Lung development and aging

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Volumn 13, Issue , 2016, Pages S438-S446

  Bush, Andrew ^a,b  

^a ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL BROMPTON AND HAREFIELD NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Asthma; Atopy; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Microbiome; Nicotine

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE; PESTICIDE;

AGING; AIR POLLUTION; ASTHMA; ATOPY; BIRTH; BIRTH WEIGHT; CHILD GROWTH; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEVELOPMENTAL GENE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LIFE; LIFE CYCLE; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LUNG ALVEOLUS; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG INFECTION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROBIOME; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL CARE; SPIROMETRY; TOBACCO; VIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; LUNG; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; PASSIVE SMOKING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

AGING; AIR POLLUTION; ASTHMA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUNG; MICROBIOTA; PESTICIDES; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION;

EID: 85008395034     PISSN: 23256621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201602-112AW     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (145)

1. Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977;1:1645-1648.
2. Gauderman WJ, Urman R, Avol E, Berhane K, McConnell R, Rappaport E, Chang R, Lurmann F, Gilliland F. Association of improved air quality with lung development in children. N Engl J Med 2015;372:905-913.
3. Svanes C, Sunyer J, Plana E, Dharmage S, Heinrich J, Jarvis D, de Marco R, Norbäck D, Raherison C, Villani S, et al. Early life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2010;65:14-20.
4. Barnes N, Bush A. Howling for the moon. Thorax 2011;66:645-646.
5. van Diemen CC, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Bruinenberg M, Schouten JP, Boezen HM. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 polymorphisms and lung function decline in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:329-333.
6. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Ip MS, Zheng J, et al.; ERS Global Lung Function Initiative. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 2012;40:1324-1343.
7. Ranganathan SC, Bush A, Dezateux C, Carr SB, Hoo AF, Lum S, Madge S, Price J, Stroobant J, Wade A, et al. Relative ability of full and partial forced expiratory maneuvers to identify diminished airway function in infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1350-1357.
8. Aurora P, Stocks J, Oliver C, Saunders C, Castle R, Chaziparasidis G, Bush A; London Cystic Fibrosis Collaboration. Quality control for spirometry in preschool children with and without lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:1152-1159.
9. Kho AT, Bhattacharya S, Tantisira KG, Carey VJ, Gaedigk R, Leeder JS, Kohane IS, Weiss ST, Mariani TJ. Transcriptomic analysis of human lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181: 54-63.
10. Roth-Kleiner M, Post M. Similarities and dissimilarities of branching and septation during lung development. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005;40: 113-134.
11. Herriges M, Morrisey EE. Lung development: orchestrating the generation and regeneration of a complex organ. Development 2014;141:502-513.
12. Li YF, Langholz B, Salam MT, Gilliland FD. Maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns are associated with early childhood asthma. Chest 2005;127:1232-1241.
13. Magnus MC, Håberg SE, Karlstad Ø, Nafstad P, London SJ, Nystad W. Grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother and asthma in the grandchild: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Thorax 2015;70:237-243.
14. Rusconi F, Galassi C, Forastiere F, Bellasio M, De Sario M, Ciccone G, Brunetti L, Chellini E, Corbo G, La Grutta S, et al. Maternal complications and procedures in pregnancy and at birth and wheezing phenotypes in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:16-21.
15. Lee A, Wright RJ. Prenatal stress and childhood asthma risk: taking a broader view. Eur Respir J 2016;47:406-409.
16. Murdzoska J, Devadason SG, Khoo S-K, Landau LI, Young S, Goldblatt J, Zhang G, Le Souëf PN, Hayden CM. In utero smoke exposure and role of maternal and infant glutathione s-transferase genes on airway responsiveness and lung function in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:64-71.
17. Morales E, Garcia-Esteban R, de la Cruz OA, Basterrechea M, Lertxundi A, de Dicastillo MD, Zabaleta C, Sunyer J. Intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function at preschool age. Thorax 2015;70:64-73.
18. Leon Hsu HH, Mathilda Chiu YH, Coull BA, Kloog I, Schwartz J, Lee A, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Prenatal particulate air pollution and asthma onset in urban children: identifying sensitive windows and sex differences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:1052-1059.
