메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 213, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

Assessment of DNA markers for seed contamination testing and selection of disease resistance in cabbage

Author keywords

Brassica oleracea; Clubroot disease; Fusarium yellows; Marker assisted selection; S haplotype; SSR marker

Indexed keywords


EID: 85007564454     PISSN: 00142336     EISSN: 15735060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10681-016-1821-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (7)

References (43)
  • 2
    • 0001724251 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers based on pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, vegetative compatibility, and geographic origin
    • Bosland PW, Williams PH (1987) An evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers based on pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, vegetative compatibility, and geographic origin. Can J Bot 65:2067–2073. doi:10.1139/b87-282
    • (1987) Can J Bot , vol.65 , pp. 2067-2073
    • Bosland, P.W.1    Williams, P.H.2
  • 3
    • 84906689347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlOmsr%2FK, PID: 25146293
    • Chalhoub B, Denoeud F, Liu S, Parkin IA, Tang H, Wang X et al (2014) Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome. Science 345:950–953. doi:10.1126/science.1253435
    • (2014) Science , vol.345 , pp. 950-953
    • Chalhoub, B.1    Denoeud, F.2    Liu, S.3    Parkin, I.A.4    Tang, H.5    Wang, X.6
  • 4
    • 0034037803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAPD analysis of seed purity in a commercial hybrid cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtVyjsr4%3D, PID: 10791820
    • Crockett PA, Bhalla PL, Lee CK, Singh MB (2000) RAPD analysis of seed purity in a commercial hybrid cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar. Genome 43:317–321
    • (2000) Genome , vol.43 , pp. 317-321
    • Crockett, P.A.1    Bhalla, P.L.2    Lee, C.K.3    Singh, M.B.4
  • 5
    • 0002507335 scopus 로고
    • Variation in Plasmodiophora brassicae and resistance to clubroot disease in brassicas and allied crops—a critical review
    • Crute IR, Gray AR, Crisp P, Buczacki ST (1980) Variation in Plasmodiophora brassicae and resistance to clubroot disease in brassicas and allied crops—a critical review. Plant Breed Abstr 50:91–104
    • (1980) Plant Breed Abstr , vol.50 , pp. 91-104
    • Crute, I.R.1    Gray, A.R.2    Crisp, P.3    Buczacki, S.T.4
  • 6
    • 0038047436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of S haplotypes in Brassica by dot-blot analysis of SP11 alleles
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjslamsrg%3D, PID: 12750786
    • Fujimoto R, Nishio T (2003) Identification of S haplotypes in Brassica by dot-blot analysis of SP11 alleles. Theor Appl Genet 106:1433–1437. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1193-4
    • (2003) Theor Appl Genet , vol.106 , pp. 1433-1437
    • Fujimoto, R.1    Nishio, T.2
  • 7
    • 34250348641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-incompatibility
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot12ktbw%3D
    • Fujimoto R, Nishio T (2007) Self-incompatibility. Adv Bot Res 45:139–154. doi:10.1016/S0065-2296(07)45005-4
    • (2007) Adv Bot Res , vol.45 , pp. 139-154
    • Fujimoto, R.1    Nishio, T.2
  • 8
    • 0034094869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and plant breeding with emphasis on bread wheat
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksFSltL8%3D
    • Gupta PK, Varshney RK (2000) The development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and plant breeding with emphasis on bread wheat. Euphytica 113:163–185. doi:10.1023/A:1003910819967
    • (2000) Euphytica , vol.113 , pp. 163-185
    • Gupta, P.K.1    Varshney, R.K.2
  • 9
    • 84873824741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of Crr1a, a gene for resistance to clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) in Brassica rapa L
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXis1arsLo%3D, PID: 23382954
