Recommendations for the Implementation of Telehealth in Cardiovascular and Stroke Care: A Policy Statement from the American Heart Association

Circulation

Volumn 135, Issue 7, 2017, Pages e24-e44

  Schwamm, Lee H ^a   Chumbler, Neale ^a   Brown, Ed ^a   Fonarow, Gregg C ^a   Berube, David ^a   Nystrom, Karin ^a   Suter, Robert ^a   Zavala, Mirian ^a   Polsky, Daniel ^a   Radhakrishnan, Kavita ^a   Lacktman, Nathaniel ^a   Horton, Katherine ^a   Malcarney, Mary Beth ^a   Halamka, John ^a   Tiner, A Colby ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statements; cardiovascular diseases; health services; stroke; telemedicine

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING DEVICE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; LICENSING; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REIMBURSEMENT; ROBOTICS; STROKE UNIT; TELEHEALTH; TELEREHABILITATION; VIRTUAL REALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; PROCEDURES; STROKE; TELEMEDICINE; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; STROKE; TELEMEDICINE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85007228635     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000475     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Martin AB, Hartman M, Benson J, Catlin A; National Health Expenditure Accounts Team. National health spending in 2014: faster growth driven by coverage expansion and prescription drug spending. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35:150-160. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2015. 1194.
2. The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2016 to 2026. Committee on the Budget, US House of Representatives (2016) (testimony of Keith Hall, Director Congressional Budget Office).
3. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Despres J-P, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Isasi CR, Jimenez MC, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, McGuire DK, Mohler ER III, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Rosamond W, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: A report from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2016;133:e599]. Circulation. 2016;133:e38-e360. doi: 10. 1161/CIR. 0000000000000350.
4. Health Services and Resources Administration. Telehealth Programs. http://www. hrsa. gov/ruralhealth/telehealth/. Accessed February 1, 2016.
5. Schwamm LH. Telehealth: seven strategies to successfully implement disruptive technology and transform health care. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33:200-206. doi: 10. 1377/ hlthaff. 2013. 1021.
6. Jennett PA, Affleck Hall L, Hailey D, Ohinmaa A, Anderson C, Thomas R, Young B, Lorenzetti D, Scott RE. The socio-economic impact of telehealth: A systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2003;9:311-320. doi: 10. 1258/135763303771005207.
7. Rojas SV, Gagnon MP. A systematic review of the key indicators for assessing telehomecare cost-effectiveness. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:896-904. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2008. 0009.
8. Baker LC, Johnson SJ, Macaulay D, Birnbaum H. Integrated telehealth and care management program for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic disease linked to savings. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30:1689-1697. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2011. 0216.
9. Adler-Milstein J, Kvedar J, Bates DW. Telehealth among US hospitals: several factors, including state reimbursement and licensure policies, influence adoption. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33:207-215. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 1054.
10. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2001. https://www. nationalacademies. org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report% 20Files/2001/Crossing-the-Quality-Chasm/Quality%20 Chasm%202001%20%20report%20brief. pdf. Accessed February 1, 2016.
11. Pan E, Cusack C, Hook J, Vincent A, Kaelber DC, Bates DW, Middleton B. The value of provider-to-provider telehealth. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:446-453. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2008. 0017.
12. Kang HG, Mahoney DF, Hoenig H, Hirth VA, Bonato P, Hajjar I, Lipsitz LA; Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology Working Group on Advanced Approaches to Physiologic Monitoring for the Aged. In situ monitoring of health in older adults: Technologies and issues. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1579-1586. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1532-5415. 2010. 02959. x.
13. Barnett TE, Chumbler NR, Vogel WB, Beyth RJ, Qin H, Kobb R. The effectiveness of a care coordination home telehealth program for veterans with diabetes mellitus: A 2-year follow-up. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12:467-474.
14. Jia H, Chuang HC, Wu SS, Wang X, Chumbler NR. Long-term effect of home telehealth services on preventable hospitalization use. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46:557-566.
15. Noel HC, Vogel DC, Erdos JJ, Cornwall D, Levin F. Home telehealth reduces healthcare costs. Telemed J E Health. 2004;10:170-183. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2004. 10. 170.
16. Ward MM, Jaana M, Natafgi N. Systematic review of telemedicine applications in emergency rooms. Int J Med Inform. 2015;84:601-616. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijmedinf. 2015. 05. 009.
