Religion in the workplace: Correlates and consequences of individual behavior

Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 104-135

  Day, Nancy E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Individual Behaviour; Religion; Workplace

Indexed keywords

EID: 85007883098     PISSN: 14766086     EISSN: 1942258X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14766080509518568     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Allport, G. W., and Ross, J. M., 1967. Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5:432–433.
2. Angelidis, J. P., and Ibrahim, N. A., 2002. Practical Implications of Educational Background on Future Corporate Executives' Social Responsibility Orientation. Teaching Business Ethics, 6:117–126.
3. Angelidis, J. P., and Ibrahim, N. A., 2004. An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Degree of Religiousness Upon an Individual's Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 51:119–128.
4. Ashforth, B. E., and Mael, F., 1989. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14:20–39.
5. Ashforth, B. E., and Pratt, M. G., 2003. “ Institutionalized spirituality:an oxymoron? ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 93–107. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
6. Ashforth, B., and Vaidyanath, D., 2002. Work organizations as secular religions. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11:359–370.
7. Atkinson, W., 2000. Divine accommodations:religion in the workplace. Risk Management, 47:12–17.
8. Atkinson, W., 2004. Religion in the Workplace:Faith Versus Liability. Risk Management, 15 (12):18–23.
9. Barnett, T., Bass, K., and Brown, G., 1996. Religiosity, ethical ideology, and intentions to report a peer's wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 15:1161–1174.
10. Barrick, M. R., and Mount, M. K., 1991. The big five personality dimensions and job performance:a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44:1–26.
11. Baron, R. A., and Markman, G. D., 2000. Beyond social capital:how social skills can enhance entrepreneurs' success. Academy of Management Executive, 4:106–116.
12. Batson, C. D., and Schoenrade, P., 1991. Measuring religion as quest:validity concerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30:416–429.
13. Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P., and Ventis, W. L., 1993. Religion and the Individual New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
14. Braam, A. W., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., Smit, J. H., and van Tilburg, W., 1997. Religiosity as a protective or prognostic factor of depression in later life:results from a community survey in The Netherlands. Acta Pscyhiatrica Scandinavia, 96:199–205.
15. Brown, R. B., 2003. Organizational spirituality:the skeptic's version. Organization, 10 (2):393–400.
16. Buchholz, R. A., and Rosenthal, S. B., 2003. “ Spirituality, consumption, and business ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 152–180. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
17. Cacioppo, J. T., and Brandon, M. E., 2002. Religious involvement and health:complex determinism. Psychological Inquiry, 13:204–206.
18. Cash, K. C., and Gray, G. R., 2000. A framework for accommodating religion and spirituality in the workplace. Academy of Management Executive, 143:124–134.
19. Clark, J. W., and Dawson, L. E., 1996. Personal religiousness and ethical judgements:an empirical analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 15:359–372.
20. Conroy, S. J., and Emerson, T. L.N., 2004. Business ethics and religion:religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students. Journal of Business Ethics, 50:383–396.
21. Cooper, C. L., 1984. Executive stress:A ten-country comparison. Human Resource Management, 23:395–407.
22. Cooper, C. L., and Cartwright, S., 1994. Healthy mind, healthy organization—a proactive approach to occupational stress. Human Relations, 47:455–471.
23. Davidson, J. C., and Caddell, D. P., 1994. Religion and the meaning of work. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33:135–147.
24. Degroot, T., and Kiker, D. S., 2003. A meta-analysis of the non-monetary effects of employee health management programs. Human Resource Management, 42:53–69.
25. Dehler, G. E., and Welsh, M. A., 2003. “ The experience of work:Spirituality and the new workplace ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 108–122. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
26. Diener, E., and Clifton, D., 2002. Life satisfaction and religiosity in broad probability samples. Psychological Inquiry, 13:206–208.
27. Digh, P., 1998. Religion in the workplace:make a good-faith effort to accommodate. HRMagazine, 43:84–92. Dec.
28. Donahue, M. J., 1985. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness:review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48:400–419.
29. Exline, J. J., 2002. Stumbling blocks on the religious road:fractured relationships, nagging vices, and the inner struggle to believe. Psychological Inquiry, 13:182–189.
30. Fearn, M., Lewis, C. A., and Francis, L. J., 2003. Religion and personality among religious studies students:a replication. Psychological Reports, 93:819–822.
