Static versus dynamic fracturing in shallow carbonate fault zones

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 461, Issue , 2017, Pages 8-19

  Fondriest, Michele ^a   Doan, Mai Linh ^b   Aben, Frans ^b   Fusseis, Florian ^c   Mitchell, Tomas M ^d   Voorn, Maarten ^e   Secco, Michele ^f   Di Toro, Giulio ^a,f,g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^g ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

carbonates; dynamic loading; earthquakes; fractures; in situ shattering; quasi static loading

Indexed keywords

CARBONATES; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; CRYSTALLINE ROCKS; DYNAMIC LOADS; EARTHQUAKES; FAULTING; FRACTURE; GEOPHYSICS; SEISMOLOGY; SHEAR STRAIN;

DYNAMIC LOADINGS; EARTHQUAKE HAZARD; FRAGMENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; QUASI-STATIC LOADING; STRAIN ACCUMULATIONS; UNI-AXIAL COMPRESSION; UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH;

STRAIN RATE;

CARBONATE ROCK; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; DOLOSTONE; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; FAULT ZONE; FRACTURE; LOADING; SHEAR STRAIN; STRAIN RATE;

ALPS; ITALY;

EID: 85008471501     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.024     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aben, F.M., Doan, M.-L., Mitchell, T.M., Toussaint, R., Reuschlé, T., Fondriest, M., Gratier, J.-P., Renard, F., Dynamic fracturing by successive coseismic loadings leads to pulverization in active fault zones. J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth 121 (2016), 2338–2360, 10.1002/2015JB012542.
2. Aben, F.M., Doan, M.-L., Gratier, J.-P., Renard, F., Coseismic damage generation and pulverization in fault zones: insights from dynamic Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments. Thomas, M.Y., Bhat, H.S., Mitchell, T.M., (eds.) Evolution of Fault Zone Properties and Dynamic Processes during Seismic Rupture, 2016 (in press).
3. Agosta, F., Aydin, A., Architecture and deformation mechanism of a basin-bounding normal fault in Mesozoic platform carbonates, central Italy. J. Struct. Geol. 28:8 (2006), 1445–1467.
4. Ahsby, M.F., Sammis, C.G., The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression. Pure Appl. Geophys. 133 (1990), 489–521.
5. Avanzini, M., Bargossi, G.M., Castiglioni, G.B., Dalmeri, G., Eccel, E., Mancabelli, A., Morelli, C., Neri, C., Picotti, V., Prosser, G., Sartori, G., Zambotti, G., 2001. Carta Geologica della Provincia di Trento. Tav. 26 III Fondo (a scala 1:25.000) con Note illustrative. Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Servizio Geologico, 159 pp.
6. Ben-Zion, Y., Shi, Z., Dynamic rupture on a material interface with spontaneous generation of plastic strain in the bulk. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236 (2005), 486–496.
7. Bhat, H.S., Rosakis, A.J., Sammis, C.G., A micromechanics based constitutive model for brittle failure at high strain rates. J. Appl. Mech, 2012, 10.1115/1.4005897.
8. Billi, A., Salvini, F., Storti, F., The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: implications for fault growth, structure and permeability. J. Struct. Geol. 25:11 (2003), 1779–1794.
9. Brune, J., Fault normal dynamic loading and unloading: an explanation for non-gouge rock powder and lack of fault-parallel shear bands along the San Andreas Fault. Eos Trans. AGU, 82, 2001, 47.
10. Burchfiel, B.C., Royden, L.H., Van der Hilst, R.D., Hager, B.H., Chen, Z., King, R., Li, C., Lu, Y., Kirby, E., A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. GSA Today, 18, 2008, 5.
11. Caine, J.S., Evans, J.P., Forster, C.B., Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology 24 (1996), 1025–1028.
12. Chen, W.W., Song, B., Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) Bar – Design, Testing and Applications. Mechanical Engineering Series, 2011, Springer.
13. W 6.3 earthquake: main shock and aftershocks. Geophys. Res. Lett, 2009, 10.1029/2009GL039627.
14. Childs, C., Manzocchi, T., Walsh, J.J., Bonson, C.G., Nicol, A., Schöpfer, M.P.J., A geometric model of fault zone and fault rock thickness variations. J. Struct. Geol. 31 (2009), 117–127.
15. Di Toro, G., Nielsen, S., Pennacchioni, G., Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults. Nature 436 (2005), 1009–1012.
16. Doan, M.-L., Billi, A., High strain rate damage of Carrara marble. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(38), 2011, L19302, 10.1029/2011GL049169.
17. Doan, M.-L., D'Hour, V., Effect of initial damage on rock pulverization along faults. J. Struct. Geol. 45 (2012), 113–124, 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.05.006.
18. Doan, M.-L., Gary, G., Rock pulverisation at high strain rate near the San Andreas Fault. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), 709–712.
19. Dor, O., Ben-Zion, Y., Rockwell, T.K., Brune, J., Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault zone. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245 (2006), 642–654.
20. Fineberg, J., Gross, S., Marder, M., Swinney, H., Instability in the propagation of fast cracks. Phys. Rev. B 45 (1992), 5146–5154.
21. Fineberg, J., Marder, M., Instability in dynamic fracture. Phys. Rep. 313 (1999), 1–108.
22. Fondriest, M., Smith, S.A.F., Candela, T., Nielsen, S.B., Mair, K., Di Toro, G., Mirror-like faults and power dissipation during earthquakes. Geology 41 (2013), 1175–1178.
