2010.
64. Foreman RD, Garrett KM, Blair RW. Mechanisms of cardiac pain. Compr Physiol 5: 929-960, 2015.
65. Fort JM, Azpiroz F, Casellas F, Andreu J, Malagelada JR. Bowel habit after cholecystectomy: Physiological changes and clinical implications. Gastroenterology 111: 617-622, 1996.
66. Fouassier L, Chinet T, Robert B, Carayon A, Balladur P, Mergey M, Paul A, Poupon R, Capeau J, Barbu V, Housset C. Endothelin-1 is synthesized and inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent anion secretion by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism in gallbladder epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 101: 2881-2888, 1998.
67. Fouassier L, Duan CY, Feranchak AP, Yun CH, Sutherland E, Simon F, Fitz JG, Doctor RB. Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 is expressed at the apical membrane of rat liver epithelia. Hepatology 33: 166-176, 2001.
68. Fouassier L, Rosenberg P, Mergey M, Saubamea B, Claperon A, Kin-nman N, Chignard N, Jacobsson-Ekman G, Strandvik B, Rey C, Barbu V, Hultcrantz R, Housset C. Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phospho-protein (EBP50), an estrogen-inducible scaffold protein, contributes to biliary epithelial cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 174: 869-880, 2009.
69. Freudenberg F, Leonard MR, Liu SA, Glickman JN, Carey MC. Patho-physiological preconditions promoting mixed “black” pigment plus cholesterol gallstones in a DeltaF508 mouse model of cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 299: G205-G214, 2010.
70. Furukawa N, Okada H. Bile evacuation induced by hypothalamic stimulation in dogs. Gastroenterology 101: 479-489, 1991.
71. Gao DK, Wei SH, Li W, Ren J, Ma XM, Gu CW, Wu HR. Totally laparoscopic gallbladder-preserving surgery: A minimally invasive and favorable approach for cholelithiasis. Exp Ther Med 9: 395-398, 2015.
72. Gelarden RT, Rose RC. Electrical properties and diffusion potentials in the gallbladder of man, monkey, dog, goose and rabbit. J Membr Biol 19: 37-54, 1974.
73. Gilloteaux J, Pomerants B, Kelly TR. Human gallbladder mucosa ultra-structure: Evidence of intraepithelial nerve structures. Am J Anat 184: 321-333, 1989.
74. Ginanni Corradini S, Ripani C, Della Guardia P, Giovannelli L, Elisei W, Cantafora A, Codacci Pisanelli M, Tebala GD, Nuzzo G, Corsi A, Attili AF, Capocaccia L, Ziparo V. The human gallbladder increases cholesterol solubility in bile by differential lipid absorption: A study using a new in vitro model of isolated intra-arterially perfused gallblad-der. Hepatology 28: 314-322, 1998.
75. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. A meta-analysis of cholecys-tectomy and risk of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 105: 130-141, 1993.
76. Glickerman DJ, Kim MH, Malik R, Lee SP. The gallbladder also secretes. Dig Dis Sci 42: 489-491, 1997.
77. Goldacre MJ, Abisgold JD, Seagroatt V, Yeates D. Cancer after chole-cystectomy: Record-linkage cohort study. Br J Cancer 92: 1307-1309, 2005.
78. Gomez G, Upp JR, Jr, Lluis F, Alexander RW, Poston GJ, Greeley GH, Jr, Thompson JC. Regulation of the release of cholecystokinin by bile salts in dogs and humans. Gastroenterology 94: 1036-1046, 1988.
79. Goussous N, Kowdley GC, Sardana N, Spiegler E, Cunningham SC. Gallbladder dysfunction: How much longer will it be controversial? Digestion 90: 147-154, 2014.
80. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Jr, Lenfant C, American Heart A, National Heart L, Blood I. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insti-tute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109: 433-438, 2004.
81. Gullo L, Bolondi L, Scarpignato C, Priori P, Casanova P, Labo G. Effect of somatostatin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying. Dig Dis Sci 31: 1345-1350, 1986.
82. Guo YS, Singh P, Gomez G, Rajaraman S, Thompson JC. Contractile response of canine gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi to substance P and related peptides in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 34: 812-817, 1989.
83. Halvorsen JF, Myking AO. The arterial supply and venous drainage of the gall-bladder. A study of one hundred autopsies. Acta Chir Scand 137: 659-664, 1971.
84. Hayashi A, Lee SP. Bidirectional transport of cholesterol between gallbladder epithelial cells and model bile. Am J Physiol 271: G410-G414, 1996.
85. Hayward AF. Aspects of the fine structure of the gall bladder epithelium of the mouse. J Anat 96: 227-236, 1962.
86. Hepner GW, Hofmann AF, Malagelada JR, Szczepanik PA, Klein PD. Increased bacterial degradation of bile acids in cholecystectomized patients. Gastroenterology 66: 556-564, 1974.
87. Hessey JA, Halpin L, Simo KA. Suprahepatic gallbladder. J Gastroin-test Surg 19: 1382-1384, 2015.
88. Ho SB, Shekels LL, Toribara NW, Gipson IK, Kim YS, Purdum PP, III, Cherwitz DL. Altered mucin core peptide expression in acute and chronic cholecystitis. Dig Dis Sci 45: 1061-1071, 2000.
89. Hoerl BJ, Vroman BT, Kasperbauer JL, LaRusso NF, Scott RE. Biological characteristics of primary cultures of human gallbladder epithelial cells. Lab Invest 66: 243-250, 1992.
90. Hohenester S, Wenniger LM, Paulusma CC, van Vliet SJ, Jefferson DM, Elferink RP, Beuers U. A biliary HCO3-umbrella constitutes a protective mechanism against bile acid-induced injury in human cholan-giocytes. Hepatology 55: 173-183, 2012.