31. Fehring, R. J., Miller, J. F., and Shaw, C., 1997. Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression and other mood states in elderly people coping with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24:663–671.
32. Ferriani, N. A., and Batson, C. D., 1990. Religious orientation and traditional versus charismatic Bible study:a validation study University of Kansas. Unpublished manuscript
33. Francis, L. J., 1985. “ Personality and religion:theory and measurement in the psychology of religion ”. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Edited by:Brown, L. B., 171–184. New York:Pergamon Press.
34. Fredrickson, B. L., 2002. How does religion benefit health and well-being? Are positive emotions active ingredients. Psychological Inquiry, 13:209–213.
35. Fullterton, H. N., and Toossi, M., 2001. Labor force projections to 2010:steady growth and changing composition. Monthly Labor Review, 124 (11):21–38.
36. Geller, A., 2003. Religion can create tension in the workplace. St. Joseph News-Press, January 25, C-1-C-2
37. George, L. K., Ellison, C. G., and Larson, D. B., 2002. Explaining the relationship between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry, 13:190–200.
38. Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 2003a. “ Toward a science of workplace spirituality ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 3–28. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
39. Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 2003b. Right from wrong:the influence of spirituality on perceptions of unethical business activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 46:85–97.
40. Giorgi, L., and Marsh, C., 1991. The Protestant work ethic as a cultural phenomenon. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20:499–517.
41. Glock, C. Y., 1959. “ The sociology of religion ”. In Sociology Today:Problems and Prospects Edited by:Merton, R., Bloom, L., and Cotrell, L., 153–177. New York:Basic Books.
42. Glock, C. Y., and Stark, R., 1965. Religion and Society in Tension Chicago:Rand McNally.
43. Gorsuch, R. L., and Mcpherson, S. E., 1987. Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement:I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28:348–354.
44. Gottfredson, L. L., 1986. Societal consequences of the g factor in employment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29:379–410.
45. Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L. M., and Hausdorf, P. A., 2001. Understanding the links between work commitment constructs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58:392–413.
46. Heneman, H. G., and Judge, T. A., 2003. Staffing Organizations Middleton, WI:McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
47. Hicks, D. A., 2003. Religion and The Workplace:Pluralism, Spirituality, Leadership Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
48. Hill, P. C., and Hood, R. W., eds. 1999. Measures of Religiosity Birmingham, AL:Religious Education Press.
49. Hill, P. C., and Smith, G. S., 2003. “ Coming to terms with spirituality and religion in the workplace ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 231–243. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
50. Hill, P. C., and Pargament, K. I., 2003. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality:implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58:64–74.
51. Hoge, D. R., and De Zulueta, E., 1985. Salience as a condition for various social consequences of religious commitment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24:1–118.
52. Hogg, M. A., and Terry, D. J., 2000. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25:121–140.
53. HRMagazine (1996) Eleven steps to a more spiritual company, April:86
54. Hunter, J. E., 1986. Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29:340–362.
55. Ivancevich, J. M., and Matteson, M. T., 1980. Optimizing human resources:a case for preventive health and stress management. Organizational Dynamics, 9:4–10.
56. James, W., 2003. The Varieties of Religious Experience New York:New American Library.
57. Joiner, T.E., Jr., Perez, M., and Walker, R. L., 2002. Playing devil's advocate:why not conclude that the relation of religiosity to mental health reduces to mundane mediators. Psychological Inquiry, 13:214–216.
58. Kark, J. D., Carmel, S., Sinnreich, R., Goldberger, N., and Friedlander, Y., 1996. Psychosocial factors among members of religious and secular kibbutzim. Israel Journal of Medical Science, 32:185–194.
59. Kark, J. D., Shemi, G., Friedlander, Y., Martin, O., Manor, O., and Blondheim, S. H., 1996. Does religious observance promote health? Mortality in secular vs. religious kibbutzim in Israel. American Journal of Public Health, 86:341–346.
60. Kennedy, E. J., and Lawton, L., 1998. Religiousness and business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17:163–175.
61. Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., and Larson, D. B., 2001. Handbook of Religion and Health New York:Oxford University Press.
62. Kojetin, B. A., McIntosh, D. N., Bridges, R. A., and Spilka, B., 1987. Quest:constructive search or religious conflict. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 16:111–115.