23. Fondriest, M., Aretusini, S., Di Toro, G., Smith, S.A.F., Fracturing and rock pulverization along an exhumed seismogenic fault zone in dolostones: the Foiana Fault Zone (Southern Alps Italy). Tectonophysics 654 (2015), 56–74.
24. Freund, L.B., Dynamic Fracture Mechanics. 1990, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
25. Gama, B.A., Lopatnikov, S.L., Gillespie, W.J., Hopkinson bar experimental technique: a critical review. Appl. Mech. Rev., 57(4), 2004, 223, 10.1115/1.1704626.
26. Grady, D.E., Kipp, M.E., Dynamic rock fragmentation. Atkinson, K., (eds.) Fracture Mechanics of Rock Academic Press Geology Series, 1987 London.
27. Gratier, J.-P., Renard, F., Vial, B., Postseismic pressure solution creep: evidence and time-dependent change from dynamic indenting experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 119 (2014), 2764–2779.
28. Griffith, W.A., Rosakis, A., Pollard, D.D., Ko, C.W., Dynamic rupture experiments elucidate tensile crack development during propagating earthquake ruptures. Geology 37 (2009), 795–798.
29. Holzhausen, G.R., Johnson, A.M., Analyses of longitudinal splitting of uniaxially compressed rock cylinders. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 16 (1979), 163–177.
30. Mitcham, T.W., Origin of breccia pipes. Econ. Geol. 69 (1974), 412–413.
31. Mitchell, T.M., Ben-Zion, Y., Shimamoto, T., Pulverized fault rocks and damage asymmetry along the Arima Takatsuki Tectonic Line, Japan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308 (2011), 284–297.
32. Peng, S., Johnson, A.M., Crack growth and faulting in cylindrical specimens of Chelmsford granite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr, 1972, 10.1016/01489062(72)90050–2.
33. Phillips, W.J., Hydraulic fracturing and mineralization. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 128 (1972), 337–359.
34. Pittarello, L., Di Toro, G., Bizzarri, A., Pennacchioni, G., Hadizadeh, J., Cocco, M., Energy partitioning during seismic slip in pseudotachylyte-bearing faults (Gole Larghe Fault, Adamello, Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 269 (2008), 131–139.
35. Prosser, G., Strike-slip movements and thrusting along a transpressive fault zone: the North Giudicarie line (Insubric line, northern Italy). Tectonics 17 (1998), 921–937.
36. Reches, Z., Dewers, T.A., Gouge formation by dynamic pulverization during earthquake rupture. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235 (2005), 361–374.
37. Rowe, C.D., Griffith, W.A., Do faults preserve a record of seismic slip: a second opinion. J. Struct. Geol., 78, 2015, 10.1016/j.jsg.2015.06.006.
38. Sagy, A., Reches, Z., Roman, I., Dynamic fracturing: field and experimental observations. J. Struct. Geol. 23 (2001), 1223–1239.
39. Sagy, A., Fineberg, J., Reches, Z., Shatter cones: Branched, rapid fractures formed by shock impact. J. Geophys. Res. B, Solid Earth 109:10 (2004), 1–20, 10.1029/2004JB003016.
40. Salvini, F., Billi, A., Wise, D.U., Strike-slip fault-propagation cleavage in carbonate rocks: the Mattinata Fault Zone, Southern Apennines, Italy. J. Struct. Geol. 21 (1999), 1731–1749.
41. Schindelin, J., Arganda Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., Tinevez, J.Y., White, D.J., Hartenstein, V., Eliceiri, K., Tomancak, P., Cardona, A., Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9:7 (2012), 676–682, 10.1038/nmeth.2019.
42. Scholz, C.H., The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
43. Shipton, Z.K., Evans, J.P., Abercrombie, R.E., Brodsky, E.E., The missing sinks: slip localization in faults, damage zones, and the seismic energy budget. Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting American Geophysical Union Monograph, 2006, 217–222.
44. Sibson, R.H., Brecciation processes in fault zones: inferences from earthquake rupturing. Pure Appl. Geophys. 124 (1986), 159–175.
45. Tarasewicz, J.P.T., Woodcock, N.H., Dickson, J.A.D., Carbonate dilation breccias: examples from the damage zone to the Dent Fault, northwest England. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117 (2005), 736–745.
46. Valoroso, L., Chiaraluce, L., Piccinini, D., Di Stefano, R., Schaff, D., Waldhauser, F., Radiography of a normal fault systemby 64,000 high-precision earthquake locations: the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) case study. J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth, 2013, 10.1002/jgrb.50130.
47. Voorn, M., Exner, U., Rath, A., Multiscale Hessian fracture filtering for the enhancement and segmentation of narrow fractures in 3D image data. Comput. Geosci. 57 (2013), 44–53.
48. Voorn, M., Exner, U., Barnhoorn, A., Baud, B., Reuschlé, T., Porosity, permeability and 3D fracture network characterisation of dolomite reservoir rock samples. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 127 (2015), 270–285.
49. Woodcock, N.H., Omma, J.E., Dickson, J.A.D., Chaotic breccia along the Dent Fault, NW England: implosion or collapse of a fault void?. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 163 (2006), 431–446.
50. Woodcock, N.H., Mort, K., Classification of fault breccias and related fault rocks. Geol. Mag. 145 (2008), 435–440.
51. Yuan, F., Prakash, V., Tullis, T., Origin of pulverized rocks during earthquake fault rupture. J. Geophys. Res., 116, 2011, B06309, 10.1029/2010JB007721.
52. Zhang, Q.B., Zhao, J., A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 47 (2014), 1411–1478.