91. Housset C, Carayon A, Housset B, Legendre C, Hannoun L, Poupon R. Endothelin-1 secretion by human gallbladder epithelial cells in primary culture. Lab Invest 69: 750-755, 1993.
92. Howard PJ, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Gall bladder emptying patterns in response to a normal meal in healthy subjects and patients with gall stones: Ultrasound study. Gut 32: 1406-1411, 1991.
93. Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF, Jr. Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A population-based study in China. Br J Cancer 97: 1577-1582, 2007.
94. Hunter MP, Wilson CM, Jiang X, Cong R, Vasavada H, Kaestner KH, Bogue CW. The homeobox gene Hhex is essential for proper hep-atoblast differentiation and bile duct morphogenesis. Dev Biol 308: 355-367, 2007.
95. Igimi H, Yamamoto F, Lee SP. Gallbladder mucosal function: Studies in absorption and secretion in humans and in dog gallbladder epithelium. Am J Physiol 263: G69-G74, 1992.
96. Ioannou GN. Cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy, and liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 105: 1364-1373, 2010.
97. Ito S, Fujimori T, Furuya A, Satoh J, Nabeshima Y, Nabeshima Y. Impaired negative feedback suppression of bile acid synthesis in mice lacking betaKlotho. J Clin Invest 115: 2202-2208, 2005.
98. Itoh Z, Takahashi I. Periodic contractions of the canine gallbladder during the interdigestive state. Am J Physiol 240: G183-G189, 1981.
99. Itoh Z, Takahashi I, Nakaya M, Suzuki T, Arai H, Wakabayashi K. Interdigestive gallbladder bile concentration in relation to periodic contraction of gallbladder in the dog. Gastroenterology 83: 645-651, 1982.
100. Jacyna MR, Ross PE, Bakar MA, Hopwood D, Bouchier IA. Characteristics of cholesterol absorption by human gall bladder: Relevance to cholesterolosis. J Clin Pathol 40: 524-529, 1987.
101. Jansson R, Steen G, Svanvik J. Effects of intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on gallbladder function in the cat. Gastroenterology 75: 47-50, 1978.
102. Jansson R, Svanvik J. Effects of intravenous secretin and cholecys-tokinin on gallbladder net water absorption and motility in the cat. Gastroenterology 72: 639-643, 1977.
103. Jennings LJ, Xu QW, Firth TA, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Cholesterol inhibits spontaneous action potentials and calcium currents in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 277: G1017-G1026, 1999.
104. Johnson MS, Svensson PA, Boren J, Billig H, Carlsson LM, Carlsson B. Expression of scavenger receptor class B type I in gallbladder columnar epithelium. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17: 713-720, 2002.
105. Jourdainne V, Pean N, Doignon I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. The bile acid receptor TGR5 and liver regeneration. Dig Dis 33: 319-326, 2015.
106. Jungst C, Sreejayan N, Zundt B, Muller I, Spelsberg FW, Huttl TP, Kullak-Ublick GA, del Pozo R, Jungst D, von Ritter C. Ursodeoxy-cholic acid reduces lipid peroxidation and mucin secretagogue activity in gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Clin Invest 38: 634-639, 2008.
107. Kalinichenko VV, Zhou Y, Bhattacharyya D, Kim W, Shin B, Bambal K, Costa RH. Haploinsufficiency of the mouse Forkhead Box f1 gene causes defects in gall bladder development. J Biol Chem 277: 12369-12374, 2002.
108. Kaufman SA. Stratification (layering) of bile in the normal gallbladder. Am J Dig Dis 4: 634-637, 1959.
109. Keitel V, Cupisti K, Ullmer C, Knoefel WT, Kubitz R, Haussinger D. The membrane-bound bile acid receptor TGR5 is localized in the epithelium of human gallbladders. Hepatology 50: 861-870, 2009.
110. Kim HJ, Lee SK, Kim MH, Seo DW, Min YI. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates mucin secretion from epithelial cells of lipopolysaccharide-treated canine gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 48: 726-732, 2003.
111. Kimball A, Pertsemlidis D, Panveliwalla D. Composition of biliary lipids and kinetics of bile acids after cholecystectomy in man. Am J Dig Dis 21: 776-781, 1976.
112. Klett EL, Lee MH, Adams DB, Chavin KD, Patel SB. Localization of ABCG5 and ABCG8 proteins in human liver, gall bladder and intestine. BMC Gastroenterol 4: 21, 2004.
113. Kline LW, Zhang ML, Pang PK. Cyclic AMP induces a relaxation response in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana, but nitric oxide does not. J Exp Biol 200: 2669-2674, 1997.
114. Klinkspoor JH, Kuver R, Savard CE, Oda D, Azzouz H, Tytgat GN, Groen AK, Lee SP. Model bile and bile salts accelerate mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 109: 264-274, 1995.
115. Konno K, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Uchigashima M, Miyasaka K, Funakoshi A, Watanabe M, Iwanaga T. Cellular and subcellular localization of cholecystokinin (CCK)-1 receptors in the pancreas, gall-bladder, and stomach of mice. Histochem Cell Biol 143: 301-312, 2015.
116. Krishnamurthy GT, Bobba VR, Kingston E. Radionuclide ejection frac-tion: A technique for quantitative analysis of motor function of the human gallbladder. Gastroenterology 80: 482-490, 1981.
117. Krishnamurthy GT, Brown PH. Comparison of fatty meal and intravenous cholecystokinin infusion for gallbladder ejection fraction. J Nucl Med 43: 1603-1610, 2002.
118. Krishnamurthy GT, Krishnamurthy S. Hepatic bile entry into and transit pattern within the gallbladder lumen: A new quantitative cholescinti-graphic technique for measurement of its concentration function. J Nucl Med 43: 901-908, 2002.
