Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English

Language Variation and Change

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 141-174

  Schilling Estes, Natalie ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85007947062     PISSN: 09543945     EISSN: 14698021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954394500122021     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Andersen, Henning. (1988). Center and periphery: Adoption, diffusion, and spread. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical dialectology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 39-83.
2. Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan, & Sand, Lori. (1991). The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change 3: 241-264.
3. Barth, Fredrik. (1969). Introduction. In Fredrik Barth (ed.), Ethnicgroupsand boundaries: Thesocial organization of culture difference. New York: Little, Brown.
4. Bernstein, Cynthia. (1993). Measuring social causes of variation in Texas. American Speech 68: 227-240.
5. Bernstein, Cynthia, & Gregory, Elizabeth. (1994). The social distribution of glide-shortened /ai/ in LAGS. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference on Linguistics 50, Memphis, TN.
6. Billig, Michael, & Tajfel, Henri. (1973). Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology 3: 27-52.
7. Blu, Karen I. (1980). The Lumbee problem: The making of an American Indian people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Brewer, Jeutonne, & Reising, Robert W. (1982). Tokens in the pocosin: Lumbee English in North Carolina. American Speech 57: 108-120.
9. Chambers, J. K. (1973). Canadian raising. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18: 113-135.
10. Chambers, J. K. (1989). Canadian raising: Blocking, fronting, etc. American Speech 64: 75-88.
11. Chomsky, Noam, & Halle, Morris. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
12. Clifford, James. (1988). The predicament of culture: Twentieth-century ethnography, literature, and art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Dannenberg, Clare J. (1997). Towards the understanding of ethnic distinction and r-lessness in multiethnic Southern communities: A study of Lumbee Indian Vernacular English. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference on Linguistics 58, Lafayette, LA.
14. Dannenberg, Clare J., & Wolfram, Walt. (1998). Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Bes in Lumbee Vernacular English. American Speech 73: 153-159.
15. Dial, Adolph L. (1969-1971). Interviews conducted in connection with the Southeastern Indian Oral History Project, University of Florida.
16. Dial, Adolph L., & Eliades, David K. (1996). The onlyland I know: A history of the Lumbee Indians. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
17. Eckert, Penelope. (2000). Linguistic variation as social practice. Oxford: Blackwell.
18. Edwards, Walter. (1990). Phonetic differentiation between black and white speech in East-Side Detroit. Word 41: 203-218.
19. Edwards, Walter. (1992). Sociolinguistic behavior in a Detroit inner-city black neighborhood. Language in Society 21: 93-115.
20. Escure, Genevieve. (1982). Contrastive patterns of intragroup and intergroup interaction in the creole continuum of Belize. Language in Society 11: 239-264.
21. Evans, Medford. (1935). Southern ‘longi'. American Speech 10: 188-190.
22. Feagin, Crawford. (1994). Longi's a microcosm of Southern states speech. Paper presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation 23, Stanford, CA.
23. Freud, Sigmund. (1961). Civilization and its discontents (James Strachey, trans.) New York: Norton.
24. Giles, Howard. (1979). Ethnicity markers in speech. In Klaus R. Scherer & Howard Giles (Eds.), Social markers in speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 251-289.
25. Kerswill, Paul, & Williams, Ann. (2000). Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29: 65-115.
26. Kurath, Hans, & McDavid, Raven I., Jr. (1961). The pronunciation of English in the Atlantic states. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
27. Labov, William. (1963). The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19: 273-307.
28. Labov, William. (1973). The linguistic consequences of being a lame. Language in Society 2: 81-115.
29. Labov, William. (1980). The social origins of sound change. In William Labov (ed.), Locating language in time and space. New York: Academic. 251-266.
30. Labov, William. (1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2: 205-251.
31. Labov, William. (1991). The three dialects of English. In Penelope Eckert (ed.), Quantitative analyses of sound change in progress. New York: Academic. 1-44.
32. Labov, William. (1994). Principlesoflinguistic change. VolumeI: Internalfactors. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
33. Labov, William, Cohen, Paul, Robins, Clarence, & Lewis, John. (1968). A English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Final Report No. 3288, U. S. Office of Education.
34. Laferriere, Martha. (1979). Ethnicity in phonological variation and change. Language 55: 603-617.
35. LePage, R. B., & Tabouret-Keller, Andree. (1985). Acts of identity: Creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Locklear, Hayes Alan, Schilling-Estes, Natalie, Wolfram, Walt, & Dannenberg, Clare J. (1996). A dialect dictionary of Lumbee English. Raleigh: North Carolina Language and Life Project.
37. Lowry, D. (1952). No mystery (Lumbee Indians). The State (NC) 20/29: 24.
38. Maynor, Malinda. (1999). Sounds of faith.
39. McMillan, Hamilton. (1888). Sir Walter Raleighs Lost Colony. Wilson, NC: Advance Presses.
40. Meyerhoff, Miriam. (2001). Dynamics of differentiation: On social psychology and cases of language variation. In Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi, & Christopher Candlin (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and social theory. London: Longman. 61-87.
41. Miller, Jason. (1996). Mixed sociolinguistic alignment and ethnic identity: R-lessness in a Native American community. Master's thesis, North Carolina State University.
42. Milroy, James. (1982). Probing under the tip of the iceberg: Phonological normalisation and the shape of speech communities. In Suzanne Romaine (ed.), Sociolinguistic variation in speech communities. London: Arnold. 32-48.
43. Milroy, James, & Milroy, Lesley. (1985). Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21: 339-384.