19. Sack C, Goss CH. It starts at the beginning: effect of particulate matter in utero. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:1025-1026.
20. Stick SM, Burton PR, Gurrin L, Sly PD, LeSouëf PN. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants. Lancet 1996;348: 1060-1064.
21. Shaheen SO, Macdonald-Wallis C, Lawlor DA, Henderson AJ. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, respiratory outcomes and atopy in childhood. Eur Respir J 2016;47:156-165.
22. Sekhon HS, Keller JA, Proskocil BJ, Martin EL, Spindel ER. Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung: association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:31-41.
23. Fu XW, Wood K, Spindel ER. Prenatal nicotine exposure increases GABA signaling and mucin expression in airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011;44:222-229.
24. Wongtrakool C, Wang N, Hyde DM, Roman J, Spindel ER. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through a7 nicotinic receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012;46:695-702.
25. Saglani S, Malmström K, Pelkonen AS, Malmberg LP, Lindahl H, Kajosaari M, Turpeinen M, Rogers AV, Payne DN, Bush A, et al. Airway remodeling and inflammation in symptomatic infants with reversible airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171: 722-727.
26. Elliot J, Carroll N, Bosco M, McCrohan M, Robinson P. Increased airway responsiveness and decreased alveolar attachment points following in utero smoke exposure in the guinea pig. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:140-144.
27. Elliot J, Vullermin P, Robinson P. Maternal cigarette smoking is associated with increased inner airway wall thickness in children who die from sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:802-806.
28. Devereux G, Barker RN, Seaton A. Antenatal determinants of neonatal immune responses to allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32:43-50.
29. Copenhaver CC, Gern JE, Li Z, Shult PA, Rosenthal LA, Mikus LD, Kirk CJ, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Tisler CJ, et al. Cytokine response patterns, exposure to viruses, and respiratory infections in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:175-180.
30. Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Pappas TE, Printz MC, Lee WM, Shult PA, Reisdorf E, et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:667-672.
31. Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-likereceptor- mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J 2006;28: 721-729.
32. Mu M, Ye S, Bai M-J, Liu GL, Tong Y, Wang SF, Sheng J. Birth weight and subsequent risk of asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2014;23:511-519.
33. Edwards CA, Osman LM, Godden DJ, Campbell DM, Douglas JG. Relationship between birth weight and adult lung function: controlling for maternal factors. Thorax 2003;58: 1061-1065.
34. Cox B, Martens E, Nemery B, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS. Impact of a stepwise introduction of smoke-free legislation on the rate of preterm births: analysis of routinely collected birth data. BMJ 2013;346:f441.
35. Kotecha SJ, Edwards MO, Watkins WJ, Henderson AJ, Paranjothy S, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S. Effect of preterm birth on later FEV1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2013;68:760-766.
36. Pelkonen AS, Hakulinen AL, Turpeinen M. Bronchial lability and responsiveness in school children born very preterm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1178-1184.
37. Islam JY, Keller RL, Aschner JL, Hartert TV, Moore PE. Understanding the short- and long-term respiratory outcomes of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192: 134-156.
38. Kotecha SJ, Watkins WJ, Paranjothy S, Dunstan FD, Henderson AJ, Kotecha S. Effect of late preterm birth on longitudinal lung spirometry in school age children and adolescents. Thorax 2012;67:54-61.
39. Harju M, Keski-Nisula L, Georgiadis L, Räisänen S, Gissler M, Heinonen S. The burden of childhood asthma and late preterm and early term births. J Pediatr 2014;164:295-9.e1.
40. Vogt H, Lindström K, Bråbäck L, Hjern A. Preterm birth and inhaled corticosteroid use in 6- to 19-year-olds: a Swedish national cohort study. Pediatrics 2011;127:1052-1059.
41. Damgaard AL, Hansen BM, Mathiasen R, Buchvald F, Lange T, Greisen G. Prematurity and prescription asthma medication from childhood to young adulthood: a Danish national cohort study. Plos One 2015;10:e0117253.