119. Krondl A, Vavrinkova H, Michalec C. Effect of Cholecystectomy on the Role of the Gall Bladder in Fat Absorption. Gut 5: 607-610, 1964.
120. Kullak-Ublick GA, Paumgartner G, Berr F. Long-term effects of chole-cystectomy on bile acid metabolism. Hepatology 21: 41-45, 1995.
121. Kune GA. The influence of structure and function in the surgery of the biliary tract. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 47: 78-91, 1970.
122. Kuver R, Savard C, Oda D, Lee SP. PGE generates intracellular cAMP and accelerates mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 267: G998-G1003, 1994.
123. Kuver R, Savard CE, Lee SK, Haigh WG, Lee SP. Murine gallbladder epithelial cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293: G944-G955, 2007.
124. Kuver R, Wong T, Klinkspoor JH, Lee SP. Absence of CFTR is associated with pleiotropic effects on mucins in mouse gallbladder epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291: G1148-G1154, 2006.
125. Kwak MS, Kim D, Chung GE, Kim W, Kim YJ, Yoon JH. Cholecystec-tomy is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an Asian population. World J Gastroenterol 21: 6287-6295, 2015.
126. Lagergren J, Ye W, Ekbom A. Intestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: Is bile involved in carcinogenesis? Gastroenterology 121: 542-547, 2001.
127. Laitio M, Nevalainen T. Gland ultrastructure in human gall bladder. J Anat 120: 105-112, 1975.
128. Lakehal F, Wendum D, Barbu V, Becquemont L, Poupon R, Balladur P, Hannoun L, Ballet F, Beaune PH, Housset C. Phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed and heterogeneously distributed in the biliary epithelium. Hepatology 30: 1498-1506, 1999.
129. Lamote J, Willems G. DNA synthesis, cell proliferation index in normal and abnormal gallbladder epithelium. Microsc Res Tech 38: 609-615, 1997.
130. Lamprecht G, Weinman EJ, Yun CH. The role of NHERF and E3KARP in the cAMP-mediated inhibition of NHE3. J Biol Chem 273: 29972-29978, 1998.
131. Lanzini A, Jazrawi RP, Northfield TC. Simultaneous quantitative mea-surements of absolute gallbladder storage and emptying during fasting and eating in humans. Gastroenterology 92: 852-861, 1987.
132. Lavelle LP, McEvoy SH, Ni Mhurchu E, Gibney RG, McMahon CJ, Heffernan EJ, Malone DE. Cystic fibrosis below the diaphragm: Abdominal findings in adult patients. Radiographics 35: 680-695, 2015.
133. Lavoie B, Balemba OB, Godfrey C, Watson CA, Vassileva G, Corvera CU, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Hydrophobic bile salts inhibit gallbladder smooth muscle function via stimulation of GPBAR1 receptors and activation of KATP channels. J Physiol 588: 3295-3305, 2010.
134. Lavoie B, Balemba OB, Nelson MT, Ward SM, Mawe GM. Morphological and physiological evidence for interstitial cell of Cajal-like cells in the guinea pig gallbladder. J Physiol 579: 487-501, 2007.
135. Lazaridis KN, Pham L, Tietz P, Marinelli RA, deGroen PC, Levine S, Dawson PA, LaRusso NF. Rat cholangiocytes absorb bile acids at their apical domain via the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. J Clin Invest 100: 2714-2721, 1997.
136. Lee J, Shirk A, Oram JF, Lee SP, Kuver R. Polarized cholesterol and phospholipid efflux in cultured gall-bladder epithelial cells: Evidence for an ABCA1-mediated pathway. Biochem J 364: 475-484, 2002.
137. Lee J, Tauscher A, Seo DW, Oram JF, Kuver R. Cultured gallbladder epithelial cells synthesize apolipoproteins A-I and E. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285: G630-G641, 2003.
138. Lee SP, Savard CE, Kuver R. Gallbladder epithelial cells that engraft in mouse liver can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells. Am J Pathol 174: 842-853, 2009.
139. Legorreta AP, Silber JH, Costantino GN, Kobylinski RW, Zatz SL. Increased cholecystectomy rate after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA 270: 1429-1532, 1993.
140. Li T, Holmstrom SR, Kir S, Umetani M, Schmidt DR, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, stim-ulates gallbladder filling. Mol Endocrinol 25: 1066-1071, 2011.
141. Loreno M, Travali S, Bucceri AM, Scalisi G, Virgilio C, Brogna A. Ultrasonographic study of gallbladder wall thickness and emptying in cirrhotic patients without gallstones. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2009: 683040, 2009.
142. Low-Beer TS, Heaton KW, Heaton ST, Read AE. Gallbladder inertia and sluggish enterohepatic circulation of bile-salts in coeliac disease. Lancet 1: 991-994, 1971.
143. Low-Beer TS, Pomare EW. Regulation of bile salt pool size in man. Br Med J 2: 338-340, 1973.
144. Lundasen T, Galman C, Angelin B, Rudling M. Circulating intestinal fibroblast growth factor 19 has a pronounced diurnal variation and modulates hepatic bile acid synthesis in man. J Intern Med 260: 530-536, 2006.
145. Madrid JF, Ballesta J, Galera T, Castells MT, Perez-Tomas R. His-tochemistry of glycoconjugates in the gallbladder epithelium of ten animal species. Histochemistry 91: 437-443, 1989.
146. Malagelada JR, Go VL, DiMagno EP, Summerskill WH. Interactions between intraluminal bile acids and digestive products on pancreatic and gallbladder function. J Clin Invest 52: 2160-2165, 1973.
147. Malagelada JR, Go VL, Summerskill WH, Gamble WS. Bile acid secretion and biliary bile acid composition altered by cholecystectomy. Am J Dig Dis 18: 455-459, 1973.