63. Kreitner, R., and Kinicki, A., 2004. Organizational Behavior (), 6th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
64. Landy, F. J., and Shankster, L. J., 1994. Personnel selection and placement. Annual Review of Psychology, 45:261–296.
65. Lechner, P. I., 1990. Application of theory and research on cognitive schemata to the concept of God. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50 (10):5298–5299.
66. Lindsay, R. A., and Bach, E. H., 1999. “ SHRM white paper:prohibiting discrimination based on religion:an employer's obligation ”. In Religion in the Workplace Survey Alexandria, VA:Society for Human Resource Management.
67. Lips-Wiersma, M., 2003. Making conscious choices in doing research on workplace spirituality:utilizing the holistic development model to articulate values, assumptions and dogmas of the knower. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16:406–425.
68. Lund-Dean, K., Fornaciari, C. J., and Mcgee, J., 2003. Research in spirituality, religion, and work:walking the line between relevance and legitimacy. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16:378–395.
69. Mackie, K. S., Holahan, C. K., and Gottlieb, N. H., 2001. Employee involvement management practices, work stress, and depression in employees of a human services residential care facility. Human Relations, 54:1065–1092.
70. Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A., Scott, E., Emery, E., and Rye, M., 1999. Marriage and the spiritual realm:the role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13:321–338.
71. Marler, P. L., and Hadaway, C. K., 2002. Being religious or being spiritual in America:a zero-sum proposition. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41:289–300.
72. Mathieu, J. E., and Zajac, D. M., 1990. A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108:171–194.
73. McDevitt, R., and Van Hise, J., 2002. Influences in ethical dilemmas of increasing intensity. Journal of Business Ethics, 40:261–274.
74. McIntosh, D. N., 1997. “ Religion-as-schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping ”. In The Psychology of Religion Edited by:Spilka, B., and McIntosh, D. N., 171–183. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press.
75. McKibbin, S., 1995. The soul of a corporation. Hospitals and Health Networks, 69:20–26.
76. Miller, W. R., and Thoresen, C. E., 2003. Spirituality, religion and health. American Psychologist, 58:24–35.
77. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., and Ferguson, J., 2003. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16:426–447.
78. Mitroff, I. I., 2003. Do not promote religion under the guise of spirituality. Organization, 10:375–382.
79. Mitroff, I. I., and Denton, E. A., 1999a. A Spiritual Audit of Corporate America:A Hard Look at Spirituality, Religion, and Values in The Workplace San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
80. Mitroff, I. I., and Denton, E. A., 1999b. A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40 (4):83–92.
81. Morgan, J. F., 2004. How should business respond to a more religious workplace. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 69 (4):11–19.
82. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., and Steers, R. M., 1982. Employee Organization Linkages:The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover New York:Academic Press,.
83. Norris, D. R., and Niebuhr, R. E., 1984. Attributional influences on the job performance-satisfaction relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 27:424–431.
84. Oldham, G. R., and Cummings, A., 1996. Employee creativity:personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39:607–634.
85. Paloutzian, R. F., Emmons, R. A., and Keortge, S. G., 2003. “ Spiritual well-being, spiritual intelligence, and health workplace policy ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 123–136. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
86. Pargament, K. I., 1997. The Psychology of Religion and Coping:Theory, Research and Practice New York:Guilford.
87. Pargament, K. I., 2002a. The bitter and the sweet:an evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13:168–181.
88. Pargament, K. I., 2002b. Is religion nothing but…? Explaining religion versus explaining religion away. Psychological Inquiry, 13:239–244.
89. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., and Perez, L. M., 2000. The many methods of religious coping:development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56:519–543.
90. Pargament, K. I., and Park, C. L., 1997. “ In times of stress:the religion-coping connection ”. In The Psychology of Religion Edited by:Spilka, B., and McIntosh, D. N., 43–53. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press.
91. Pargament, K. I., Tyler, F. B., and Steele, R. E., 1979. Is fit it? the relationship between church/synagogue member fit and the psychosocial competence of the member. Journal of Community Psychology, 7:243–252.
92. Paul, R. J., 2003. Managing employee depression in the workplace. Review of Business Jamaica, 24:31–37.
93. Pearlin, L., 2002. Some institutional and stress process perspectives on religion and health. Psychological Inquiry, 13:217–220.
94. Piedmont, R. L., 1999. Strategies for using the five-factor model of personality in religious research. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27:338–350.