17. Kvedar J, Coye MJ, Everett W. Connected health: A review of technologies and strategies to improve patient care with telemedicine and telehealth. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33:194-199. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 0992.
18. Vimalananda VG, Gupte G, Seraj SM, Orlander J, Berlowitz D, Fincke BG, Simon SR. Electronic consultations (e-consults) to improve access to specialty care: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Telemed Telecare. 2015;21:323-330. doi: 10. 1177/1357633X15582108.
19. Lilly CM, Cody S, Zhao H, Landry K, Baker SP, McIlwaine J, Chandler MW, Irwin RS; University of Massachusetts Memorial Critical Care Operations Group. Hospital mortality, length of stay, and preventable complications among critically ill patients before and after tele-ICU reengineering of critical care processes. JAMA. 2011;305:2175-2183. doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 697.
20. Molloy GJ, O'Carroll RE, Witham MD, McMurdo ME. Interventions to enhance adherence to medications in patients with heart failure: A systematic review. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:126-133. doi: 10. 1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE. 111. 964569.
21. Shea S. Health delivery system changes required when integrating telemedicine into existing treatment flows of information and patients. J Telemed Telecare. 2006;12(suppl 2):S85-S90. doi: 10. 1258/135763306778393126.
22. Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Smith BR, Alverson DC, Antoniotti N, Barsan WG, Bashshur N, Brown EM, Coye MJ, Doarn CR, Ferguson S, Grigsby J, Krupinski EA, Kvedar JC, Linkous J, Merrell RC, Nesbitt T, Poropatich R, Rheuban KS, Sanders JH, Watson AR, Weinstein RS, Yellowlees P. The empirical foundations of telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20:769-800. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2014. 9981.
23. Bui AL, Fonarow GC. Home monitoring for heart failure management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:97-104. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2011. 09. 044.
24. Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Wu J, Yu Z, Chumbler NR, Bair MJ. Telecare collaborative management of chronic pain in primary care: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:240-248. doi: 10. 1001/ jama. 2014. 7689.
25. Whellan DJ, Hasselblad V, Peterson E, O'Connor CM, Schulman KA. Metaanalysis and review of heart failure disease management randomized controlled clinical trials. Am Heart J. 2005;149:722-729. doi: 10. 1016/j. Ahj. 2004. 09. 023.
26. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1190-1195. doi: 10. 1056/NEJM199511023331806.
27. McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: A systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:810-819. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2004. 05. 055.
28. Bray EP, Holder R, Mant J, McManus RJ. Does self-monitoring reduce blood pressure? Meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med. 2010;42:371-386. doi: 10. 3109/07853890. 2010. 489567.
29. Hanley J, Ure J, Pagliari C, Sheikh A, McKinstry B. Experiences of patients and professionals participating in the HITS home blood pressure telemonitoring trial: A qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002671.
30. Nelson RE, Saltzman GM, Skalabrin EJ, Demaerschalk BM, Majersik JJ. The cost-effectiveness of telestroke in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2011;77:1590-1598. doi: 10. 1212/WNL. 0b013e318234332d.
31. Kotb A, Cameron C, Hsieh S, Wells G. Comparative effectiveness of different forms of telemedicine for individuals with heart failure (HF): A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0118681. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0118681.
32. Riegel B, Carlson B, Kopp Z, LePetri B, Glaser D, Unger A. Effect of a standardized nurse case-management telephone intervention on resource use in patients with chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:705-712.
33. Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, Ball J, Lewinter C, Cullington D, Stewart S, Cleland JG. Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010:CD007228. doi: 10. 1002/14651858. CD007228. pub2.
34. Clark RA, Inglis SC, McAlister FA, Cleland JG, Stewart S. Telemonitoring or structured telephone support programmes for patients with chronic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;334:942. doi: 10. 1136/bmj. 39156. 536968. 55.
35. Klersy C, Boriani G, De Silvestri A, Mairesse GH, Braunschweig F, Scotti V, Balduini A, Cowie MR, Leyva F; Health Economics Committee of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Effect of telemonitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices on healthcare utilization: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:195-204. doi: 10. 1002/ejhf. 470.
