Smart city or smart citizens? The Barcelona case

Journal of Strategy and Management

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 266-282

  Capdevila, Ignasi ^a   Zarlenga, Matías I ^b  

^a Paris School of Business   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Bottom up; Open collaborative spaces; Open data; Smart citizens; Smart city; Smart districts; Top down

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008201839     PISSN: 1755425X     EISSN: 17554268     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/JSMA-03-2015-0030     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. 22@ (2006), “What is 22@Barcelona?”, available at: www.22barcelona.com/index.php?lang=en (accessed March 18, 2015).
2. Al-Hader, M., Rodzi, A., Sharif, A.R. and Ahmad, N. (2009), “Smart city components architecture”, International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation, 2009, CSSim 09, pp. 93-97.
3. Almirall, E. and Wareham, J. (2008), “Living Labs and open innovation: roles and applicability”, The Electronic Journal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 21-46.
4. Arzberger, P., Schroeder, P., Beaulieu, A., Bowker, G., Casey, K., Laaksonen, L., Moorman, D.et al. (2004), “Science and government. An international framework to promote access to data”, Science, Vol. 303 No. 5665, pp. 1777-1778.
5. Bakici, T., Almirall, E. and Wareham, J. (2013), “A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 135-148.
6. Barcelona City Council (2010), 10 Anys De 22@: El Districte De La Innovació, Barcelona City Council, Barcelona.
7. Barcelona City Council (2014), “iBarcelona – Barcelona is “iCapital” of Europe”, available at: http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en, (accessed March 18, 2015).
8. Barcelona City Council (n.d.), “Barcelona open data project”, available at: http://opendata.bcn.cat/opendata/en/what-is-open-data (accessed March 18, 2015).
9. Barcelona Laboratori (2012), “ENoLL (European network of Living Labs) membership application”, available at: http://enoll.org/sites/enoll.org/files/045_ENoLL7W_ES_BcnLab.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
10. Begg, I. (1999), “Cities and competitiveness”, Urban Studies, Vol. 36 Nos 5-6, pp. 795-809.
11. Blaikie, N.W.H. (1991), “A critique of the use of triangulation in social research”, Quality & Quantity, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 115-136.
12. Breschi, S. and Lissoni, F. (2009), “Mobility of skilled workers and co-invention networks: an anatomy of localized knowledge flows”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 439-468.
13. Capdevila, I. (2014), “Different inter-organizational collaboration approaches in coworking spaces in Barcelona”, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2502816 (accessed July 17, 2015).
14. Caragliu, A., Bo, C.D. and Nijkamp, P. (2009), “Smart Cities in Europe”, Proceedings of the 3rd Central European Conference in Regional Science, Košice, October 7-9, available at: www.inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background documents/01_03_Nijkamp.pdf (accessed May 13, 2015).
15. Carrillo, F.J., Yigitcanlar, T., Velibeyoglu, K. and Martinez-Fernandez, C. (2008), “Rising knowledge cities: the role of urban knowledge precincts”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 12 No. 5, pp. 8-20.
16. Castells, M. (1996), The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
17. Chesbrough, H.W. (2003), Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA.
18. Chesbrough, H.W. and Appleyard, M.M.M. (2007), “Open innovation and strategy”, California Management Review, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 57-77.
19. Coe, A., Paquet, G. and Roy, J. (2001), “E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge”, Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 80-93.
20. Cruz i Gallach, H. and Martí Costa, M. (2010), “Conflictos urbanísticos y movilizaciones ciudadanas: reflexiones desde Barcelona”, Finisterra, Vol. 45 No. 90, pp. 111-132.
21. Cushman and Wakefield (2010), “European cities monitor”, available at: www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/ (accessed March 18, 2015).
22. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003), Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
23. Dodgson, M., Gann, D. and Salter, A. (2006), “The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation: the case of Procter & Gamble”, R&D Management, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 333-346.
24. Dutton, W.H. (1987), Wired Cities: Shaping the Future of Communications, Macmillan, London.
25. Dvir, R. and Pasher, E. (2004), “Innovation engines for knowledge cities: an innovation ecology perspective”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 16-27.
26. Edvinsson, L. (2006), “Aspects on the city as a knowledge tool”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 10 No. 5, pp. 6-13.
27. ENoLL (n.d.), “European network of Living Labs webpage”, available at: www.openlivinglabs.eu/
28. Ergazakis, K., Metaxiotis, K., Psarras, J. and Askounis, D. (2007), “An integrated decision support model for a knowledge city’s strategy formulation”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 11 No. 5, pp. 65-86.
29. European Commission (2014), “Barcelona is “iCapital” of Europe”, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-239_en.htm (accessed March 18, 2015).
30. Fayol, H. (1916), Administration Industrielle et Générale, Dunod, Paris.
31. Fetterman, D.M. (1989), Ethnography: Step by Step, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
32. Florida, R. (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, New York, NY.
33. Florida, R. (2008), Who’s Your City? How the Creative Economy is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life, Basic Books, New York, NY.
34. Gdaniec, C. (2000), “Cultural industries, information technology and the regeneration of post-industrial urban landscapes. Poblenou in Barcelona-a virtual city?”, GeoJournal, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 379-387.
35. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N. and Meijers, E. (2007), “Smart Cities – ranking of European medium-sized cities”, Vienna University of Technology, available at: http://research.ku.dk/search/?pure=files%2F37640170%2Fsmart_cities_final_report.pdf(accessed May 13, 2015).
36. Gil-Garcia, J.R., Pardo, T.A. and Aldama-Nalda, A. (2013), “Smart cities and smart governments: using information technologies to address urban challenges”, Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, dg.o 2013, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 296-297.
37. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine, New York, NY.
38. Hollands, R.G. (2008), “Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?”, City, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 303-320.
39. Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage, New York, NY.
40. Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y. and Zuiderwijk, A. (2012), “Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government”, Information Systems Management, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 258-268.
41. Kleine, M. (1990), “Beyond triangulation: ethnography, writing, and rhetoric”, Journal of Advanced Composition, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 117-125.
42. Komninos, N. (2002), Intelligent Cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems, and Digital Spaces, Spon Press, London.
43. Komninos, N. and Tsarchopoulos, P. (2013), “Toward intelligent thessaloniki: from an agglomeration of apps to smart districts”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 149-168.
44. Landry, C. (2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, Earthscan, London.
45. Lee, J.H., Hancock, M.G. and Hu, M.C. (2014), “Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: lessons from Seoul and San Francisco”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 89, pp. 80-99.
46. Lee, S., Han, J., Leem, Y. and Yigitcanlar, T. (2008), “Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea”, in Yigitcanlar, T., Velibeyoglu, K. and Baum, S. (Eds), Knowledge-Based Urban Development Planning and Applications in the Information Era, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, pp. 148-169.
47. Leon, N. (2008), “Attract and connect: the 22@ Barcelona innovation district and the internationalisation of Barcelona business”, Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 235-246.
48. Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H. and Yousef, W. (2012), “Modelling the smart city performance”, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 137-149.
49. Marti-Costa, M. and Pradel, M. (2011), “The knowledge city against urban creativity? Artists’ workshops and urban regeneration in Barcelona”, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 92-108.
50. Nam, T. and Pardo, T.A. (2011), “Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions”, Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference on Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times – dg.o 2011, p. 282.
51. Nemet, G.F. (2009), “Demand-pull, technology-push, and government-led incentives for non-incremental technical change”, Research Policy, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 700-709.
52. Oldenburg, R. (2002), Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories About the “Great Good Places” at the Heart of Our Communities, Da Capo Press, Cambridge, MA.
53. Oliva, A. (2004), “The 22@bcn activities district”, Barcelona Model. Management Booklets, 15, available at: www.aulabarcelona.org/atelier/rutes/22_bcn_-_activities_district.pdf(accessed March 18, 2015).
54. Powell, A. (2012), “Democratizing production through open source knowledge: from open software to open hardware”, Media, Culture & Society, Vol. 34 No. 6, pp. 691-708.
55. Sabatier, P.A. (1986), “Top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation research: a critical analysis and suggested synthesis”, Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 21-48.
56. Simon, H.A. (1962), “The architecture of complexity”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 106 No. 6, pp. 467-482.
57. Smart Citizen (n.d.) “Smart Citizen Project”, available at: https://smartcitizen.me (accessed March 20, 2015).
58. Stallman, R.M. (1985/2009), “The GNU manifesto”, in Stallman, R.M. and Gay, J., Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd ed., CreateSpace, Paramount, CA, pp. 33-41.
59. United Nations (2014), “World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision population database”, p. 32, available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
60. Vega, D., Cerda-Alabern, L., Navarro, L. and Meseguer, R. (2012), “Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi.net”, IEEE 8th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), pp. 612-619.
61. Von Hippel, E. (2005), Democratizing Innovation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
62. Washburn, D., Sindhu, U., Balaouras, S., Dines, R.A., Hayes, N.M. and Nelson, L.E. (2010), Helping CIOs Understand “Smart City” Initiatives: Defining the Smart City, Its Drivers, and the Role of the CIO., Cambridge, MA.
63. Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Free Press, New York, NY.
64. Whyte, W.F. and Whyte, K.K. (1984), Learning from the Field: A Guide from Experience, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.
65. Willke, H. (2007), Smart Governance: Governing the Global Knowledge Society, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt.
66. Yigitcanlar, T., Connor, K.O. and Westerman, C. (2008), “The making of knowledge cities: Melbourne’s knowledge-based urban development experience”, Cities, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 63-72.
67. Yin, R. (1984), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, SAGE, Newbury Park, CA.
68. Yovanof, G. and Hazapis, G. (2009), “An architectural framework and enabling wireless technologies for digital cities & intelligent urban environments”, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 445-463.
69. Zarlenga, M.I., Ulldemolins, J.R. and Morato, A.R. (2013), Cultural Clusters and Social Interaction Dynamics: The Case of Barcelona European Urban and Regional Studies 0969776413514592, 30 December, doi:10.1177/0969776413514592.