42. Narang I, Rosenthal M, Cremonesini D, Silverman M, Bush A. Longitudinal evaluation of airway function 21 years after preterm birth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:74-80.
43. Diaz-Rosello JL, Gisore P, Niermeyer S, Paul VK, Quiroga A, Saugstad OL, Silvestre MA, Singhal N, Sugiura T, Uxa F. Guidelines on basic newborn resuscitation 2012. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2012.
44. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Sánchez PJ, Van Meurs KP, Wyckoff M, et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993-2012. JAMA 2015;314:1039-1051.
45. Simpson SJ, Hall GL, Wilson AC. Lung function following very preterm birth in the era of 'new' bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respirology 2015;20:535-540.
46. Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38:629-633.
47. Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:634-642.
48. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:11971-11975.
49. van Nimwegen FA, Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, Kerkhof M, Reijmerink NE, Dompeling E, van den Brandt PA, Ferreira I, et al. Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:948-55.e1, 3.
50. Lowe LA, Simpson A, Woodcock A, Morris J, Murray CS, Custovic A; NAC Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study Group. Wheeze phenotypes and lung function in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:231-237.
51. Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Holberg CJ, Guilbert TW, Taussig LM, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1253-1258.
52. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Wiecek EM, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Herbison GP, Silva PA, Poulton R. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1414-1422.
53. Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A, Hibbert M, Carlin JB, Bowes G, Olinsky A. Childhood asthma and lung function in mid-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997;23:14-20.
54. Bush A. COPD: a pediatric disease. COPD 2008;5:53-67.
55. Vollsæter M, Røksund OD, Eide GE, Markestad T, Halvorsen T. Lung function after preterm birth: development from mid-childhood to adulthood. Thorax 2013;68:767-776.
56. Turner SW, Young S, Goldblatt J, Landau LI, Le Souëf PN. Childhood asthma and increased airway responsiveness: a relationship that begins in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:98-104.
57. Young S, Le Souëf PN, Geelhoed GC, Stick SM, Turner KJ, Landau LI. The influence of a family history of asthma and parental smoking on airway responsiveness in early infancy. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1168-1173.
58. Clarke JR, Salmon B, Silverman M. Bronchial responsiveness in the neonatal period as a risk factor for wheezing in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1434-1440.
59. Bisgaard H, Jensen SM, Bønnelykke K. Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:1183-1189.
60. Wilson NM, Lamprill JR, Mak JCW, Clarke JR, Bush A, Silverman M. Symptoms, lung function, and beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in a birth cohort followed for 10 years. Pediatr Pulmonol 2004;38:75-81.
61. Turner SW, Palmer LJ, Rye PJ, Gibson NA, Judge PK, Cox M, Young S, Goldblatt J, Landau LI, Le Souëf PN. The relationship between infant airway function, childhood airway responsiveness, and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:921-927.
62. Cox DW, Mullane D, Zhang GC, Turner SW, Hayden CM, Goldblatt J, Landau LI, Le Souëf PN. Longitudinal assessment of airway responsiveness from 1 month to 18 years in the PIAF birth cohort. Eur Respir J 2015;46:1654-1661.
63. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking: 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood. Thorax 1997;52:905-914.
64. Cook DG, Strachan DP. Health effects of passive smoking: 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children. Thorax 1997;52:1081-1094.
65. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking: 4. Parental smoking, middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children. Thorax 1998;53:50-56.
66. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking: 5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax 1998;53: 117-123.
67. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking: 6. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies. Thorax 1998;53:204-212.
68. Cook DG, Strachan DP, Carey IM. Health effects of passive smoking: 9. Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children. Thorax 1998;53:884-893.
69. Cook DG, Strachan DP. Health effects of passive smoking: 10. Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research. Thorax 1999;54:357-366.
70. Bush A. Health effects of passive smoking in children. In: Loddenkemper R, Kreuter M, editors. The tobacco epidemic, 2nd ed. Vol. 42 in Progress in respiratory research. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2015. pp. 97-109.
71. Guerra S, Stern DA, Zhou M, Sherrill DL, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Combined effects of parental and active smoking on early lung function deficits: a prospective study from birth to age 26 years. Thorax 2013;68:1021-1028.