148. Manohar R, Komori J, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Chandran UR, LaFramboise WA, Lagasse E. Identification and expansion of a unique stem cell population from adult mouse gallbladder. Hepatology 54: 1830-1841, 2011.
149. Manohar R, Li Y, Fohrer H, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Chandran UR, LaFram-boise WA, Lagasse E. Identification of a candidate stem cell in human gallbladder. Stem Cell Res 14: 258-269, 2015.
150. Marinelli RA, Tietz PS, Pham LD, Rueckert L, Agre P, LaRusso NF. Secretin induces the apical insertion of aquaporin-1 water channels in rat cholangiocytes. Am J Physiol 276: G280-G286, 1999.
151. Maruyama T, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura T, Tamai Y, Okada H, Sugiyama E, Nakamura T, Itadani H, Tanaka K. Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 298: 714-719, 2002.
152. Marzio L. Factors affecting gallbladder motility: Drugs. Dig Liver Dis 35(Suppl 3): S17-S19, 2003.
153. Masclee AA, Jansen JB, Driessen WM, Geuskens LM, Lamers CB. Plasma cholecystokinin and gallbladder responses to intraduodenal fat in gallstone patients. Dig Dis Sci 34: 353-359, 1989.
154. Maselli MA, Piepoli AL, Pezzolla F, Caruso ML, Lorusso D. Effect of somatostatin on human gallbladder motility: An in vitro study. Neuro-gastroenterol Motil 11: 47-53, 1999.
155. Mawe GM, Ellis LM. Chemical coding of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves in the guinea pig gallbladder: Distributions of PACAP and orphanin FQ. Anat Rec 262: 101-109, 2001.
156. Mawe GM, Gokin AP, Wells DG. Actions of cholecystokinin and nore-pinephrine on vagal inputs to ganglion cells in guinea pig gallbladder. Am J Physiol 267: G1146-G1151, 1994.
157. Mawe GM, Moses PL, Saccone GTP, Pozo MJ. Motility of the biliary tract. In: Yamada T, editor. Textbook of Gatroenterology (5th ed), Vol. 1, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 264-283.
158. Mawe GM, Talmage EK, Cornbrooks EB, Gokin AP, Zhang L, Jennings LJ. Innervation of the gallbladder: Structure, neurochemical coding, and physiological properties of guinea pig gallbladder ganglia. Microsc Res Tech 39: 1-13, 1997.
159. McKirdy ML, McKirdy HC, Johnson CD. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation shown by electrical field stimulation of isolated strips of human gall bladder muscle. Gut 35: 412-416, 1994.
160. Meilstrup JW, Hopper KD, Thieme GA. Imaging of gallbladder vari-ants. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157: 1205-1208, 1991.
161. ′-monophosphate concentrations in rabbit gallbladder. Gastroen-terology 67: 898-906, 1974.
162. Miquel JF, Moreno M, Amigo L, Molina H, Mardones P, Wistuba, II, Rigotti A. Expression and regulation of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in gall bladder epithelium. Gut 52: 1017-1024, 2003.
163. Montet JC, Caroli-Bosc FX, Ferrari P, Piche T, Baize N, Anty R, Montet AM, Rampal P, Tran A. Gallbladder motility and gut hormone plasma levels in subjects with and without gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 29: 569-572, 2005.
164. 2+ signaling. Br J Pharmacol 143: 994-1005, 2004.
165. Moschetta A, Stolk MF, Rehfeld JF, Portincasa P, Slee PH, Koppeschaar HP, Van Erpecum KJ, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP. Severe impairment of postprandial cholecystokinin release and gall-bladder emptying and high risk of gallstone formation in acromegalic patients during Sandostatin LAR. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 181-185, 2001.
166. Mourelle M, Guarner F, Molero X, Moncada S, Malagelada JR. Regulation of gall bladder motility by the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in guinea pigs. Gut 34: 911-915, 1993.
167. Nagathihalli NS, Beesetty Y, Lee W, Washington MK, Chen X, Lock-hart AC, Merchant NB. Novel mechanistic insights into ectodomain shedding of EGFR Ligands Amphiregulin and TGF-alpha: Impact on gastrointestinal cancers driven by secondary bile acids. Cancer Res 74: 2062-2072, 2014.
168. Narisawa T, Sano M, Sato M, Takahashi T, Tanida N, Shimoyama T. The correlation between cholecystectomy and fecal bile acids, and large-bowel cancer induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice. Dis Colon Rectum 28: 27-30, 1985.
169. Neiderhiser DH, Harmon CK, Roth HP. Absorption of cholesterol by the gallbladder. J Lipid Res 17: 117-124, 1976.
170. Nielsen S, Smith BL, Christensen EI, Agre P. Distribution of the aqua-porin CHIP in secretory and resorptive epithelia and capillary endothe-lia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 7275-7279, 1993.
171. Nogueira L, Freedman ND, Engels EA, Warren JL, Castro F, Koshiol J. Gallstones, cholecystectomy, and risk of digestive system cancers. Am J Epidemiol 179: 731-739, 2014.
172. Nordenstedt H, Mattsson F, El-Serag H, Lagergren J. Gallstones and cholecystectomy in relation to risk of intra-and extrahepatic cholan-giocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 106: 1011-1015, 2012.
173. O’Connor PJ, Southern KW, Bowler IM, Irving HC, Robinson PJ, Littlewood JM. The role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in cystic fibrosis. Hepatology 23: 281-287, 1996.
174. O’Leary DP, LaMorte WW, Scott TE, Booker ML, Stevenson J. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis fails to prevent gallbladder mucin hypersecretion in the cholesterol-fed prairie dog. Gastroenterology 101: 812-820, 1991.