36. Giamouzis G, Mastrogiannis D, Koutrakis K, Karayannis G, Parisis C, Rountas C, Adreanides E, Dafoulas GE, Stafylas PC, Skoularigis J, Giacomelli S, Olivari Z, Triposkiadis F. Telemonitoring in chronic heart failure: A systematic review. Cardiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:410820. doi: 10. 1155/2012/410820.
37. Bennett SJ, Cordes DK, Westmoreland G, Castro R, Donnelly E. Self-care strategies for symptom management in patients with chronic heart failure. Nurs Res. 2000;49:139-145.
38. Kashem A, Droogan MT, Santamore WP, Wald JW, Marble JF, Cross RC, Bove AA. Web-based Internet telemedicine management of patients with heart failure. Telemed J E Health. 2006;12:439-447. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2006. 12. 439.
39. Chaudhry SI, Mattera JA, Curtis JP, Spertus JA, Herrin J, Lin Z, Phillips CO, Hodshon BV, Cooper LS, Krumholz HM. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2011;364:490 and N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1869]. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2301-2309. doi: 10. 1056/ NEJMoa1010029.
40. Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Böhm M, Boll H, Baumann G, Honold M, Koehler K, Gelbrich G, Kirwan BA, Anker SD; Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure Investigators. Impact of remote telemedical management on mortality and hospitalizations in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure: The Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure Study. Circulation. 2011;123:1873-1880. doi: 10. 1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA. 111. 018473.
41. Wootton R. Twenty years of telemedicine in chronic disease management: An evidence synthesis. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:211-220. doi: 10. 1258/jtt. 2012. 120219.
42. McLean S, Sheikh A, Cresswell K, Nurmatov U, Mukherjee M, Hemmi A, Pagliari C. The impact of telehealthcare on the quality and safety of care: A systematic overview. PLoS One. 2013;8:e71238. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0071238.
43. Chaudhry SI, Barton B, Mattera J, Spertus J, Krumholz HM. Randomized trial of Telemonitoring to Improve Heart Failure Outcomes (Tele-HF): study design. J Card Fail. 2007;13:709-714. doi: 10. 1016/j. cardfail. 2007. 06. 720.
44. Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Böhm M, Boll H, Kim SS, Koehler K, Lücke S, Honold M, Heinze P, Schweizer T, Braecklein M, Kirwan BA, Gelbrich G, Anker SD; TIM-HF Investigators. Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure (TIM-HF), a randomized, controlled intervention trial investigating the impact of telemedicine on mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure: study design. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:1354-1362. doi: 10. 1093/eurjhf/hfq199.
45. Desai AS, Stevenson LW. Connecting the circle from home to heartfailure disease management. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2364-2367. doi: 10. 1056/NEJMe1011769.
46. Parthiban N, Esterman A, Mahajan R, Twomey DJ, Pathak RK, Lau DH, Roberts-Thomson KC, Young GD, Sanders P, Ganesan AN. Remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2591-2600. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2015. 04. 029.
47. Crossley GH, Chen J, Choucair W, Cohen TJ, Gohn DC, Johnson WB, Kennedy EE, Mongeon LR, Serwer GA, Qiao H, Wilkoff BL; PREFER Study Investigators. Clinical benefits of remote versus transtelephonic monitoring of implanted pacemakers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2012-2019. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2009. 10. 001.
48. Varma N, Epstein AE, Irimpen A, Schweikert R, Love C; TRUST Investigators. Efficacy and safety of automatic remote monitoring for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator follow-up: The Lumos-T Safely Reduces Routine Office Device Follow-up (TRUST) trial. Circulation. 2010;122:325-332. doi: 10. 1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA. 110. 937409.
49. Hindricks G, Taborsky M, Glikson M, Heinrich U, Schumacher B, Katz A, Brachmann J, Lewalter T, Goette A, Block M, Kautzner J, Sack S, Husser D, Piorkowski C, Søgaard P; IN-TIME Study Group. Implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384:583-590. doi: 10. 1016/S0140-6736(14)61176-4.
50. Wilkoff BL, Auricchio A, Brugada J, Cowie M, Ellenbogen KA, Gillis AM, Hayes DL, Howlett JG, Kautzner J, Love CJ, Morgan JM, Priori SG, Reynolds DW, Schoenfeld MH, Vardas PE; Heart Rhythm Society; European Heart Rhythm Association; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; European Society of Cardiology; Heart Failure Association of ESC; Heart Failure Society of America. HRS/EHRA expert consensus on the monitoring of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs): description of techniques, indications, personnel, frequency and ethical considerations. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:907-925.