72. Kulkarni N, Pierse N, Rushton L, Grigg J. Carbon in airway macrophages and lung function in children. N Engl J Med 2006;355:21-30.
73. Brauer M, Hoek G, Smit HA, de Jongste JC, Gerritsen J, Postma DS, Kerkhof M, Brunekreef B. Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort. Eur Respir J 2007;29: 879-888.
74. Rojas-Martinez R, Perez-Padilla R, Olaiz-Fernandez G, Mendoza-Alvarado L, Moreno-Macias H, Fortoul T, McDonnell W, Loomis D, Romieu I. Lung function growth in children with long-term exposure to air pollutants in Mexico City. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:377-384.
75. Heinzerling AP, Guarnieri MJ, Mann JK, Diaz JV, Thompson LM, Diaz A, Bruce NG, Smith KR, Balmes JR. Lung function in woodsmoke-exposed Guatemalan children following a chimney stove intervention. Thorax [online ahead of print] 10 Mar 2016; DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207783.
76. Raanan R, Balmes JR, Harley KG, Gunier RB, Magzamen S, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Decreased lung function in 7-year-old children with early-life organophosphate exposure. Thorax 2016;71:148-153.
77. Håland G, Carlsen KC, Sandvik L, Devulapalli CS, Munthe-Kaas MC, Pettersen M, Carlsen KH; ORAACLE. Reduced lung function at birth and the risk of asthma at 10 years of age. N Engl J Med 2006;355: 1682-1689.
78. Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, Niggemann B, Grüber C, Wahn U; Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS) group. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 2006;368:763-770.
79. Marinho S, Simpson A, Söderström L, Woodcock A, Ahlstedt S, Custovic A. Quantification of atopy and the probability of rhinitis in preschool children: a population-based birth cohort study. Allergy 2007;62:1379-1386.
80. Simpson A, Tan VY, Winn J, Svensén M, Bishop CM, Heckerman DE, Buchan I, Custovic A. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:1200-1206.
81. Belgrave DC, Buchan I, Bishop C, Lowe L, Simpson A, Custovic A. Trajectories of lung function during childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:1101-1109.
82. Covar RA, Spahn JD, Murphy JR, Szefler SJ; Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Progression of asthma measured by lung function in the childhood asthma management program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:234-241.
83. Turner SW, Young S, Landau LI, Le Souëf PN. Reduced lung function both before bronchiolitis and at 11 years. Arch Dis Child 2002;87: 417-420.
84. Stein RT, Sherrill D, Morgan WJ, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Taussig LM, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet 1999;354: 541-545.
85. Sigurs N, Aljassim F, Kjellman B, Robinson PD, Sigurbergsson F, Bjarnason R, Gustafsson PM. Asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe RSV bronchiolitis in the first year of life. Thorax 2010;65:1045-1052.
86. Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Tisler CJ, Pappas TE, Lee WM, Gern JE, Lemanske RF Jr. Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:281-285.
87. Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Bønnelykke K, Stokholm J, Baty F, Skytt NL, Aniscenko J, Kebadze T, Johnston SL. Association of bacteria and viruses with wheezy episodes in young children: prospective birth cohort study. BMJ 2010;341:c4978.
88. Hilty M, Burke C, Pedro H, Cardenas P, Bush A, Bossley C, Davies J, Ervine A, Poulter L, Pachter L, et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. Plos One 2010;5:e8578.
89. Følsgaard NV, Schjørring S, Chawes BL, Rasmussen MA, Krogfelt KA, Brix S, Bisgaard H. Pathogenic bacteria colonizing the airways in asymptomatic neonates stimulates topical inflammatory mediator release. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:589-595.
90. von Linstow ML, Schønning K, Hoegh AM, Sevelsted A, Vissing NH, Bisgaard H. Neonatal airway colonization is associated with troublesome lung symptoms in infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:1041-1042.
91. Vissing NH, Chawes BL, Bisgaard H. Increased risk of pneumonia and bronchiolitis after bacterial colonization of the airways as neonates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:1246-1252.
92. Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, Genuneit J, Cookson WO, Braun-Fahrländer C, Heederik D, Piarroux R, von Mutius E; GABRIELA Transregio 22 Study Group. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. N Engl J Med 2011;364: 701-709.
93. Herbst T, Sichelstiel A, Schär C, Yadava K, Bürki K, Cahenzli J, McCoy K, Marsland BJ, Harris NL. Dysregulation of allergic airway inflammation in the absence of microbial colonization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;184:198-205.
94. Arnold IC, Dehzad N, Reuter S, Martin H, Becher B, Taube C, Müller A. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2011;121:3088-3093.
95. Preston JA, Thorburn AN, Starkey MR, Beckett EL, Horvat JC, Wade MA, O'Sullivan BJ, Thomas R, Beagley KW, Gibson PG, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae infection suppresses allergic airways disease by inducing regulatory T-cells. Eur Respir J 2011;37:53-64.
96. Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM, Arends LR, de Jongste JC, Annesi-Maesano I, Arshad SH, Barros H, Basterrechea M, Bisgaard H, Chatzi L, Corpeleijn E, et al. Preterm birth, infant weight gain, and childhood asthma risk: a meta-analysis of 147, 000 European children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:1317-1329.
97. Sonnenschein-van der Voort AMM, Howe LD, Granell R, Duijts L, Sterne JA, Tilling K, Henderson AJ. Influence of childhood growth on asthma and lung function in adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:1435-43.e7.
98. Vestbo J, Edwards LD, Scanlon PD, Yates JC, Agusti A, Bakke P, Calverley PM, Celli B, Coxson HO, Crim C, et al.; ECLIPSE Investigators. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time in COPD. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1184-1192.
99. Casanova C, de Torres JP, Aguirre-Jaíme A, Pinto-Plata V, Marin JM, Cordoba E, Baz R, Cote C, Celli BR. The progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is heterogeneous: the experience of the BODE cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;184:1015-1021.
100. Tagiyeva N, Devereux G, Fielding S, Turner S, Douglas G. Outcomes of childhood asthma and wheezy bronchitis: a 50-year cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:23-30.
101. Tai A, Tran H, Roberts M, Clarke N, Wilson J, Robertson CF. The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2014;69:805-810.
102. Rice MB, Ljungman PL, Wilker EH, Dorans KS, Gold DR, Schwartz J, Koutrakis P, Washko GR, O'Connor GT, Mittleman MA. Long-term exposure to traffic emissions and fine particulate matter and lung function decline in the Framingham heart study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;191:656-664.
103. van Veen IH, Ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Sont JK, Gauw SA, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Exhaled nitric oxide predicts lung function decline in difficult-totreat asthma. Eur Respir J 2008;32:344-349.
104. O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Lamm CJ, Tan WC, Busse WW; START Investigators Group. Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:19-24.
105. Grol MH, Gerritsen J, Vonk JM, Schouten JP, Koëter GH, Rijcken B, Postma DS. Risk factors for growth and decline of lung function in asthmatic individuals up to age 42 years: a 30-year follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:1830-1837.
106. Grol MH, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Schouten JP, Rijcken B, Koëter GH, Gerritsen J. Risk factors from childhood to adulthood for bronchial responsiveness at age 32-42 yr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:150-156.
107. Boucherat O, Morissette MC, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Maltais F. Bridging lung development with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relevance of developmental pathways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:362-375.
108. Wain LV, Shrine N, Miller S, Jackson VE, Ntalla I, Soler Artigas M, Billington CK, Kheirallah AK, Allen R, Cook JP, et al.; UK Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC); OxGSK Consortium. Novel insights into the genetics of smoking behaviour, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UK BiLEVE): a genetic association study in UK Biobank. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3: 769-781.
109. Obeidat M, Hao K, Bossé Y, Nickle DC, Nie Y, Postma DS, Laviolette M, Sandford AJ, Daley DD, Hogg JC, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying variations in lung function: a systems genetics analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:782-795.
110. Haitchi HM, Powell RM, Shaw TJ, Howarth PH, Wilson SJ, Wilson DI, Holgate ST, Davies DE. ADAM33 expression in asthmatic airways and human embryonic lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171: 958-965.