    • Hatakeyama K, Suwabe K, Tomita RN, Kato T, Nunome T, Fukuoka H, Matsumoto S (2013) Identification and characterization of Crr1a, a gene for resistance to clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) in Brassica rapa L. PLoS ONE 8:e54745. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054745
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Hatakeyama, K.1    Suwabe, K.2    Tomita, R.N.3    Kato, T.4    Nunome, T.5    Fukuoka, H.6    Matsumoto, S.7
  • 10
    • 84894595320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptome sequencing of two parental lines of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) and construction of an EST-based genetic map
    • Izzah NK, Lee J, Jayakodi M, Perumal S, Jin M, Park BS, Ahn K, Yang TJ (2014) Transcriptome sequencing of two parental lines of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) and construction of an EST-based genetic map. BMC Genom 15:149. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-149
    • (2014) BMC Genom , vol.15 , pp. 149
    • Izzah, N.K.1    Lee, J.2    Jayakodi, M.3    Perumal, S.4    Jin, M.5    Park, B.S.6    Ahn, K.7    Yang, T.J.8
  • 13
    • 0032813520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in virulence of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Japan tested with clubroot-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)
    • Kuginuki Y, Yoshikawa H, Hirai M (1999) Variation in virulence of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Japan tested with clubroot-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Eur J Plant Pathol 105:327–332. doi:10.1023/A:1008705413127
    • (1999) Eur J Plant Pathol , vol.105 , pp. 327-332
    • Kuginuki, Y.1    Yoshikawa, H.2    Hirai, M.3
  • 14
    • 81255210950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and genetic mapping of microsatellite markers from whole genome shotgun sequences in Brassica oleracea
    • Li H, Chen X, Yang Y, Xu J, Gu J, Fu J, Qian X, Zhang S, Wu J, Liu K (2011) Development and genetic mapping of microsatellite markers from whole genome shotgun sequences in Brassica oleracea. Mol Breed 28:585–596. doi:10.1007/s11032-010-9509-y
    • (2011) Mol Breed , vol.28 , pp. 585-596
    • Li, H.1    Chen, X.2    Yang, Y.3    Xu, J.4    Gu, J.5    Fu, J.6    Qian, X.7    Zhang, S.8    Wu, J.9    Liu, K.10
  • 16
    • 84901467202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Brassica oleracea genome reveals the asymmetrical evolution of polyploid genomes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXksVemsbg%3D, PID: 24852848
    • Liu S, Liu Y, Yang X, Tong C, Edwards D, Parkin IA et al (2014) The Brassica oleracea genome reveals the asymmetrical evolution of polyploid genomes. Nat Commun 5:3930. doi:10.1038/ncomms4930
    • (2014) Nat Commun , vol.5 , pp. 3930
    • Liu, S.1    Liu, Y.2    Yang, X.3    Tong, C.4    Edwards, D.5    Parkin, I.A.6
  • 17
    • 84891920209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence-based SSR marker development and their application in defining the introgressions of LA0716 (Solanum pennellii) in the background of cv. M82 (Solanum lycopersicum)
    • PID: 24339899
    • Long W, Li Y, Zhou W, Ling HQ, Zheng S (2013) Sequence-based SSR marker development and their application in defining the introgressions of LA0716 (Solanum pennellii) in the background of cv. M82 (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS ONE 8:e81091. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081091
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Long, W.1    Li, Y.2    Zhou, W.3    Ling, H.Q.4    Zheng, S.5
  • 18
    • 2142727348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivV2js78%3D, PID: 15067397
    • Lowe AJ, Moule C, Trick M, Edwards KJ (2004) Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species. Theor Appl Genet 108:1103–1112. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1522-7
    • (2004) Theor Appl Genet , vol.108 , pp. 1103-1112
    • Lowe, A.J.1    Moule, C.2    Trick, M.3    Edwards, K.J.4
  • 19
    • 84924022237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping and analysis of a novel candidate Fusarium wilt resistance gene FOC1 in Brassica oleracea