51. Zile MR, Bennett TD, St John Sutton M, Cho YK, Adamson PB, Aaron MF, Aranda JM Jr, Abraham WT, Smart FW, Stevenson LW, Kueffer FJ, Bourge RC. Transition from chronic compensated to acute decompensated heart failure: pathophysiological insights obtained from continuous monitoring of intracardiac pressures. Circulation. 2008;118:1433-1441. doi: 10. 1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA. 108. 783910.
52. Adamson PB, Magalski A, Braunschweig F, Böhm M, Reynolds D, Steinhaus D, Luby A, Linde C, Ryden L, Cremers B, Takle T, Bennett T. Ongoing right ventricular hemodynamics in heart failure: clinical value of measurements derived from an implantable monitoring system. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:565-571.
53. Bourge RC, Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Aaron MF, Aranda JM Jr, Magalski A, Zile MR, Smith AL, Smart FW, O'Shaughnessy MA, Jessup ML, Sparks B, Naftel DL, Stevenson LW; COMPASS-HF Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of an implantable continuous hemodynamic monitor in patients with advanced heart failure: The COMPASS-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1073-1079. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2007. 10. 061.
54. Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, Strickland W, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Krueger S, Weiner S, Shavelle D, Jeffries B, Yadav JS; CHAMPION Trial Study Group. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: A randomised controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2012;379:412]. Lancet. 2011;377:658-666. doi: 10. 1016/S0140-6736(11)60101-3.
55. Scherr D, Kastner P, Kollmann A, Hallas A, Auer J, Krappinger H, Schuchlenz H, Stark G, Grander W, Jakl G, Schreier G, Fruhwald FM; MOBITEL Investigators. Effect of home-based telemonitoringusing mobile phone technology on the outcome of heart failure patients after an episode of acute decompensation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11:e34. doi: 10. 2196/ jmir. 1252.
56. Kraai IH, Luttik ML, de Jong RM, Jaarsma T, Hillege HL. Heart failure patients monitored with telemedicine: patient satisfaction, a review of the literature. J Card Fail. 2011;17:684-690. doi: 10. 1016/j. cardfail. 2011. 03. 009.
57. Müller-Barna P, Schwamm LH, Haberl RL. Telestroke increases use of acute stroke therapy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:5-10. doi: 10. 1097/WCO. 0b013e32834d5fe4.
58. Hubert GJ, Müller-Barna P, Audebert HJ. Recent advances in TeleStroke: A systematic review on applications in prehospital management and Stroke Unit treatment or TeleStroke networking in developing countries. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:968-973. doi: 10. 1111/ijs. 12394.
59. Demaerschalk BM, Miley ML, Kiernan TE, Bobrow BJ, Corday DA, Wellik KE, Aguilar MI, Ingall TJ, Dodick DW, Brazdys K, Koch TC, Ward MP, Richemont PC; STARR Coinvestigators. Stroke telemedicine [published correction appears in Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:400]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:53-64. doi: 10. 1016/ S0025-6196(11)60808-2.
60. Switzer JA, Demaerschalk BM, Xie J, Fan L, Villa KF, Wu EQ. Cost-effectiveness of hub-and-spoke telestroke networks for the management of acute ischemic stroke from the hospitals' perspectives. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:18-26. doi: 10. 1161/CIRCOUTCOMES. 112. 967125.
61. Müller-Barna P, Hubert GJ, Boy S, Bogdahn U, Wiedmann S, Heuschmann PU, Audebert HJ. TeleStroke units serving as a model of care in rural areas: 10-year experience of the TeleMedical Project for Integrative Stroke Care. Stroke. 2014;45:2739-2744. doi: 10. 1161/STROKEAHA. 114. 006141.
62. Jhaveri D, Larkins S, Sabesan S. Telestroke, tele-oncology and teledialysis: A systematic review to analyse the outcomes of active therapies delivered with telemedicine support. J Telemed Telecare. 2015;21:181-188. doi: 10. 1177/ 1357633X15569959.