111. Haitchi HM, Bassett DJP, Bucchieri F, Gao X, Powell RM, Hanley NA, Wilson DI, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Induction of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 during embryonic lung development and the influence of IL-13 or maternal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:590-597, 597.e1-11.
112. Reijmerink NE, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Gerritsen J, de Jongste JC, Smit HA, Brunekreef B, Postma DS. Smoke exposure interacts with ADAM33 polymorphisms in the development of lung function and hyperresponsiveness. Allergy 2009;64:898-904.
113. Simpson A, Maniatis N, Jury F, Cakebread JA, Lowe LA, Holgate ST, Woodcock A, Ollier WE, Collins A, Custovic A, et al. Polymorphisms in a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) predict impaired early-life lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:55-60.
114. Lee J-Y, Park S-W, Chang HK, Kim HY, Rhim T, Lee JH, Jang AS, Koh ES, Park CS. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 protein in patients with asthma: relevance to airflow limitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:729-735.
115. Zhang G, Hayden CM, Khoo SK, Laing IA, Turner S, Landau L, Goldblatt J, Le Souëf PN. Association of haplotypes of beta2- adrenoceptor polymorphisms with lung function and airway responsiveness in a pediatric cohort. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006;41: 1233-1241.
116. Matheson MC, Ellis JA, Raven J, Johns DP, Walters EH, Abramson MJ. Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with asthma and COPD in adults. J Hum Genet 2006;51:943-951.
117. Hall IP, Blakey JD, Al Balushi KA, Wheatley A, Sayers I, Pembrey ME, Ring SM, McArdle WL, Strachan DP. b2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and asthma from childhood to middle age in the British 1958 birth cohort: a genetic association study. Lancet 2006; 368:771-779.
118. Kerkhof M, Boezen HM, Granell R, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, Smit HA, de Jongste JC, Thijs C, Mommers M, Penders J, et al. Transient early wheeze and lung function in early childhood associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:68-76.e1, 4.
119. Park HY, Churg A, Wright JL, Li Y, Tam S, Man SF, Tashkin D, Wise RA, Connett JE, Sin DD. Club cell protein 16 and disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:1413-1419.
120. Guerra S, Halonen M, Vasquez MM, Spangenberg A, Stern DA, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Lavi I, Tarès L, Carsin AE, et al. Relation between circulating CC16 concentrations, lung function, and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across the lifespan: a prospective study. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:613-620.
121. Loth DW, Soler Artigas M, Gharib SA, Wain LV, Franceschini N, Koch B, Pottinger TD, Smith AV, Duan Q, Oldmeadow C, et al. Genomewide association analysis identifies six new loci associated with forced vital capacity. Nat Genet 2014;46:669-677.
122. Repapi E, Sayers I, Wain LV, Burton PR, Johnson T, Obeidat M, Zhao JH, Ramasamy A, Zhai G, Vitart V, et al.; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; NSHD Respiratory Study Team. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet 2010;42:36-44.
123. Hancock DB, Eijgelsheim M, Wilk JB, Gharib SA, Loehr LR, Marciante KD, Franceschini N, van Durme YM, Chen TH, Barr RG, et al. Metaanalyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple loci associated with pulmonary function. Nat Genet 2010;42:45-52.
124. Lee JH, Cho MH, Hersh CP, McDonald ML, Crapo JD, Bakke PS, Gulsvik A, Comellas AP, Wendt CH, Lomas DA, et al.; COPDGene and ECLIPSE Investigators. Genetic susceptibility for chronic bronchitis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2014;15:113.
125. Cho MH, Castaldi PJ, Hersh CP, Hobbs BD, Barr RG, Tal-Singer R, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, San José Estépar R, Van Beek EJ, et al.; NETT Genetics, ECLIPSE, and COPDGene Investigators. A genome wide association study of emphysema and airway quantitative imaging phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:559-569.
126. Kong X, Cho MH, Anderson W, Coxson HO, Muller N, Washko G, Hoffman EA, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, Lomas DA, et al.; ECLIPSE Study NETT Investigators. Genome-wide association study identifies BICD1 as a susceptibility gene for emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:43-49.