175. Oda D, Lee SP, Hayashi A. Long-term culture and partial characterization of dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Lab Invest 64: 682-692, 1991.
176. Ohshio G, Manabe T, Watanabe Y, Endo K, Kudo H, Suzuki T, Tobe T. Comparative studies of DU-PAN-2, carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA19-9 in the serum and bile of patients with pancreatic and biliary tract diseases: Evaluation of the influence of obstructive jaundice. Am J Gastroenterol 85: 1370-1376, 1990.
177. Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J. Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microsc Res Tech 38: 571-597, 1997.
178. Oppenheimer EH, Esterly JR. Hepatic changes in young infants with cystic fibrosis: Possible relation to focal biliary cirrhosis. J Pediatr 86: 683-689, 1975.
179. Oyar O, Yesildag A, Gulsoy U, Sengul N, Isler M. Bilobed gallbladder diagnosed by oral cholecysto-CT. Comput Med Imaging Graph 27: 315-319, 2003.
180. Pean N, Doignon I, Garcin I, Besnard A, Julien B, Liu B, Branchereau S, Spraul A, Guettier C, Humbert L, Schoonjans K, Rainteau D, Tord-jmann T. The receptor TGR5 protects the liver from bile acid overload during liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 58: 1451-1460, 2013.
181. Peters RH, French PJ, van Doorninck JH, Lamblin G, Ratcliff R, Evans MJ, Colledge WH, Bijman J, Scholte BJ. CFTR expression and mucin secretion in cultured mouse gallbladder epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 271: G1074-G1083, 1996.
182. Peters RH, van Doorninck JH, French PJ, Ratcliff R, Evans MJ, Colledge WH, Bijman J, Scholte BJ. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mediates the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-induced fluid secretion but not the inhibition of resorption in mouse gallbladder epithelium. Hepatology 25: 270-277, 1997.
183. Petersen KU, Cormann P, Macherey HJ, Sprakties G, Winterhager JM. Electrogenic and electroneutral HCO3-secretion by guinea pig gallbladder epithelium: Discriminatory abilities of Cl-channel blockers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 65-73, 1993.
184. Pomare EW, Heaton KW. The effect of cholecystectomy on bile salt metabolism. Gut 14: 753-762, 1973.
185. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Baldassarre G, Palmieri V, Gentile A, Cim-mino A, Palasciano G. Gallbladder motor function in gallstone patients: Sonographic and in vitro studies on the role of gallstones, smooth muscle function and gallbladder wall inflammation. J Hepatol 21: 430-440, 1994.
186. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Palmieri VO, Baldassarre G, Palasciano G. Enhancement of gallbladder emptying in gallstone patients after oral cholestyramine. Am J Gastroenterol 89: 909-914, 1994.
187. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Palmieri V, Van Berge-Henegouwen GP, Palasciano G. Effects of cholestyramine on gallbladder and gastric emptying in obese and lean subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 25: 746-753, 1995.
188. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, vanBerge-Henegouwen GP. Smooth muscle function and dysfunction in gallbladder disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 6: 151-162, 2004.
189. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Vendemiale G, Palmieri V, Moschetta A, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, Palasciano G. Gallbladder motility and cholesterol crystallization in bile from patients with pigment and cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Clin Invest 30: 317-324, 2000.
190. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Wang HH, Palasciano G, van Erpecum KJ, Moschetta A, Wang DQ. Coordinate regulation of gallbladder motor function in the gut-liver axis. Hepatology 47: 2112-2126, 2008.
191. Pozo MJ, Perez GJ, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Ca(2+) sparks and BK currents in gallbladder myocytes: Role in CCK-induced response. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282: G165-G174, 2002.
192. Prozorowska E, Jackowiak H. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy study on microstructure of gallbladder mucosa in pig. Microsc Res Tech 78: 220-229, 2015.
193. Rajguru J, Jain S, Khare S, Fulzele RR, Ghai R. Embryological basis and clinical correlation of the rare congenital anomaly of the human gall bladder: “the diverticulum”—a morphological study. J Clin Diagn Res 7: 2107-2110, 2013.
194. + secretion by the in vivo canine gallbladder. Gastroenterology 92: 281-289, 1987.
195. Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin. Compr Physiol 16: 337-358, 1989.
196. Reid FD, Mercer PM, Harrison M, Bates T. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 31: 160-169, 1996.
197. Reuss L. Salt and Water Transport by Gallbladder Epithelium. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 19: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion: 303-322. First published in print 1991. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060411.
198. Roda E, Aldini R, Mazzella G, Roda A, Sama C, Festi D, Barbara L. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy. Gut 19: 640-649, 1978.
199. Ros E, Zambon D. Postcholecystectomy symptoms. A prospective study of gall stone patients before and two years after surgery. Gut 28: 1500-1504, 1987.
200. Roskams T, Desmet V. Embryology of extra-and intrahepatic bile ducts, the ductal plate. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 291: 628-635, 2008.
201. Ross WD, Finby N, Evans JA. Intramural diverticulosis of the gallblad-der; Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Radiology 64: 366-372, 1955.
202. Rost D, Konig J, Weiss G, Klar E, Stremmel W, Keppler D. Expression and localization of the multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in human gallbladder epithelia. Gastroenterology 121: 1203-1208, 2001.
203. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Relationship of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cholecystectomy in the US population. Am J Gastroenterol 108: 952-958, 2013.
204. Russo MW, Wei JT, Thiny MT, Gangarosa LM, Brown A, Ringel Y, Shaheen NJ, Sandler RS. Digestive and liver diseases statistics, 2004. Gastroenterology 126: 1448-1453, 2004.
205. Rutishauser SC. Effects of bile salts on the motor activity of the guinea-pig gall-bladder in vitro. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 63: 265-276, 1978.