    • Lv H, Fang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu Y et al (2014) Mapping and analysis of a novel candidate Fusarium wilt resistance gene FOC1 in Brassica oleracea. BMC Genom 15:1094. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1094
    • (2014) BMC Genom , vol.15 , pp. 1094
    • Lv, H.1    Fang, Z.2    Yang, L.3    Zhang, Y.4    Wang, Q.5    Liu, Y.6
  • 20
    • 77952844119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transferability, amplification quality, and genome specificity of microsatellites in Brassica carinata and related species
    • PID: 20453299
    • Márquez-Lema A, Velasco L, Pérez-Vich B (2010) Transferability, amplification quality, and genome specificity of microsatellites in Brassica carinata and related species. J Appl Genet 51:123–131. doi:10.1007/BF03195720
    • (2010) J Appl Genet , vol.51 , pp. 123-131
    • Márquez-Lema, A.1    Velasco, L.2    Pérez-Vich, B.3
  • 21
    • 0036928793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and mapping of 2240 new SSR markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtFaltbc%3D, PID: 12597276
    • McCouch SR, Teytelman L, Xu Y, Lobos KB, Clare K, Walton M et al (2002) Development and mapping of 2240 new SSR markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.). DNA Res 9:199–207. doi:10.1093/dnares/9.6.199
    • (2002) DNA Res , vol.9 , pp. 199-207
    • McCouch, S.R.1    Teytelman, L.2    Xu, Y.3    Lobos, K.B.4    Clare, K.5    Walton, M.6
  • 22
    • 0019321718 scopus 로고
    • Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXmtVSmtL8%3D, PID: 7433111
    • Murray MG, Thompson TF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8:4321–4325. doi:10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
    • (1980) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.8 , pp. 4321-4325
    • Murray, M.G.1    Thompson, T.F.2
  • 23
    • 77953126872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of QTLs that control clubroot resistance in Brassica oleracea and comparative analysis of clubroot resistance genes between B. rapa and B. oleracea
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c3lslahug%3D%3D, PID: 20069415
    • Nagaoka T, Doullah MAU, Matsumoto S, Kawasaki S, Ishikawa T, Hori H, Okazaki K (2010) Identification of QTLs that control clubroot resistance in Brassica oleracea and comparative analysis of clubroot resistance genes between B. rapa and B. oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 120:1335–1346. doi:10.1007/s00122-010-1259-z
    • (2010) Theor Appl Genet , vol.120 , pp. 1335-1346
    • Nagaoka, T.1    Doullah, M.A.U.2    Matsumoto, S.3    Kawasaki, S.4    Ishikawa, T.5    Hori, H.6    Okazaki, K.7
  • 24
    • 0029831355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Registration of S alleles in Brassica campestris L by the restriction fragment sizes of SLGs
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltFOjtLw%3D, PID: 24166262
    • Nishio T, Kusaba M, Watanabe M, Hinata K (1996) Registration of S alleles in Brassica campestris L by the restriction fragment sizes of SLGs. Theor Appl Genet 92:388–394. doi:10.1007/BF00223684
    • (1996) Theor Appl Genet , vol.92 , pp. 388-394
    • Nishio, T.1    Kusaba, M.2    Watanabe, M.3    Hinata, K.4
  • 25
    • 0030801689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism of the kinase domain of the S locus receptor kinase gene (SRK) in Brassica oleracea L
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtFGrtLc%3D
    • Nishio T, Kusaba M, Sakamoto K, Ockendon DJ (1997) Polymorphism of the kinase domain of the S locus receptor kinase gene (SRK) in Brassica oleracea L. Theor Appl Genet 95:335–342. doi:10.1007/s001220050568
    • (1997) Theor Appl Genet , vol.95 , pp. 335-342
    • Nishio, T.1    Kusaba, M.2    Sakamoto, K.3    Ockendon, D.J.4
  • 26
    • 79959681296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple and efficient methods for S genotyping and S screening in genus Brassica by dot-blot analysis