63. Schwamm LH, Holloway RG, Amarenco P, Audebert HJ, Bakas T, Chumbler NR, Handschu R, Jauch EC, Knight WA 4th, Levine SR, Mayberg M, Meyer BC, Meyers PM, Skalabrin E, Wechsler LR; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. A review of the evidence for the use of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2009;40:2616-2634. doi: 10. 1161/ STROKEAHA. 109. 192360.
64. Silva GS, Farrell S, Shandra E, Viswanathan A, Schwamm LH. The status of telestroke in the United States: A survey of currently active stroke telemedicine programs. Stroke. 2012;43:2078-2085. doi: 10. 1161/STROKEAHA. 111. 645861.
65. Schwamm LH, Audebert HJ, Amarenco P, Chumbler NR, Frankel MR, George MG, Gorelick PB, Horton KB, Kaste M, Lackland DT, Levine SR, Meyer BC, Meyers PM, Patterson V, Stranne SK, White CJ; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention. Recommendations for the implementation of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40:2635-2660. doi: 10. 1161/STROKEAHA. 109. 192361.
66. Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services. Final Rule, Medicare Program; Medicare Shared Savings Program: Accountable Care Organizations. 2015. www. modernhealthcare. com/assets/pdf/ CH9989464. PDF. Accessed October 1, 2015.
67. American Telemedicine Association. State telemedicine gaps analysis: coverage and reimbursement. January 2016. www. Americantelemed. org. Accessed January 15, 2016.
68. Ernst & Young. Health care industry post: news and analysis of current issues effecting health care providers and payers. http:// www. ey. com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-health-care-industrypost/% 24FILE/EY-health-care-industry-post-vertical-integration. pdf. Accessed December 6, 2016.
69. Neufeld JD, Doarn CR. Telemedicine spending by Medicare: A snapshot from 2012. Telemed J E Health. 2015;21:686-693. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2014. 0185.
70. Neufeld JD, Doarn CR, Aly R. State policies influence Medicare telemedicine utilization. Telemed J E Health. 2016;22:70-74. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2015. 0044.
71. Federation of State Medical Boards. Model policy for the appropriate use of telemedicine technologies in the practice of medicine. 2014. www. fsmb. org/Media/Default/PDF/FSMB/Advocacy/ FSMB-Telemedicine-Policy. pdf. Accessed October 14, 2015.
72. Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Changes Affecting Hospital and Critical Access Hospital Conditions of Participation: Telemedicine Credentialing and Privileging. May 5, 2011. 76 FR 25550, pp. 25550-25565.
73. American Medical Association. Report 7 on the Council of Medical Services (A-14). http://www. jonesday. com/files/upload/AMA%20 Policy%20on%20Telehealth%20(June%202014). PDF. Accessed October 25, 2015.
74. American Telemedicine Association. Telemedicine practice guidelines. www. Americantelemed. org. Accessed October 25, 2015.
75. Federation of State Medical Boards. Interstate medical licensure compact. www. licenseportability. com. Accessed October 25, 2015.
76. Federation of State Medical Boards. Wisconsin Becomes 12th State to Enact Interstate Licensure Compact. 2015. www. fsmb. org/Media/Default/PDF/Publications/wisconsin-nr- compact121415. pdf. Accessed October 25, 2015.
77. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Pub L No. 104-191.
78. Health Information Technology for Clinical and Economic Health Act. Pub L No. 111-5.
79. Hall JL, McGraw D. For telehealth to succeed, privacy and security risks must be identified and addressed. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33:216-221. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 0997.
80. Larburu N, Bults RG, Widya I, Hermens HJ. Quality of data computational models and telemedicine treatment effects. In: Proceedings from the IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom). 2014:364-369.
81. Hoenig H, Tate L, Dumbleton S, Montgomery C, Morgan M, Landerman LR, Caves K. A quality assurance study on the accuracy of measuring physical function under current conditions for use of clinical video telehealth. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:998-1002. doi: 10. 1016/j. Apmr. 2013. 01. 009.
82. Hasselberg M, Beer N, Blom L, Wallis LA, Laflamme L. Imagebased medical expert teleconsultation in acute care of injuries: A systematic review of effects on information accuracy, diagnostic validity, clinical outcome, and user satisfaction. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98539. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0098539.
83. Rogove HJ, McArthur D, Demaerschalk BM, Vespa PM. Barriers to telemedicine: survey of current users in acute care units. Telemed J E Health. 2012;18:48-53. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2011. 0071.