206. Said K, Edsborg N, Albiin N, Bergquist A. Gallbladder emptying in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 15: 3498-3503, 2009.
207. Saito Y, Kojima T, Takahashi N. The septum transversum mesenchyme induces gall bladder development. Biol Open 2: 779-788, 2013.
208. Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, Adams E, Cronin K, Goodman C, Gemmen E, Shah S, Avdic A, Rubin R. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology 122: 1500-1511, 2002.
209. Santamaria F, Vajro P, Oggero V, Greco L, Angelillo M, Carrillo F, De Ritis G. Volume and emptying of the gallbladder in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 10: 303-306, 1990.
210. Sato T, Ito M, Sakamoto H. Pictorial dissection review of the lymphatic pathways from the gallbladder to the abdominal para-aortic lymph nodes and their relationships to the surrounding structures. Surg Radiol Anat 35: 615-621, 2013.
211. Sayin SI, Wahlstrom A, Felin J, Jantti S, Marschall HU, Bamberg K, Angelin B, Hyotylainen T, Oresic M, Backhed F. Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metab 17: 225-235, 2013.
212. Schaap FG, van der Gaag NA, Gouma DJ, Jansen PL. High expression of the bile salt-homeostatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 in the liver of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 49: 1228-1235, 2009.
213. Schernhammer ES, Leitzmann MF, Michaud DS, Speizer FE, Gio-vannucci E, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Cholecystectomy and the risk for developing colorectal cancer and distal colorectal adenomas. Br J Cancer 88: 79-83, 2003.
214. Schjoldager B, Molero X, Miller LJ. Functional and biochemical characterization of the human gallbladder muscularis cholecystokinin receptor. Gastroenterology 96: 1119-1125, 1989.
215. Scoazec JY, Bringuier AF, Medina JF, Martinez-Anso E, Veissiere D, Feldmann G, Housset C. The plasma membrane polarity of human biliary epithelial cells: In situ immunohistochemical analysis and functional implications. J Hepatol 26: 543-553, 1997.
216. Secknus R, Darby GH, Chernosky A, Juvonen T, Moore EW, Holzbach RT. Apolipoprotein A-I in bile inhibits cholesterol crystallization and modifies transcellular lipid transfer through cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14: 446-456, 1999.
217. Setchell KD, Lawson AM, Blackstock EJ, Murphy GM. Diurnal changes in serum unconjugated bile acids in normal man. Gut 23: 637-642, 1982.
218. Shabanzadeh DM, Sorensen LT, Jorgensen T. A prediction rule for risk stratification of incidentally discovered gallstones: Results from a large cohort study. Gastroenterology 150: 156-167 e1, 2016.
219. Shachar-Hill B, Hill AE. Convective fluid flow through the paracellu-lar system of Necturus gall-bladder epithelium as revealed by dextran probes. J Physiol 468: 463-486, 1993.
220. Shaffer EA, Small DM. Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity. J Clin Invest 59: 828-840, 1977.
221. Shao T, Yang YX. Cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 100: 1813-1820, 2005.
222. Shen C, Wu X, Xu C, Yu C, Chen P, Li Y. Association of cholecystec-tomy with metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. PLoS One 9: e88189, 2014.
223. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Moore EW. Human gallbladder mucosal function. Effect of concentration and acidification of bile on cholesterol and calcium solubility. Gastroenterology 99: 1452-1459, 1990.
224. + exchanger in human gallbladder. Localization of specific mRNA by in situ hybridization. J Hepatol 26: 1281-1286, 1997.
225. Sinha J, Chen F, Miloh T, Burns RC, Yu Z, Shneider BL. beta-Klotho and FGF-15/19 inhibit the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in enterocytes and cholangiocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295: G996-G1003, 2008.
226. Sonne DP, Hare KJ, Martens P, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Knop FK. Postprandial gut hormone responses and glucose metabolism in cholecystectomized patients. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304: G413-G419, 2013.
227. Spence JR, Lange AW, Lin SC, Kaestner KH, Lowy AM, Kim I, Whit-sett JA, Wells JM. Sox17 regulates organ lineage segregation of ventral foregut progenitor cells. Dev Cell 17: 62-74, 2009.
228. Sprakties G, Macherey HJ, Petersen KU. Secretin and somatostatin as modulators of electrolyte transport in guinea pig gallbladder epithelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265: 273-280, 1993.
229. Stengel PW, Cohen ML. Muscarinic receptor knockout mice: Role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M(2), M(3), and M(4) in carbamylcholine-induced gallbladder contractility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301: 643-650, 2002.
230. Stolk MF, Van Erpecum KJ, Peeters TL, Samsom M, Smout AJ, Akker-mans LM, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP. Interdigestive gallbladder emp-tying, antroduodenal motility, and motilin release patterns are altered in cholesterol gallstone patients. Dig Dis Sci 46: 1328-1334, 2001.
231. Stolk MF, van Erpecum KJ, Renooij W, Portincasa P, van de Hei-jning BJ, vanBerge-Henegouwen GP. Gallbladder emptying in vivo, bile composition, and nucleation of cholesterol crystals in patients with cholesterol gallstones. Gastroenterology 108: 1882-1888, 1995.
232. Strah KM, Pappas TN, Melendez RL, Debas HT. Contrasting cholinergic dependence of pancreatic and gallbladder responses to cholecys-tokinin. Am J Physiol 250: G665-G669, 1986.
233. Strassburg CP, Oldhafer K, Manns MP, Tukey RH. Differential expression of the UGT1A locus in human liver, biliary, and gastric tissue: Identification of UGT1A7 and UGT1A10 transcripts in extrahepatic tissue. Mol Pharmacol 52: 212-220, 1997.
