Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States

Politics and Policy

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1053-1088

  Smith Walter, Aaron ^a   Peterson, Holly L ^b   Jones, Michael D ^b   Nicole Reynolds Marshall, Ashley ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Brady Campaign; Evidence; Firearm Policy; Gun Debate; Gun Ownership; Narrative Policy Framework; National Rifle Association; NPF Theory; NRA; Obama; Policy Narrative; Sandy Hook Elementary School; Security; United States

Indexed keywords

EID: 85006817830     PISSN: 15555623     EISSN: 17471346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/polp.12187     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Barry, Colleen L., Emma E. McGinty, Jon S. Vernick, and Daniel W. Webster. 2013. “After Newtown: Public Opinion on Gun Policy and Mental Illness.” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (12): 1077-1081. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1300512#t=article
2. Barry, Colleen L., Emma E. McGinty, Jon S. Vernick, and Daniel W. Webster. 2015. “Two Years after Newtown: Public Opinion on Gun Policy Revisited.” Preventative Medicine 79: 55-58. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1300512#t=article
3. Baumgartner, Frank, and Bryan Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
4. Baumgartner, Frank, and Bryan Jones. 2002. Policy Dynamics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
5. Boaz, Annette, Siobhan Fitzpatrick, and Ben Shaw. 2008. “Assessing the Impact of Research on Policy: A Review of the Literature for a Project on Bridging Research and Policy through Outcome Evaluation.” King's College of London and the Policy Studies Institute. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.psi.org.uk/pdf/2008/bridgingproject_report.pdf
6. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. 2011a. “Did You Know…?” Legal Action (Winter) 2011-2012: 5. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20120120013817/http://www.bradycenter.org/legalaction/aboutlap/newsletter
7. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. 2011b. “Kansas Supreme Court to Consider Brady Arguments for Slain Boy.” Internet Archive. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://web.archive.org/web/20110428073438/http://bradycenter.org/legalaction/newsletter
8. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. 2013. “Brady Campaign President Issues Statement Regarding Meeting with White House Task Force.” Brady Campaign. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.bradycampaign.org/inthenews/brady-campaign-president-issues-statement-regarding-meeting-with-white-house-task-force
9. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. 2014. “Jim and Sarah Brady.” Brady Campaign. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.bradycampaign.org/jim-and-sarah-brady
10. Bruner, Jerome. 1985. “Narrative and Paradigmatic Modes of Thought.” In Learning and Teaching the Ways of Knowing, edited by Elliot Eisner. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 97-115.
11. Caldeira, Gregory A. 1985. “The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Court Cases.” American Political Science Review 79 (1): 178-194. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1956126
12. Cameron, Alisa, Chris Salisbury, Rachel Lart, Kate Stewart, Stephen Peckham, Michael Calnan, Sarah Purdy, and Helen Thorp. 2011. “Policy Makers' Perceptions on the Use of Evidence from Evaluations.” Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice 7 (4): 429-447. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/tpp/ep/2011/00000007/00000004/art00003
13. Carter, Gregg L. 2002. Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
14. Clemons, Randy S., Mark K. McBeth, and Elizabeth Kusko. 2012. “Understanding the Role of Policy Narratives and the Public Policy Arena: Obesity as a Lesson in Public Policy Development.” World Medical and Health Policy 4 (2): 1-26. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1515/1948-4682.1220/abstract
15. Cohen, Jacob. 1988. Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Crooker, Constance E. 2003. Gun Control and Gun Rights (Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Inc.
17. Dente, Bruno. 2014. Understanding Policy Decisions. Heidelberg: Springer.
18. Drier, Peter. 2013. “Massacres and Movements: Challenging the Gun Industrial Complex.” New Labor Forum 22 (2): 92-95. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://nlf.sagepub.com/content/22/2/92.extract
