Grid–group analysis and tourism: Tipping as a cultural behavior

Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 34-47

  Fisher, David ^a  

^a LINCOLN UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Cultural bias; Host guest interaction; Tipping

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008834285     PISSN: 14766825     EISSN: 17477654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14766820902807672     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665-690.
2. Aramberri, J. (2001). The host should get lost: Paradigms in the tourism theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 738-761.
3. Azar, O. (2004a). The history of tipping-from sixteenth-century England to United States in the 1910s. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(6), 745-764.
4. Azar, O. (2004b). What sustains social norms and how they evolve? The case of tipping. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 54(1), 49-64.
5. Azar, O. (2007). The social norm of tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 380-402.
6. Berno, T. (1999). When a guest is a guest: Cook Islanders’ view of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 656-675.
7. Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I. (1992). A theory of fads, fashion, custom, and cultural change as informational cascades. Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 993-1026.
8. Boyes, W., Mounts, W., & Sowell, C. (2004). Restaurant tipping: Free-riding, social acceptance, and gender differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(12), 2616-2628.
9. Casey, B. (2001). Tipping in New Zealand’s restaurants. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(1), 21-25.
10. Casey, B. (2008, December 3-5). Tipping and service management, Paper presented at the New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Hanmer Springs.
11. Choi, Y.B. (1993). Paradigms and conventions: Uncertainty, decision making and entrepreneurship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
12. Chung, M., & Heung, V. (2007). Tipping behaviour of diners in three upscale Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(3), 169-180.
13. Cohen, E. (1972). Towards a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39(1), 164-182.
14. Conlin, M., O’Donoghue, T., & Lynn, M. (2003). The norm of restaurant tipping. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 52(3), 297-321.
15. Douglas, M. (1982). In the active voice. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul.
16. Douglas, M. (1985). Risk: Acceptability according to the social sciences. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul.
17. Douglas, M. (1996). Natural symbols (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
18. Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants, methodology, and research inferences. Paper presented at the 6th annual conference proceedings of the Travel Research Association, San Diego, California.
19. Elster, J. (1989). Social norms and economic theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(4), 99-117.
20. Feighery, W. (2006). Reflexivity and tourism research: Telling an(other) story. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(3), 269-282.
21. Fisher, D. (2004a). A colonial town for neocolonial tourists. In C.M. Hall & H. Tucker (Eds.), Tourism and postcolonialism: Contested discourses, identities and representations (pp. 126-139). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
22. Fisher, D. (2004b). The demonstration effect revisited. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 428-446.
23. Glasson, J., Godfrey, K., & Goodey, B. (1995). Towards visitor impact management. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.
24. Haralambopoulos, N., & Pizam, A. (1996). Perceived impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 503-526.
25. Houghton, J., & Tremblay, P. (1994). The structure of hospitality: A cultural explanation of industrial diversity. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 13(4), 327-346.
26. h2g2. (2006). International tipping etiquette. Retrieved September 11, 2006, from www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/a640018
27. James, C. (1986). The quiet revolution: Turbulence and transition in contemporary New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Allen & Unwin, Port Nicholson Press.
28. Keller, C.P. (1987). Stages of peripheral tourism development: Canada’s Northwest. Journal of Tourism Management, 8(1), 20-32.
29. Krajchia, S., & Rosten, C. (2004). The itty bitty guide to tipping. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
30. Leodoro, G., & Lynn, M. (2007). The effect of server posture on the tips of Whites and Blacks. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 201-209.
31. Lesourne, J., Orlean, A., & Walliser, B. (2006). Evolutionary micro-economics. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
32. Lynn, M. (2004). Black-White differences in tipping of various service providers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11), 2261-2271.
33. Lynn, M., & Lynn, A. (2004). National values and tipping customs: A replication and extension. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 28(3), 356-364.
34. Lynn, M., & McCall, M. (2000). Gratitude and gratuity: A meta-analysis of the research on the service-tipping relationship. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(2), 203-214.
35. Magellan’s Travel Supplies. (2006). Retrieved September 11, 2006, from http://www.magellans.com/store/article/367?Args=
36. McClure, M. (2004). The wonder country: Making New Zealand tourism. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
37. Mehmetoglu, M. (2004). Tourist or traveler? A typological approach. Tourism Review, 29(3), 33-39.
38. Murray, J. (1933). Complete Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
39. Online Etymology Dictionary. (2006). Retrieved August 24, 2006, from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=acronym
40. Pearce, P., Moscardo, G., & Ross, G. (1996). Tourism community relationships. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
41. Royle, T. (2000). Working for McDonalds in Europe: The unequal struggle. London: Routledge.
42. Shamir, B. (1984). Between gratitude and gratuity: An analysis of tipping. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(1), 59-78.
43. Smith, V. (1977). Introduction. In V. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism (pp. 1-14). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
44. Thompson, M., Ellis, R., & Wildavsky, A. (1990). Cultural theory. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
45. Tulloch, J. (2008). Culture and risk. In J.O. Zinn (Ed.), Social theories of risk and uncertainty (pp. 138-167). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
46. Videbeck, S. (2005). The economics and etiquette of tipping. Policy, 20(4), 38-41.
47. Zinn, J. (2008). A comparison of sociological theorizing on risk and uncertainty. In J.O. Zinn (Ed.), Social theories ofrisk and uncertainty (pp. 168-210). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.