Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Be(S) in Lumbee English

American Speech

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 139-159

  Dannenberg, Clare ^a   Wolfram, Walt ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040556899     PISSN: 00031283     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/455737     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Atwood, E. Bagby. 1953. A Survey of Verb Forms in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P.
2. Bailey, Guy, and Marvin Bassett. 1986. "Invariant be in the Lower South." Language Variety in the South. Ed. Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 158-79.
3. Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. 1987. "Decreolization?" Language and Society 16: 449-74.
4. Bedford, A. Geoff. 1989. The Independent Republic: A Survey History of Horry County, South Carolina. Conway, SC: Horry County Historical Society.
5. Bernstein, Cynthia. 1988. "A Variant of 'Invariant' be." American Speech 63: 119-20.
6. Brewer, Jeutonne P., and Robert W. Reising. 1982. "Tokens in the Pocosin: Lumbee English in North Carolina." American Speech 57: 108-20.
7. Butters, Ronald R. 1989. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. Bamberger Beiträge zur Englischen Sprachwissenschaft 25. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
8. Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
9. Cukor-Avila, Patricia, and Guy Bailey. 1996. "The Spread of Urban AAVE: A Case Study." Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis. Ed. Jennifer Arnold, Renée Blake, Brad Davidson, Scott Schwenter, and Julie Solomon. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
10. Dannenberg, Clare. 1996. "Moving Toward a Diachronic and Synchronic Definition of Lumbee English." MA Thesis. North Carolina State U.
11. DARE. Dictionary of American Regional English. 1985-. Vol. 1 (A-C). Ed. Frederic G. Cassidy. Vols. 2 (D-H) and 3 (I-O). Ed. Frederic G. Cassidy and Joan Houston Hall. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, Harvard UP.
12. Dial, Adolph. 1993. The Lumbee. New York: Chelsea Ridge.
13. Ewers, Traute. 1996. The Origin of American Black English: Be-Forms in the Hoodoo Texts. Berlin: de Gruyter.
14. Fasold, Ralph W. 1969. "Tense and the Form be in Black English." Language 45: 763-76.
15. _. 1972. Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
16. Green, Lisa. 1995. "Study of Verb Classes in African American English." Linguistics and Education 7: 65-81.
17. Hyatt, Harry Middleton, ed. 1970-78. Hoodoo - Conjuration - Witchcraft - Rootwork. Beliefs Accepted by Many Negroes and White Persons. Those Being Orally Recorded among Whites and Blacks. 5 vols. Hannibal, MO: Elgin Hyatt Foundation.
18. Knick, Stanley. 1997. "The Context of the Lumbee." Unpublished ms.
19. Kovacik, Charles F., and John J. Winberry. 1987. South Carolina: The Making of a Landscape. Columbia: U of South Carolina P.
20. Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A Study of Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. 2 vols. USOE Final Report, Research Project No. 3288. Philadelphia: US Regional Survey.
21. Macafee, Caroline. 1989. "A Short Grammar of Older Scots." Appendix to the Older Scots Language Module, in The M.Phil.in Scottish Literature, U of Glasgow.
22. Miller, Jason. 1997. "Selective Convergence and Ethnic Identities: Evidence from Third Person -s in a Native American Community." Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting. Chicago, Jan.
23. Montgomery, Michael. 1994. "Copula/Auxiliary be in Hyatt's Hoodoo Transcripts." Paper presented at SECOL 50. Memphis, TN, 9 Apr.
24. Montgomery, Michael, and John Kirk. 1996. "The Origin of the Habitual Verb be in American Black English: Irish English or What?" Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 11: 308-34.
25. Montgomery, Michael, and Margaret Mishoe. Forthcoming. "The Verb bes in the Carolinas and Its History." American Speech 73.3.
26. Myhill, John. 1988. "The Rise of be as an Aspect Marker in Black English Vernacular." American Speech 63: 304-25.
27. Pederson, Lee, et al. 1986-92. Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. 7 vols. Athens: U of Georgia P.
28. Peterson, James Braxton. 1995. "Style Variation in the Sociolinguistic Interview: An Empirical Study of Interviewer Adaptation." MA Thesis. North Carolina State U.
29. Pyles, Thomas, and John Algeo. 1982. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 3rd ed. Orlando: Harcourt.
30. Orton, Harold, et al. 1962-71. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Material. 4 vols. Cambridge: Arnold.
31. Rickford, John. 1986. "Social Contact and Linguistic Diffusion." Language 62: 245-90.
32. Rydén, M., and S. Brorström. 1987. The Be/Have Variation with Intransitives in English. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
33. Sabban, Annette. 1984. "Investigations into the Syntax of Hebridean English." Scottish Language 3: 5-32.
34. Tagliamonte, Sali A. 1997. "Obsolescence in the English Perfect? Evidence from Samaná English." American Speech 72: 33-68.
35. Trudgill, Peter. 1990. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.
36. Upton, Clive, David Parry, and J. D. A. Widdowson. 1994. Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. London: Routledge.
37. Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
38. _. 1974a. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
39. _. 1974b. "The Relationship of White Southern Speech to Vernacular Black English." Language 50: 498-527.
40. _. 1991. Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
41. _. 1996. "Delineation and Description in Dialectology: The Case of Perfective I'm in Lumbee English." American Speech 71: 5-26.
42. Wolfram, Walt, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Roscoe Johnson, James Peterson, and Yancey R. Hall. 1994. "Dialect Mixing and Ethnic Identity: The Case of Lumbee English." Paper presentation at SECOL 50. Memphis, TN, 8 Apr.