84. Dávalos ME, French MT, Burdick AE, Simmons SC. Economic evaluation of telemedicine: review of the literature and research guidelines for benefit-cost analysis. Telemed J E Health. 2009;15:933-948. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2009. 0067.
85. Cusack C, Pan E, Hook J, Vincent A, Kaelber D, Bates D, Middleton B; Center for Information Technology Leadership. The value of provider-to-provider telehealth technologies. 2007:60. http://www. partners. org/cird/pdfs/CITL-Telehealth-Report. pdf. Accessed February 1, 2016.
86. Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT. Understanding the impact of health IT in underserved communities and those with health disparities. 2010. www. healthit. gov. Accessed September 1, 2015.
87. Dixon B. Using telehealth to improve quality and savings: findings from the AHRQ Health IT Portfolio. 2008. https://healthit. Ahrq. gov/sites/default/files/docs/page/Telehealth-Issue-Paper- Final-0. pdf. Accessed February 1, 2016.
88. Peisch P. House bill repealing the Medicare SGR includes telehealth provisions. National Law Review. 2015. www. natlawreview. com. Accessed September 1, 2015.
89. Congressional Budget Office. Answers to questions for the record following a hearing on the 2015 long-term budget outlook conducted by the Senate Committee on the Budget. July 2015. www. cbo. gov. Accessed September 1, 2015.
90. Furthering Access to Stroke Telemedicine Act, HR 2799, 114th Cong (2015).
91. Creating Opportunities Now for Necessary and Effective Technologies for Health Act, S 2484, 114th Congress (2016).
92. Medicare Telehealth Parity Act of 2015, HR 2948, 115th Cong (2015).
93. Houseman L, Congressional Budget Office. Blog post on telemedicine. July 2015.
94. Aston G. Telehealth: reshaping your world and your patients'. Hosp Health Networks. 2016;89:22-26. https://www. cbo. gov/ publication/50680. Accessed February 1, 2016.
95. Health Spot. www. healthspot. net. Accessed September 1, 2015.
96. Georgia Partnership for Telehealth Web site. www. gatelehealth. org. Accessed September 1, 2015.
97. VSee Web site. www. vsee. com/blog/telemedicine. Accessed September 1, 2015.
98. SBR Health. com Web site. www. sbrhealth. com. Accessed September 1, 2015.
99. Global Telemed Solutions. www. globalmed. com/solutions. php. Accessed September 1, 2015.
100. Retirement Living. People on the move: A frame digital wins NIH telehealth grant. www. retirement-living. com. Accessed September 1, 2015.
101. Senior Housing News. Senior care technology review: Tel-Tron, telehealth, PERS & more. www. seniorhousingnews. com. Accessed September 1, 2015.
102. GetWellNetwork Web site. www. getwellnetwork. com. Accessed September 1, 2015.
103. Feldman AM, Klein H, Tchou P, Murali S, Hall WJ, Mancini D, Boehmer J, Harvey M, Heilman MS, Szymkiewicz SJ, Moss AJ; WEARIT Investigators and Coordinators; BIROAD Investigators and Coordinators. Use of a wearable defibrillator in terminating tachyarrhythmias in patients at high risk for sudden death: results of the WEARIT/BIROAD [published correction appears in Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:following table of contents]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:4-9.
104. Epstein AE. The wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy: Treatment on the basis of perceived risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2614-2617. doi: 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2015. 09. 078.
105. Zishiri ET, Williams S, Cronin EM, Blackstone EH, Ellis SG, Roselli EE, Smedira NG, Gillinov AM, Glad JA, Tchou PJ, Szymkiewicz SJ, Chung MK. Early risk of mortality after coronary artery revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and potential role of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:117-128. doi: 10. 1161/CIRCEP. 112. 973552.
106. Chung MK. The role of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in clinical practice. Cardiol Clin. 2014;32:253-270. doi: 10. 1016/j. ccl. 2013. 11. 002.
107. Healy CA, Carrillo RG. Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of sudden cardiac death after infected implantable cardioverter-defibrillator removal: A cost-effectiveness evaluation. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:1565-1573. doi: 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2015. 03. 061.
108. Kim GJ, Rivera L, Stein J. Combined clinic-home approach for upper limb robotic therapy after stroke: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:2243-2248. doi: 10. 1016/j. Apmr. 2015. 06. 019.