95. Pizarro, D., and Salovey, P., 2002. Religious systems as emotionally intelligent organizations. Psychological Inquiry, 13:220–222.
96. Powell, L. H., Shahabi, L., and Thoresen, C. E., 2003. Religion and spirituality. American Psychologist, 58:36–52.
97. Ree, M. J., and Earles, J. A., 1991. Predicting training success:Not much more than g. Personnel Psychology, 44:321–332.
98. Rhodes, T. L., 2003. “ When the spirit moves you:Administration, law, and spirituality in the workplace ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 378–389. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
99. Riketta, M., 2002. Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23:257–266.
100. Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., and King, K., 1993. Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65:586–596.
101. Salgado, J. F., 1997. The five-factor model of personality and job performance in the European community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82:30–43.
102. Saroglou, V., 2002. Religion and the five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 32:15–25.
103. Scobie, G. E.W., 1975. Psychology of Religion London:Batsford.
104. Scott, S. G., and Bruce, R. A., 1994. Determinants of innovative behavior:A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37:580–607.
105. Seeman, T. E., Dubin, L. F., and Seeman, M., 2003. Religiosity/spirituality and health:a critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. American Psychologist, 58:53–63.
106. Shimron, Y., 2003. In the company with God. Kansas City Star, March 15, G-1, G-4
107. Simpson, J. A., 2002. The ultimate elixir. Psychological Inquiry, 13:226–229.
108. Slater, W., Hall, T. W., and Edwards, K. J., 2001. Measuring religion and spirituality:where are we and were are we going. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29:4–21.
109. Snibbe, A. C., and Markus, H. R., 2002. The psychology of religion and the religion of psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13:229–234.
110. Snyder, C. R., Sigmon, D. R., and Feldman, D. B., 2002. Hope for the sacred and vice versa:positive goal-directed thinking and religion. Psychological Inquiry, 13:234–238.
111. Society for Human Resource Management and Tannenbaum Center. 2001. Religion in the Workplace Survey Alexandria, VA:Society for Human Resource Management.
112. Sternberg, R. J., 2003. WICS:a model of leadership in organizations. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2:386–401.
113. Streyffeler, L. L., and McNally, R. J., 1998. Fundamentalists and liberals:personality characteristics of protestant Christians. Personality and Individual Differences, 24:579–580.
114. Taggar, S., 2002. Individual creativity and group ability to utilize individual creative resources:a multilevel approach. Academy of Management Journal, 45:315–330.
115. Taylor, A., and MacDonald, D. A., 1998. Religion and the five factor model of personality:a exploratory investigation using a Canadian university sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 27:1243–1259.
116. Tepper, B. J., 2003. “ Organizational citizenship behavior and the spiritual employee ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 181–190. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
117. Tett, R. P., and Meyer, J. P., 1993. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention and turnover:path analysis based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46:259–293.
118. Thompson, L., 2003. Improving the creativity of organizational work groups. Academy of Management Executive, 17:96–111.
119. Unsworth, K., 2001. Unpacking creativity. Academy of Management Review, 26:289–297.
120. Van Velsor, E., and Leslie, J. B., 1995. Why executives derail:perspectives across time and cultures. Academy of Management Executive, 9:62–72.
121. Vinchur, A. J., Schippmann, J. S., Switzer, F. A., and Roth, P. L., 1998. A meta-analysis of the predictors of job performance for salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83:586–597.
122. Weaver, G. R., and Agle, B. R., 2002. Religiosity and ethical behavior in organizations:a symbolic interactionist perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27:77–87.
123. Wolf, M., Friedman, B., and Sutherland, D., 1998. Religion in the Workplace:A Comprehensive Guide to Legal Rights and Responsibilities Chicago, IL:American Bar Association.
124. Worden, S., 2003. The role of religious and nationalist ethics in strategic leadership:the case of J.N. Tata. Journal of Business Ethics, 47:147–164.
125. Wrzesneiwski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., and Schwartz, B., 1997. Jobs, careers, and callings:people's relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31:21–33.
126. Zellars, K. L., and Perrewe, P. L., 2003. “ The role of spirituality in occupational stress and well-being ”. In Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Edited by:Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L., 300–313. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
127. Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B. R., Mark, S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., and Kadar, J. L., 1997. Religion and spirituality:unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36:549–564.