127. Wilk JB, Shrine NRG, Loehr LR, Zhao JH, Manichaikul A, Lopez LM, Smith AV, Heckbert SR, Smolonska J, Tang W, et al. Genome-wide association studies identify CHRNA5/3 and HTR4 in the development of airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186:622-632.
128. Liao S-Y, Lin X, Christiani DC. Genome-wide association and network analysis of lung function in the Framingham Heart Study. Genet Epidemiol 2014;38:572-578.
129. Stoller JK, Aboussouan LS, Kanner RE, Wilson LA, Diaz P, Wise R; LOTT Research Group. Characteristics of alpha-1 antitrypsindeficient individuals in the long-term oxygen treatment trial and comparison with other subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015;12:1796-1804.
130. North TL, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper C, Deary IJ, Gallacher J, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Martin RM, Pattie A, Sayer AA, et al. A study of common Mendelian disease carriers across ageing British cohorts: metaanalyses reveal heterozygosity for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency increases respiratory capacity and height. J Med Genet 2016;53: 280-288.
131. Narayanan M, Owers-Bradley J, Beardsmore CS, Mada M, Ball I, Garipov R, Panesar KS, Kuehni CE, Spycher BD, Williams SE, et al. Alveolarization continues during childhood and adolescence: new evidence from helium-3 magnetic resonance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:186-191.
132. Frank L. Hyperoxic inhibition of newborn rat lung development: protection by deferoxamine. Free Radic Biol Med 1991;11:341-348.
133. Blanco LN, Frank L. The formation of alveoli in rat lung during the third and fourth postnatal weeks: effect of hyperoxia, dexamethasone, and deferoxamine. Pediatr Res 1993;34:334-340.
134. Maritz GS, Thomas RA. The influence of maternal nicotine exposure on the interalveolar septal status of neonatal rat lung. Cell Biol Int 1994;18:747-757.
135. Narayanan M. Assessment of lung alveolar development in childhood and adolesence using 3-Helium magnetic resonance [Ph.D. thesis]. Leicester, UK: University of Leicester; 2014.
136. Spindel ER, McEvoy CT. The role of nicotine in the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung development and childhood respiratory disease. implications for dangers of e-cigarettes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:486-494.
137. Narang I, Bush A, Rosenthal M. Gas transfer and pulmonary blood flow at rest and during exercise in adults 21 years after preterm birth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:339-345.
138. Narayanan M, Beardsmore CS, Owers-Bradley J, Dogaru CM, Mada M, Ball I, Garipov RR, Kuehni CE, Spycher BD, Silverman M. Catchup alveolarization in ex-preterm children: evidence from (3)He magnetic resonance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187: 1104-1109.
139. Verbanck S, Paiva M, Schuermans D, Malfroot A, Vincken W, Vanderhelst E. Acinar and conductive ventilation heterogeneity in severe CF lung disease: back to the model. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013;188:124-132.
140. Verbanck S, Paiva M, Schuermans D, Hanon S, Vincken W, Van Muylem A. Relationships between the lung clearance index and conductive and acinar ventilation heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012;112:782-790.
141. Yammine S, Schmidt A, Sutter O, Fouzas S, Singer F, Frey U, Latzin P. Functional evidence for continued alveolarisation in former preterms at school age? Eur Respir J 2016;47:147-155.
142. Fang S, Bagtharia R, Kumar R, Costeloe KL, Bush A, Millar MR, Adams GG. Pneumatocoele and conjunctivitis in a newborn. Lancet 2004;364:1610.
143. Llapur CJ, Martinez MR, Grassino PT, et al. Chronic hypoxia accentuates dysanaptic lung growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [online ahead of print] 3 Feb 2016; DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1851OC.
144. Quanjer PH, Steenbruggen I, van den Berg JW. Diagnosis of airways obstruction should be based on symptoms and an FEV1/FVC ratio below the lower limit of normal. BMJ 2016;352:i397.
145. Luoto JA, Elmståhl S, Wollmer P, Pihlsgård M. Incidence of airflow limitation in subjects 65-100 years of age. Eur Respir J 2016;47: 461-472.