19. Farnsworth, Ward, Dustin Guzior, and Anup Malani. 2013. “Policy Preferences and Legal Interpretation.” Journal of Law and the Courts 1 (1): 115-138. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1460&context=journal_articles
20. Fisher, Carl E., and Jeffrey A. Lieberman. 2013. “Getting the Facts Straight about Gun Violence and Mental Illness: Putting Compassion Before Fear.” Annals of Internal Medicine 159: 423-424. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1707738
21. Fox, James Alan, and Monica J. DeLateur. 2014. “Mass Shootings in America: Moving beyond Newtown.” Homicide Studies 18 (1): 125-145. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://hsx.sagepub.com/content/18/1/125
22. Freelon, Deen. 2010. “ReCal: Intercoder Reliability Calculation as a Web Service.” International Journal of Internet Science 5 (1): 20-33. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.ijis.net/ijis5_1/ijis5_1_freelon.pdf
23. Gold, Liza H. 2013. “Gun Violence: Psychiatry, Risk Assessment, and Social Policy.” The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 41 (3): 337-343. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.jaapl.org/content/41/3/337.short
24. Government Accounting Office (GAO). 1996. “Content Analysis: A Methodology for Structuring and Analyzing Written Material.” Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.gao.gov/products/PEMD-10.3.1
25. Heikkila, Tanya, Christopher M. Weible, and Jonathan J. Pierce. 2014. “Exploring the Policy Narratives and Politics of Hydraulic Fracturing in New York.” In The Science of Stories, edited by Michael D. Jones, Elizabeth A. Shanahan, and Mark K. McBeth. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 185-205.
26. Hemenway, David. 2001. “The Public Health Approach to Motor Vehicles, Tobacco, and Alcohol, with Applications to Firearms Policy.” Journal of Public Health Policy 22 (4): 381-402. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3343157
27. Hill, Edward W. 2013. “The Cost of Arming Schools: The Price of Stopping a Bad Guy with a Gun.” The Center for Emergency Preparedness at Levin College of Urban Affairs. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.urban.csuohio.edu/publications/hill/ArmingSchools_Hill_032813.pdf
28. Ingram, Helen, Anne L. Schneider, and Peter deLeon. 2014. “Democratic Policy Design: Social Construction of Target Populations.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 59-105.
29. Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., Daniel Nohrstedt, Christopher M. Weible, and Paul A. Sabatier. 2014. “The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Foundations, Evolution, and Ongoing Research.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 183-225.
30. Jones, Michael D. 2010. “Heroes and Villains: Cultural Narratives, Mass Opinion, and Climate Change.” Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://works.bepress.com/mjones/6/
31. Jones, Michael D. 2014a. “Communicating Climate Change: Are Stories Better than ‘Just the Facts?’” Policy Studies Journal 42 (4): 644-673. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12072/abstract
32. Jones, Michael D. 2014b. “Cultural Characters and Climate Change: How Heroes Shape Our Perceptions of Climate Science.” Social Science Quarterly 95 (1): 1-39. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12043/abstract
33. Jones, Michael A., and George W. Stone. 2015. “The U.S. Gun-Control Paradox: Gun Buyer Response to Congressional Gun-Control Initiatives.” Journal of Business & Economics Research 13 (4): 167-174. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.econbiz.de/Record/the-u-s-gun-control-paradox-gun-buyer-response-to-congressional-gun-control-initiatives-jones-michael/10011412111
34. Jones, Michael D., and Hank Jenkins-Smith. 2009. “Trans-Subsystems Dynamics: Policy Topography, Mass Opinion, and Policy Change.” The Policy Studies Journal 37 (1): 37-58. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00294.x/abstract
35. Jones, Michael D., and Mark K. McBeth. 2010. “Narrative Policy Framework: Clear Enough to Be Wrong?” Policy Studies Journal 38 (2): 329-353. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00364.x/abstract