234. Strong TV, Boehm K, Collins FS. Localization of cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator mRNA in the human gastrointestinal tract by in situ hybridization. J Clin Invest 93: 347-354, 1994.
235. Sumazaki R, Shiojiri N, Isoyama S, Masu M, Keino-Masu K, Osawa M, Nakauchi H, Kageyama R, Matsui A. Conversion of biliary system to pancreatic tissue in Hes1-deficient mice. Nat Genet 36: 83-87, 2004.
236. Sundler F, Alumets J, Hakanson R, Ingemansson S, Fahrenkrug J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O. VIP innervation of the gallbladder. Gas-troenterology 72: 1375-1377, 1977.
237. Sutor DJ, Wilkie LI. Diurnal variations in the pH of pathological gallbladder bile. Gut 17: 971-974, 1976.
238. Svanvik J, Allen B, Pellegrini C, Bernhoft R, Way L. Variations in concentrating function of the gallbladder in the conscious monkey. Gastroenterology 86: 919-925, 1984.
239. Talmage EK, Pouliot WA, Schemann M, Mawe GM. Structure and chemical coding of human, canine and opossum gallbladder ganglia. Cell Tissue Res 284: 289-302, 1996.
240. Tan YY, Ji ZL, Zhao G, Jiang JR, Wang D, Wang JM. Decreased SCF/c-kit signaling pathway contributes to loss of interstitial cells of Cajal in gallstone disease. Int J Clin Exp Med 7: 4099-4106, 2014.
241. Tauscher A, Kuver R. ABCG5 and ABCG8 are expressed in gallbladder epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 307: 1021-1028, 2003.
242. Thompson JC, Fried GM, Ogden WD, Fagan CJ, Inoue K, Wiener I, Watson LC. Correlation between release of cholecystokinin and contraction of the gallbladder in patients with gallstones. Ann Surg 195: 670-676, 1982.
243. Thune A, Thornell E, Svanvik J. Reflex regulation of flow resistance in the feline sphincter of Oddi by hydrostatic pressure in the biliary tract. Gastroenterology 91: 1364-1369, 1986.
244. Tizzano EF, Chitayat D, Buchwald M. Cell-specific localization of CFTR mRNA shows developmentally regulated expression in human fetal tissues. Hum Mol Genet 2: 219-224, 1993.
245. Todoroki I, Friedman GD, Slattery ML, Potter JD, Samowitz W. Chole-cystectomy and the risk of colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 41-46, 1999.
246. Tokunaga Y, Cox KL, Coleman R, Concepcion W, Nakazato P, Esquivel CO. Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors on the human gallbladder. Surgery 113: 155-162, 1993.
247. Toouli J, Bushell M, Stevenson G, Dent J, Wycherley A, Iannos J. Gallbladder emptying in man related to fasting duodenal migrating motor contractions. Aust N Z J Surg 56: 147-151, 1986.
248. Torsoli A, Corazziari E, Habib FI, Cicala M. Pressure relationships within the human bile tract. Normal and abnormal physiology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 175: 52-57, 1990.
249. Traynor OJ, Dozois RR, DiMagno EP. Canine interdigestive and post-prandial gallbladder motility and emptying. Am J Physiol 246: G426-G432, 1984.
250. Uemura M, Igarashi H, Ozawa A, Tsunekawa N, Kurohmaru M, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y. Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in pos-teroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite-stage embryos. J Vet Med Sci 77: 587-591, 2015.
251. Uemura S, Pompolo S, Furness JB, Hardy KJ. Nitric oxide synthase in neurons of the human gall-bladder and its colocalization with neu-ropeptides. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12: 257-265, 1997.
252. van de Meeberg PC, Portincasa P, Wolfhagen FH, van Erpecum KJ, VanBerge-Henegouwen GP. Increased gall bladder volume in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 39: 594-599, 1996.
253. van Eijck FC, van Veen RN, Kleinrensink GJ, Lange JF. Hartmann’s gallbladder pouch revisited 60 years later. Surg Endosc 21: 1122-1125, 2007.
254. van Erpecum KJ, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Stolk MF, Hopman WP, Jansen JB, Lamers CB. Fasting gallbladder volume, postprandial emptying and cholecystokinin release in gallstone patients and normal subjects. J Hepatol 14: 194-202, 1992.
255. van Schaik FD, Gadaleta RM, Schaap FG, van Mil SW, Siersema PD, Oldenburg B, van Erpecum KJ. Pharmacological activation of the bile acid nuclear farnesoid X receptor is feasible in patients with quiescent Crohn’s colitis. PLoS One 7: e49706, 2012.
256. van Wijland MJ, Klinkspoor JH, de Wit LT, Oude Elferink RP, Tytgat GN, Groen AK. Heterogeneity of human gallbladder mucin in bile. Clin Sci (Lond) 86: 67-74, 1994.
257. Vassileva G, Golovko A, Markowitz L, Abbondanzo SJ, Zeng M, Yang S, Hoos L, Tetzloff G, Levitan D, Murgolo NJ, Keane K, Davis HR, Jr, Hedrick J, Gustafson EL. Targeted deletion of Gpbar1 protects mice from cholesterol gallstone formation. Biochem J 398: 423-430, 2006.
258. Vijayan V, Tan CE. Developing human biliary system in three dimen-sions. Anat Rec 249: 389-398, 1997.
259. Vilkin A, Nudelman I, Morgenstern S, Geller A, Bar Dayan Y, Levi Z, Rodionov G, Hardy B, Konikoff F, Gobbic D, Niv Y. Gallbladder inflammation is associated with increase in mucin expression and pigmented stone formation. Dig Dis Sci 52: 1613-1620, 2007.
260. von Ritter C, Eder MI, Stieber P, Lamerz R, Jungst D, Strigl M, Meyer G, Reuter C, Paumgartner G. Biliary mucin secreted by cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells carries the epitope of CA 19-9. Anticancer Res 17: 2931-2934, 1997.
