Correction to: “Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS),” (Journal of Counseling Psychology, (2017), 64(1), (52–64), (10.1037/cou0000183));Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 52-64

  Choi, Andrew Young ^a   Israel, Tania ^a   Maeda, Hotaka ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Asian american; Bifactor; Factor analysis; Internalized racismScale development

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIAN AMERICAN; CONTROL; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RACISM; SELF CONCEPT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STEREOTYPING; VALIDATION STUDY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIAN AMERICANS; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; RACISM; SELF CONCEPT; STEREOTYPING; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85008613445     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/cou0000373     Document Type: Erratum

References (98)

1. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
2. Alvarez, A. N., & Helms, J. E. (2001). Racial identity and reflected appraisals as influences on Asian Americans' racial adjustment. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 217-231. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.217
3. Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L., & Liang, C. T. H. (2006). Asian Americans and racism: When bad things happen to "model minorities." Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 477-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.477
4. Alvarez, A. N., & Kimura, E. F. (2001). Asian Americans and racial identity: Dealing with racism and snowballs. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23, 192-206.
5. Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 77-84.
6. Arditte, K. A., Çek, D., Shaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2016). The importance of assessing clinical phenomena in Mechanical Turk research. Psychological Assessment, 28, 684-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000217
7. Aust, F., Diedenhofen, B., Ullrich, S., & Musch, J. (2013). Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 527-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0265-2
8. Bailey, T.-K. M., Chung, Y. B., Williams, W. S., Singh, A. A., & Terrell, H. K. (2011). Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 481-493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023585
9. Bandalos, D. I., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer's guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences. New York, NY: Routledge.
10. Beatty, P. C., & Willis, G. B. (2007). Research synthesis: The practice of cognitive interviewing. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 287-311. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfm006
11. Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 18, 6.
12. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
13. Björgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., McCoy, K. L., & Aderka, I. M. (2013). Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample. Assessment, 20, 429-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1073191113481998
14. Brondolo, E., Gallo, L. C., & Myers, H. F. (2009). Race, racism and health: Disparities, mechanisms, and interventions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9190-3
15. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
16. Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1745691610393980
17. Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression. New York, NY: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2269-4
18. Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 13-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033
19. Casler, K., Bickel, L., & Hackett, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon's MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2156-2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). CDC Health disparities and inequalities report. Atlanta, GA: Author.
21. Chae, M. H., & Larres, C. (2010). Asian American racial and ethnic Identity: Update on theory and measurement. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 253-267). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22. Chae, D. H., Takeuchi, D. T., Barbeau, E. M., Bennett, G. G., Lindsey, J., & Krieger, N. (2008). Unfair treatment, racial/ethnic discrimination, ethnic identification, and smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 485-492.
23. Chen, G. A., Lephuoc, P., Guzmán, M. R., Rude, S. S., & Dodd, B. G. (2006). Exploring Asian American racial identity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 461-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 1099-9809.12.3.461
24. Chou, R. S., & Feagin, J. R. (2015). Myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
25. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
26. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
27. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahweh, NJ: Erlbaum, Inc. Publishers.
28. Concepcion, W. R., Kohatsu, E. L., & Yeh, C. J. (2013). Using racial identity and acculturation to analyze experiences of racism among Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 136-142. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027985
29. Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A.,... Chasse, V. (2000). Ethnicity-related sources of stress and their effects on well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 136-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00078
30. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205007
31. David, E. J. R. (2013). Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups. New York, NY: Springer.
32. David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006a). Colonial mentality: A review and recommendation for Filipino American psychology. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 1099-9809.12.1.1
33. David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006b). The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale construction and psychological implications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.241
34. Drennan, J. (2003). Cognitive interviewing: Verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42, 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02579.x
35. Enders, C. K. (2001). The impact of nonnormality on full information maximum-likelihood estimation for structural equation models with missing data. Psychological Methods, 6, 352-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.352
36. Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
37. Espiritu, Y. L. (1992). Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
38. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
39. Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth. New York, NY: Grove Press.
40. Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
41. Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
42. Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Herder and Herder.
43. García, A. A. (2011). Cognitive interviews to test and refine questionnaires. Public Health Nursing, 28, 444-450.
44. Gee, G. C., Ro, A., Shariff-Marco, S., & Chae, D. (2009). Racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans: Evidence, assessment, and directions for future research. Epidemiologic Reviews, 31, 130-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp009
45. Gee, G. C., Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1275-1282. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.091827
46. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2009). SPSS for Windows: Step by step (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
47. Glorfeld, W. (1995). An improvement on Horn's parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 377-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055003002
48. Göritz, A. S. (2006). Incentives in web studies: Methodological issues and a review. International Journal of Internet Science, 1, 58-70.
49. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, Inc.
50. Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and evaluating factor scores. Psychological Methods, 6, 430-450.