    • Oikawa E, Takuno S, Izumita A, Sakamoto K, Hanzawa H, Kitashiba H, Nishio T (2011) Simple and efficient methods for S genotyping and S screening in genus Brassica by dot-blot analysis. Mol Breed 28:1–12. doi:10.1007/s11032-010-9455-8
    • (2011) Mol Breed , vol.28 , pp. 1-12
    • Oikawa, E.1    Takuno, S.2    Izumita, A.3    Sakamoto, K.4    Hanzawa, H.5    Kitashiba, H.6    Nishio, T.7
  • 27
    • 0032789120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of S tester lines in Brassica oleracea: polymorphism of restriction fragment length of SLG homologues and isoelectric points of S-locus glycoproteins
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvVGks7w%3D
    • Okazaki K, Kusaba M, Ockendon DJ, Nishio T (1999) Characterization of S tester lines in Brassica oleracea: polymorphism of restriction fragment length of SLG homologues and isoelectric points of S-locus glycoproteins. Theor Appl Genet 98:1329–1334. doi:10.1007/s001220051199
    • (1999) Theor Appl Genet , vol.98 , pp. 1329-1334
    • Okazaki, K.1    Kusaba, M.2    Ockendon, D.J.3    Nishio, T.4
  • 28
    • 33846796295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping and characterization of FLC homologs and QTL analysis of flowering time in Brassica oleracea
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1ygsrk%3D, PID: 17136371
    • Okazaki K, Sakamoto K, Kikuchi R, Saito A, Togashi E, Kuginuki Y, Matsumoto S, Hirai M (2007) Mapping and characterization of FLC homologs and QTL analysis of flowering time in Brassica oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 114:595–608. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0460-6
    • (2007) Theor Appl Genet , vol.114 , pp. 595-608
    • Okazaki, K.1    Sakamoto, K.2    Kikuchi, R.3    Saito, A.4    Togashi, E.5    Kuginuki, Y.6    Matsumoto, S.7    Hirai, M.8
  • 29
    • 84905978616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptome and methylome profiling reveals relics of genome dominance in the mesopolyploid Brassica oleracea
    • Parkin IA, Koh C, Tang H, Robinson SJ, Kagale S, Clarke WE et al (2016) Transcriptome and methylome profiling reveals relics of genome dominance in the mesopolyploid Brassica oleracea. Genome Biol 15:R77. doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r77
    • (2016) Genome Biol , vol.15 , pp. R77
    • Parkin, I.A.1    Koh, C.2    Tang, H.3    Robinson, S.J.4    Kagale, S.5    Clarke, W.E.6
  • 30
    • 70349883906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics of clubroot resistance in Brassica species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSisbvF
    • Piao ZY, Ramchiary N, Lim YP (2009) Genetics of clubroot resistance in Brassica species. J Plant Growth Regul 28:252–264. doi:10.1007/s00344-009-9093-8
    • (2009) J Plant Growth Regul , vol.28 , pp. 252-264
    • Piao, Z.Y.1    Ramchiary, N.2    Lim, Y.P.3
  • 32
    • 0034026669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 hybrid cultivars of broccoli and cabbage
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsVeiurY%3D
    • 1 hybrid cultivars of broccoli and cabbage. Plant Cell Rep 19:400–406. doi:10.1007/s002990050747
    • (2000) Plant Cell Rep , vol.19 , pp. 400-406
    • Sakamoto, K.1    Kusaba, M.2    Nishio, T.3
  • 33
    • 33645703019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific pairs of class II S haplotypes having different recognition specificities between Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVCltLs%3D, PID: 16381659
    • Sato Y, Sato K, Nishio T (2006) Interspecific pairs of class II S haplotypes having different recognition specificities between Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. Plant Cell Physiol 47:340–345. doi:10.1093/pcp/pci250
    • (2006) Plant Cell Physiol , vol.47 , pp. 340-345
    • Sato, Y.1    Sato, K.2    Nishio, T.3
  • 35
    • 84900845739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of candidate genes for Fusarium yellows resistance in Chinese cabbage by differential expression analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXkvVGrt78%3D, PID: 24668026