261. Vu MK, Van Oostayen JA, Biemond I, Masclee AA. Effect of somato-statin on postprandial gallbladder relaxation. Clin Physiol 21: 25-31, 2001.
262. Wahlin T, Axelsson H, Schiebler TH, Winckler J. Light and electron microscopic observations of the autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical, cytochemical, and secre-tory study. Histochemistry 53: 107-116, 1977.
263. Wahlin T, Bloom GD, Carlsoo B. Histochemical observations with the light and the electron microscope on the mucosubstances of the normal mouse gallbladder epithelial cells. Histochemistry 42: 119-131, 1974.
264. Wahlin T, Bloom GD, Carlsoo B, Rhodin L. Effects of fasting and refeeding on secretory granules of the mouse gallbladder epithelium. A quantitative electron microscopic study. Gastroenterology 70: 353-358, 1976.
265. Wahlin T, Bloom GD, Danielsson A. Effect of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) on glycoprotein secretion from mouse gallbladder epithelium: An ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 171: 425-435, 1976.
266. Walker JP, Khalil T, Wiener I, Fagan CJ, Townsend CM, Jr, Greeley GH, Jr, Thompson JC. The role of neurotensin in human gallbladder motility. Ann Surg 201: 678-683, 1985.
267. Wang DQ, Schmitz F, Kopin AS, Carey MC. Targeted disruption of the murine cholecystokinin-1 receptor promotes intestinal cholesterol absorption and susceptibility to cholesterol cholelithiasis. J Clin Invest 114: 521-528, 2004.
268. Wang HH, Portincasa P, Liu M, Tso P, Samuelson LC, Wang DQ. Effect of gallbladder hypomotility on cholesterol crystallization and growth in CCK-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1801: 138-146, 2010.
269. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, Christoffolete MA, Kim BW, Sato H, Messaddeq N, Harney JW, Ezaki O, Kodama T, Schoonjans K, Bianco AC, Auwerx J. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature 439: 484-489, 2006.
270. Wheeler HO. Concentrating function of the gallbladder. Am J Med 51: 588-595, 1971.
271. Wilkins BJ, Gong W, Pack M. A novel keratin18 promoter that drives reporter gene expression in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary system allows isolation of cell-type specific transcripts from zebrafish liver. Gene Expr Patterns 14: 62-68, 2014.
272. Xiao Z, Schmitz F, Pricolo VE, Biancani P, Behar J. Role of caveolae in the pathogenesis of cholesterol-induced gallbladder muscle hypo-motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292: G1641-G1649, 2007.
273. Xie MH, Holcomb I, Deuel B, Dowd P, Huang A, Vagts A, Foster J, Liang J, Brush J, Gu Q, Hillan K, Goddard A, Gurney AL. FGF-19, a novel fibroblast growth factor with unique specificity for FGFR4. Cytokine 11: 729-735, 1999.
274. Xu G, Salen G, Shneider BL, Ananthanarayanan M, Shefer S, Ma L, Batta A, Nguyen LB, Lingutla JJ, Tint GS, Pcolinsky M, Suchy FJ. Cholecystectomy prevents expansion of the bile acid pool and inhibition of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in rabbits fed cholesterol. J Lipid Res 42: 1438-1443, 2001.
275. Xu QW, Freedman SM, Shaffer EA. Inhibitory effect of bile salts on gallbladder smooth muscle contractility in the guinea pig in vitro. Gastroenterology 112: 1699-1706, 1997.
276. Yau WM. Mode of stimulation of gallbladder contraction by substance K. Am J Physiol 259: G838-G841, 1990.
277. Yoon JH, Choi HS, Jun DW, Yoo KS, Lee J, Yang SY, Kuver R. ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters are differentially expressed in normal and diseased human gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 58: 431-439, 2013.
278. Yoon YB, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF, Gurantz D, Michelotti EL, Stein-bach JH. Effect of side-chain shortening on the physiologic properties of bile acids: Hepatic transport and effect on biliary secretion of 23-nor-ursodeoxycholate in rodents. Gastroenterology 90: 837-852, 1986.
279. Yoshitomi S, Miyazaki K, Nakayama F. Demonstration and maintenance of mucus secretion in cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 23: 559-566, 1987.
280. Yu C, Wang F, Kan M, Jin C, Jones RB, Weinstein M, Deng CX, McK-eehan WL. Elevated cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in mice lacking membrane tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR4. J Biol Chem 275: 15482-15489, 2000.
281. + currents by CGRP in gallbladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 267: G494-G499, 1994.
282. Zhang L, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Ionic basis of the action potential of guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 265: C1552-C1561, 1993.
283. Zhou M, Marc Learned R, Rossi SJ, DePaoli AM, Tian H, Ling L. Engi-neered FGF19 reduces liver injury and resolves sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2-deficient mice. Hepatology, 2015.
284. Zhu J, Han TQ, Chen S, Jiang Y, Zhang SD. Gallbladder motor function, plasma cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptor of gallbladder in cholesterol stone patients. World J Gastroenterol 11: 1685-1689, 2005.
285. Zuccato E, Venturi M, Di Leo G, Colombo L, Bertolo C, Doldi SB, Mussini E. Role of bile acids and metabolic activity of colonic bacteria in increased risk of colon cancer after cholecystectomy. Dig Dis Sci 38: 514-519, 1993.
286. Zweers SJ, Booij KA, Komuta M, Roskams T, Gouma DJ, Jansen PL, Schaap FG. The human gallbladder secretes fibroblast growth factor 19 into bile: Towards defining the role of fibroblast growth factor 19 in the enterobiliary tract. Hepatology 55: 575-583, 2012.