51. Hall, R. E. (2003). Discrimination among oppressed populations. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.
52. Han, C. S. (2007). They don't want to cruise your type: Gay men of color and the racial politics of exclusion. Social Identities, 13, 51-- 67.
53. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racismrelated stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ h0087722
54. Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
55. Helms, J. E., & Cook, D. A. (1999). Using race and culture in counseling and psychotherapy: Theory and process. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
56. Hoyt, W. T., Warbasse, R. E., & Chu, E. Y. (2006). Construct validation in counseling psychology research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 769-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287389
57. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/10705519909540118
58. Huff, C., & Tingley, D. (2015). "Who are these people?" Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents. Research and Politics, July-September, 1-12.
59. Hwang, W.-C., & Goto, S. (2009). The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S(1), 15-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1948-1985.S.1.15
60. Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 90-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
61. Jones, T. (2000). Shades of brown: The law of skin color. Duke Law Journal, 49, 1487-1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1373052
62. Kim, B. K., Li, L. C., & Ng, G. F. (2005). The Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional: Development, reliability, and validity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 187-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.187
63. Konstan, J. A., Rosser, B. R. S., Ross, M. W., Stanton, J., & Edwards, W. M. (2005). The story of subject naught: A cautionary but optimistic tale of Internet survey research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00248.x
64. Lee, D.-G., & Lim, H.-Y. (2008). Scale construction. In P. P. Heppner, B. Wampold, & D. M. Kivlighan, Jr., (Eds.), Research design in counseling (pp. 494-510). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
65. Liang, C. T., Rivera, A. L., Nathwani, A., Dang, P., & Douroux, A. N. (2010). Dealing with gendered racism and racial identity among Asian American men. In W. M. Liu, D. K. Iwamoto, & M. H. Chae (Eds.), Culturally responsive counseling with Asian American men (pp. 63-81). New York, NY: Routledge.
66. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014616729 2183006
67. Millan, J. B., & Alvarez, A. N. (2013). Asian Americans and internalized oppression: Do we deserve this? In E. J. R. David (Ed.), Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups (pp. 163-190). New York, NY: Springer.
68. Mok, T. A. (1999). Asian American dating: Important factors in partner choice. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 103-117.
69. Murray, A. L., & Johnson, W. (2013). The limitations of model fit in comparing the bi-factor versus higher-order models of human cognitive ability structure. Intelligence, 41, 407-422.
70. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2016). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
71. Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 867-872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009
72. Pew Research Center. (2013). The rise of Asian Americans. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
73. Preacher, K. J., Zhang, G., Kim, C., & Mels, G. (2013). Choosing the optimal number of factors in exploratory factor analysis: A model selection perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 48, 28-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.710386
74. President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (2014). Building the American mosaic. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
75. Pyke, K. D. (2010a). An intersectional approach to resistance and complicity: The case of racialised desire among Asian American women. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 31, 81-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 07256860903477704
76. Pyke, K. D. (2010b). What is internalized racial oppression and why don't we study it? Acknowledging racism's hidden injuries. Sociological Perspectives, 53, 551-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551
77. Pyke, K. D., & Dang, T. (2003). "FOB" and "Whitewashed": Identity and internalized racism among second generation Asian Americans. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 147-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102295 7011866
78. Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003). Asian American women and racialized femininities "doing" gender across cultural worlds. Gender & Society, 17, 33-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243202238977
79. Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
80. Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 129-140. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
81. Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 544-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.496477
82. Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. é., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17, 354-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
83. Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 223-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
84. Schmitt, T. A. (2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 304-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406653
85. Schwalbe, M., Godwin, S., Holden, D., Schrock, D., Thompson, S., & Wolkomir, M. (2000). Generic processes in the reproduction of inequality: An interactionist analysis. Social Forces, 79, 419-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.2.419
86. Shen, F. C., Wang, Y.-W., & Swanson, J. L. (2011). Development and initial validation of the internalization of Asian American Stereotypes Scale. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 283-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024727
87. Singer, E., & Ye, C. (2013). The use and effects of incentives in surveys. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 645, 112-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212458082
88. Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 126-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0011000006295119
89. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2013). Counseling the culturally diverse (6th ed.). Hoboken, NY: Wiley.
90. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
91. Tracey, T. J. (2012). Problems with single interest scales: Implications of the general factor. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 378-384. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.001
92. Watkins, M., & Shulman, H. (2008). Toward psychologies of liberation. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ 9780230227736
93. Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76, 913-934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00131644 13495237
94. Wong, F., & Halgin, R. (2006). The" model minority": Bane or blessing for Asian Americans? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 34, 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2006.tb00025.x
95. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806 - 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0011000006288127
96. Yeh, C. J., Yoo, H.-C., & Lizarraga, Y. N. (2013). Annual review of Asian American psychology, 2012. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 285-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035421
97. Yoo, H. C., Burrola, K. S., & Steger, M. F. (2010). A preliminary report on a new measure: Internalization of the Model Minority Myth Measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 114-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017871
98. Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2008). Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 63-74. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.63