109. Sivan M, Gallagher J, Makower S, Keeling D, Bhakta B, O'Connor RJ, Levesley M. Home-based Computer Assisted Arm Rehabilitation (hCAAR) robotic device for upper limb exercise after stroke: results of a feasibility study in home setting. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014;11:163. doi: 10. 1186/1743-0003-11-163.
110. Laver K, George S, Thomas S, Deutsch JE, Crotty M. Cochrane review: virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012;48:523-530.
111. Mehrholz J, Hadrich A, Platz T, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD006876. doi: 10. 1002/14651858. CD006876. pub3.
112. Corbetta D, Imeri F, Gatti R. Rehabilitation that incorporates virtual reality is more effective than standard rehabilitation for improving walking speed, balance and mobility after stroke: A systematic review. J Physiother. 2015;61:117-124. doi: 10. 1016/j. jphys. 2015. 05. 017.
113. Lohse KR, Hilderman CG, Cheung KL, Tatla S, Van der Loos HF. Virtual reality therapy for adults post-stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis exploring virtual environments and commercial games in therapy. PLoS One. 2014;9:e93318. doi: 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0093318.
114. Thomson K, Pollock A, Bugge C, Brady M. Commercial gaming devices for stroke upper limb rehabilitation: A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:479-488. doi: 10. 1111/ijs. 12263.
115. Wagner TH, Lo AC, Peduzzi P, Bravata DM, Huang GD, Krebs HI, Ringer RJ, Federman DG, Richards LG, Haselkorn JK, Wittenberg GF, Volpe BT, Bever CT, Duncan PW, Siroka A, Guarino PD. An economic analysis of robot-assisted therapy for long-term upperlimb impairment after stroke. Stroke. 2011;42:2630-2632. doi: 10. 1161/STROKEAHA. 110. 606442.
116. Cramer, SC. Telerehabilitation in the Home Versus Therapy In-Clinic for Patients With Stroke. ClinicalTrials. gov. www. clinicaltrials. gov/ ct2/show/NCT02360488. Accessed February 1, 2016.
117. Kim JY, Lee KH, Kim SH, Kim KH, Kim JH, Han JS, Bang SS, Shin JH, Kim SH, Hwang EJ, Bae WK. Needs analysis and development of a tailored mobile message program linked with electronic health records for weight reduction. Int J Med Inform. 2013;82:1123-1132. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijmedinf. 2013. 08. 004.
118. Barrett KM, Pizzi MA, Kesari V, TerKonda SP, Mauricio EA, Silvers SM, Habash R, Brown BL, Tawk RG, Meschia JF, Wharen R, Freeman WD. Ambulance-based assessment of NIH Stroke Scale with telemedicine: A feasibility pilot study [published online ahead of print May 13, 2016]. J Telemed Telecare. http://jtt. sagepub. com/content/early/2016/05/11/1357633X16648490. long. doi: 10. 1177/1357633X16648490. Accessed February 1, 2016.
119. LaMonte MP, Xiao Y, Hu PF, Gagliano DM, Bahouth MN, Gunawardane RD, MacKenzie CF, Gaasch WR, Cullen J. Shortening time to stroke treatment using ambulance telemedicine: TeleBAT. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;13:148-154. doi: 10. 1016/j. jstrokecerebrovasdis. 2004. 03. 004.
120. Lippman JM, Smith SN, McMurry TL, Sutton ZG, Gunnell BS, Cote J, Perina DG, Cattell-Gordon DC, Rheuban KS, Solenski NJ, Worrall BB, Southerland AM. Mobile telestroke during ambulance transport is feasible in a rural EMS setting: The iTREAT Study. Telemed J E Health. 2016;22:507-513. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2015. 0155.
121. Gyrd-Hansen D, Olsen KR, Bollweg K, Kronborg C, Ebinger M, Audebert HJ. Cost-effectiveness estimate of prehospital thrombolysis: results of the PHANTOM-S study. Neurology. 2015;84:1090-1097. doi: 10. 1212/WNL. 0000000000001366.
122. Ebinger M, Winter B, Wendt M, Weber JE, Waldschmidt C, Rozanski M, Kunz A, Koch P, Kellner PA, Gierhake D, Villringer K, Fiebach JB, Grittner U, Hartmann A, Mackert BM, Endres M, Audebert HJ; STEMO Consortium. Effect of the use of ambulance-based thrombolysis on time to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:1622-1631. doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2014. 2850.