    • Shimizu M, Fujimoto R, Ying H, Pu ZJ, Ebe Y, Kawanabe T et al (2014) Identification of candidate genes for Fusarium yellows resistance in Chinese cabbage by differential expression analysis. Plant Mol Biol 85:247–257. doi:10.1007/s11103-014-0182-0
    • (2014) Plant Mol Biol , vol.85 , pp. 247-257
    • Shimizu, M.1    Fujimoto, R.2    Ying, H.3    Pu, Z.J.4    Ebe, Y.5    Kawanabe, T.6
  • 36
    • 84930008557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Map-based cloning of a candidate gene conferring Fusarium yellows resistance in Brassica oleracea
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvFWhur3E, PID: 25351523
    • Shimizu M, Pu ZJ, Kawanabe T, Kitashiba H, Matsumoto S, Ebe Y et al (2015) Map-based cloning of a candidate gene conferring Fusarium yellows resistance in Brassica oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 128:119–130. doi:10.1007/s00122-014-2416-6
    • (2015) Theor Appl Genet , vol.128 , pp. 119-130
    • Shimizu, M.1    Pu, Z.J.2    Kawanabe, T.3    Kitashiba, H.4    Matsumoto, S.5    Ebe, Y.6
  • 37
    • 84888003595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of quantitative trait loci conferring broad-spectrum clubroot resistance in Brassica oleracea
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVWmu7zP
    • Tomita H, Shimizu S, Doullah MAU, Fujimoto R, Okazaki K (2013) Accumulation of quantitative trait loci conferring broad-spectrum clubroot resistance in Brassica oleracea. Mol Breed 32:889–900. doi:10.1007/s11032-013-9918-9
    • (2013) Mol Breed , vol.32 , pp. 889-900
    • Tomita, H.1    Shimizu, S.2    Doullah, M.A.U.3    Fujimoto, R.4    Okazaki, K.5
  • 38
    • 0000150298 scopus 로고
    • Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization
    • U N (1935) Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Jpn J Bot 7:389–452
    • (1935) Jpn J Bot , vol.7 , pp. 389-452
  • 39
    • 84870237815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the CRa gene conferring clubroot resistance in Brassica rapa
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslansbrM, PID: 23054353
    • Ueno H, Matsumoto E, Aruga D, Kitagawa S, Matsumura H, Hayashida N (2012) Molecular characterization of the CRa gene conferring clubroot resistance in Brassica rapa. Plant Mol Biol 80:621–629. doi:10.1007/s11103-012-9971-5
    • (2012) Plant Mol Biol , vol.80 , pp. 621-629
    • Ueno, H.1    Matsumoto, E.2    Aruga, D.3    Kitagawa, S.4    Matsumura, H.5    Hayashida, N.6
  • 40
    • 80053386792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtV2gtrbL, PID: 21873998
    • Wang X, Wang H, Wang J, Sun R, Wu J, Liu S et al (2011) The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa. Nat Genet 43:1035–1039. doi:10.1038/ng.919
    • (2011) Nat Genet , vol.43 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Wang, X.1    Wang, H.2    Wang, J.3    Sun, R.4    Wu, J.5    Liu, S.6
  • 41
    • 0141682083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent progresses on self-incompatibility research in Brassica species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovFWnsbw%3D
    • Watanabe M, Takayama S, Isogai A, Hinata K (2003) Recent progresses on self-incompatibility research in Brassica species. Breed Sci 53:199–208. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.53.199
    • (2003) Breed Sci , vol.53 , pp. 199-208
    • Watanabe, M.1    Takayama, S.2    Isogai, A.3    Hinata, K.4
  • 42
    • 84876341613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 hybrid seed with molecular markers in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)
    • 1 hybrid seed with molecular markers in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Sci Hortic 155:92–96. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.03.016
    • (2013) Sci Hortic , vol.155 , pp. 92-96
    • Ye, S.1    Wang, Y.2    Huang, D.3    Li, J.4    Gong, Y.5    Xua, L.6    Liu, L.7
  • 43
    • 10244266516 scopus 로고
    • Breeding for clubroot resistance of crucifer crops in Japan
    • Yoshikawa H (1983) Breeding for clubroot resistance of crucifer crops in Japan. Jpn Agric Res Q 17:6–11
    • (1983) Jpn Agric Res Q , vol.17 , pp. 6-11
    • Yoshikawa, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.