44. Milroy, Lesley. (1980). Language and social networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
45. Milroy, Lesley. (1987). Observing and analysing natural language. Oxford: Blackwell.
46. Suzanne Wertheim, Ashlee C. Bailey, & Monica Corston-Oliver (Eds.), Engendering communication: Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group. 361-376.
47. Montgomery, Michael. (2000). Isolation as a linguistic construct. Southern Journal of Linguistics 24: 41-53.
48. Mufwene, Salikoko S. (1997). The ecology of Gullah's survival. American Speech 72: 69-83.
49. Muhlhausler, Peter. (1989). On the causes of accelerated linguistic change in the Pacific area. In Leiv Egil Breivik & Ernst Hakon Jahr (Eds.), Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 43). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 137-172.
50. Nichols, Patricia. (1983). Linguistic options and choices for black women in the rural South. In Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (Eds.), Language, gender, and society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. 54-68.
51. Oakes, Penelope, Haslam, S. Alexander, & Turner, John C. (1998). The role of prototypicality in group influence and cohesion: Contextual variation in the graded structure of social categories. In Stephen Worchel, J. Francisco Morales, Dario Paez, & Jean-Claude Deschamps (Eds.), tity: International perspectives. London: Sage. 75-92.
52. Rickford, John R. (1985). Ethnicity as a sociolinguistic boundary. American Speech 60: 90-125. Rickford, John R. (1999). African American Vernacular English. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
53. Rickford, John R. (1999). African American Vernacular English. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
54. Rickford, John R., & McNair-Knox, Faye. (1994). Adressee- and topic-influenced style shift. In Douglas Biber & Edward Finegan (Eds.), Sociolinguistic perspectives on register. New York: Oxford University Press. 235-276.
55. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. (1996). The linguistic and sociolinguistic status of /ay/in Outer Banks English. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
56. Schilling-Estes, Natalie, & Walt Wolfram. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language 75: 486-521.
57. Schneider, Edgar W. (1996). Introduction: Research trends in the study of American English. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Varieties of English around the world: Focus on the USA. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1-12.
58. Sider, Gerald M. (1993). LumbeeIndianhistories: Race, ethnicity, andIndianidentityin the southern United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Thomas, Erik R. (1995). Phonetic factors and perceptual reanalyses in sound change. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
60. Thomas, Erik R. (forthcoming). An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English (Publication of the American Dialect Society No. 85). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
61. Thomas, Erik R., & Bailey, Guy. (1994). The origins of monophthongal /ai/ in Southern speech. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference on Linguistics 50, Memphis, TN.
62. Trudgill, Peter. (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.
63. Trudgill, Peter. (1989). Contact and isolation in linguistic change. In Leiv Egil Breivik & Ernst Hakon Jahr (Eds.), Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 43). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 227-237.
64. Trudgill, Peter. (1992). Dialect typology and social structure. In Ernst Hakon Jahr (ed.), Language contact: Theoretical and empirical studies (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 60). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 195-211.
65. Trudgill, Peter. (forthcoming). Linguistic and social typology. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, & Natalie Schilling-Estes (Eds.), Handbook of variation and change. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
66. Wolf, Erik R. (1997). Europe and the people without history. Berkeley: University of California Press.
67. Wolfram, Walt. (1969). A linguistic description of Detroit Negro speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
68. Wolfram, Walt. (1974a). The relationship of White Southern speech to Vernacular Black English. Language 50: 498-527.
69. Wolfram, Walt. (1974b). Sociolinguistic aspects of assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
70. Wolfram, Walt. (1996). Delineation and description in dialectology. The case of ‘perfective’ I'm in Lumbee English. American Speech 71: 5-26.
71. Wolfram, Walt. (1999). The sociolinguistic construction of remnant dialects. Paper presented at Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Conference in Honor of Ron Macaulay, Claremont, CA.
72. Wolfram, Walt, & Dannenberg, Clare J. (1999). Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English. English World-Wide 20: 179-216.
73. Wolfram, Walt, & Schilling-Estes, Natalie. (1995). Moribund dialects and the endangerment canon: The case of the Ocracoke brogue. Language 71: 696-721.
74. Wolfram, Walt. (1996). On the social basis of phonetic resistance: The shifting status of Outer Banks /ay/. In Jennifer Arnold, Renee Blake, Brad Davidson, Scott Schwenter, & Julie Solomon (Eds.), Sociolinguistic variation: Data, theory and analysis. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 69-82.
75. Wolfram, Walt. (1998). American English: Dialects and variation. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
76. Wolfram, Walt. (forthcoming-b). Dialectology and linguistic diffusion. In Richard D. Janda & Brian D. Joseph (Eds.), Handbook of historical linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
77. Wolfram, Walt. (forthcoming-b). Remnant dialects in the coastal United States. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The legacyofcolonialEnglish: A studyoftransporteddialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Wolfram, Walt, Schilling-Estes, Natalie, Johnson, Roscoe, Peterson, James, & Hall, Yancey R. (1994). Dialect mixing and ethnic identityin Lumbee English. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference on Linguistics 50, Memphis, TN.
79. Wolfram, Walt, & Sellers, Jason. (1999). Ethnolinguistic marking in a tri-ethnic rural Southern community: Reconfiguring past tense be in Lumbee Vernacular English. Journal of English Linguistics 27: 94-114.