123. Itrat A, Taqui A, Cerejo R, Briggs F, Cho SM, Organek N, Reimer AP, Winners S, Rasmussen P, Hussain MS, Uchino K; Cleveland Pre-Hospital Acute Stroke Treatment Group. Telemedicine in prehospital stroke evaluation and thrombolysis: Taking stroke treatment to the doorstep. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:162-168. doi: 10. 1001/jamaneurol. 2015. 3849.
124. Bowry R, Parker S, Rajan SS, Yamal JM, Wu TC, Richardson L, Noser E, Persse D, Jackson K, Grotta JC. Benefits of stroke treatment using a mobile stroke unit compared with standard management: The BEST-MSU study run-in phase. Stroke. 2015;46:3370-3374. doi: 10. 1161/STROKEAHA. 115. 011093.
125. Holzinger A. Usability engineering methods for software developers. Communications of the ACM. 2005;48:71-74.
126. Nielsen, J. Usability Engineering. Boston, MA; Academic Press; 1993.
127. Karsh BT. Beyond usability: designing effective technology implementation systems to promote patient safety. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13:388-394. doi: 10. 1136/qhc. 13. 5. 388.
128. Tang Z, Johnson TR, Tindall RD, Zhang J. Applying heuristic evaluation to improve the usability of a telemedicine system. Telemed J E Health. 2006;12:24-34. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2006. 12. 24.
129. Djamasbi S, Fruhling AL, Loiacono ET. The influence of affect, attitude and usefulness in the acceptance of telemedicine systems. JITTA: Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application. 2009;10:41.
130. Gosbee J, Anderson T. Human factors engineering design demonstrations can enlighten your RCA team. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12:119-121.
131. Shekelle PG, Wachter RM, Pronovost PJ, Schoelles K, McDonald KM, Dy SM, Shojania K, Reston J, Berger Z, Johnsen B, Larkin JW, Lucas S, Martinez K, Motala A, Newberry SJ, Noble M, Pfoh E, Ranji SR, Rennke S, Schmidt E, Shanman R, Sullivan N, Sun F, Tipton K, Treadwell JR, Tsou A, Vaiana ME, Weaver SJ, Wilson R, Winters BD. Making health care safer II: An updated critical analysis of the evidence for patient safety practices. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2013:1-945.
132. Chun YJ, Patterson PE. A usability gap between older adults and younger adults on interface design of an Internet-based telemedicine system. Work. 2012;41(suppl 1):349-352. doi: 10. 3233/ WOR-2012-0180-349.
133. Charness N, Boissy P, Demiris G, Krupinski EA, Lai AM, Lopez AM. How human factors can influence the elderly in the use of telemedicine. Telemed J E Health. 2010;16:860-866. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2010. 9948.
134. Chen D, Lin Z, Lai F. Crossing the chasm: understanding China's rural digital divide. Journal of Global Information Technology Management. 2010;13:4-36.
135. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Telehealth services and the Medicare program. 2016. http://www. medpac. gov/ docs/default-source/reports/chapter-8-telehealth-services-andthe-medicare-program-june-2016-report-. pdf?sfvrsn=0. Accessed February 1, 2016.
136. ML Strategies. Telehealth bills introduced in the 113th Congress. www. mlstrategies. com/articles/12-9-14-MLS-TelehealthTracking-Chart. pdf. Accessed August 19, 2015.
137. Telehealth Modernization Act, HR 691, 114th Cong (2015).
138. Telemedicine for Medicare Act, S 1778, 115th Cong (2015).
139. 21st Century Cures Act, HR 6, 115th Cong (2015).
140. Telehealth Enhancement Act, HR 2066, 115th Cong (2015).
141. Medicare Shared Savings Program: Accountable Care Organizations. June 9, 2015. 80 FR 32691, 32691-32845.
142. Medicare Shared Savings Program: Accountable Care Organizations. November 2, 2011. 76 FR 67973, 67802-67990.
143. American Teledicine Association. 2016 State telemedicine legislation tracking. www. Americantelemed. org. Accessed February 1, 2016.
144. Center for Connected Health Policy. http://cchpca. org/. Accessed February 1, 2016.