36. Jones, Michael D., Mark K. McBeth, and Elizabeth A. Shanahan. 2014. “Introducing the Narrative Policy Framework.” In The Science of Stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Policy Analysis, edited by Michael D. Jones, Mark K. McBeth, and Elizabeth A. Shanahan. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 1-26. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/sites/liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/files/economics/jones31oct2013a.pdf
37. Jones, Michael D., and Claudio M. Radaelli. 2015. “The Narrative Policy Framework: Child or Monster?” Critical Policy Studies 9 (3): 339-355. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19460171.2015.1053959?journalCode=rcps20
38. Keene, David A. 2012. “Gun-Hating Politicians Are Out of Order.” American Rifleman: President's Column. March. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nra/ar_201203/index.php?startid=42#/16
39. Kingdon, John W. 2003. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York, NY: Longman.
40. Koren, Marina. 2016. “Obama's Emotional Speech on Gun Control.” The Atlantic. January 5. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/obama-executive-action-gun-control/422661/
41. Krippendorff, Klaus. 2004. “Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations.” Human Communication Research 30 (3): 411-433. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1250&context=asc_papers
42. Lombard, Matthew, Jennifer Snyder-Duch, and Cheryl C. Bracken. 2002. “Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability.” Human Communication Research 28 (4): 587-604. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x/abstract
43. Lyotard, Jean-Francois. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
44. Lytton, Timothy D. 2006. “The NRA, the Brady Campaign, and the Politics of Gun Litigation.” In Suing the Gun Industry: A Battle at the Crossroads of Gun Control and Mass Torts, edited by Timothy D. Lytton. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 152-175.
45. Maratea, Ray J. 2015. “Online Claims-Making: The NRA and Gun Advocacy in Cyberspace.” Qualitative Sociology Review 11 (2): 144-159. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume33/QSR_11_2_Maratea.pdf
46. Marsh, David, Paul ‘t Hart, and Karen Tindall. 2010. “Celebrity Politics: The Politics of Late Modernity?” Political Studies Review 8 (3): 322-340. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00215.x/abstract
47. McBeth, Mark K. 2014. “The Portneuf School of Narrative.” In The Science of Stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Policy Analysis, edited by Michael D. Jones, Mark K. McBeth, and Elizabeth A. Shanahan. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. xiii-xix.
48. McBeth, Mark K., Michael D. Jones, and Elizabeth A. Shanahan. 2014. “The Narrative Policy Framework.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible. Boulder, CO: Westview. 225-266. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264861900_The_Narrative_Policy_Framework
49. McBeth, Mark K., and Elizabeth A. Shanahan. 2004. “Public Opinion for Sale: The Role of Policy Marketers in Greater Yellowstone Policy Conflict.” Policy Sciences 37 (3-4): 319-338.
50. McBeth, Mark K., Elizabeth A. Shanahan, Ruth J. Arnell, and Paul L. Hathaway. 2007. “The Intersection of Narrative Policy Analysis and Policy Change Theory.” Policy Studies Journal 35 (1): 87-108. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00208.x/abstract
51. McBeth, Mark K., Elizabeth A. Shanahan, Paul L. Hathaway, Linda E. Tigert, and Lynette J. Sampson. 2010. “Buffalo Tales: Interest Group Policy Stories in Greater Yellowstone.” Policy Sciences 43 (4): 391-409. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11077-010-9114-2
52. McBeth, Mark K., Elizabeth A. Shanahan, and Michael D. Jones. 2005. “The Science of Storytelling: Measuring Policy Beliefs in Greater Yellowstone.” Society and Natural Resources 18: 413-429. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.montana.edu/politicalscience/_protentialTrash/SNR_SOS.pdf
53. McMorris-Santoro, Evan. 2013. “Brady Campaign Unveils Post-Newtown Gun Control Agenda. Talking Points Memo.” Talking Points Memo. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/brady-campaign-unveils-post-newtown-gun-control-agenda
54. Merry, Melissa K. 2015. “Constructing Policy Narratives in 140 Characters or Less: The Case of Gun Policy Organizations.” Policy Studies Journal. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12142/abstract
55. Metzl, Jonathan M., and Kenneth T. MacLeish. 2015. “Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms.” American Journal of Public Health 105 (2): 240-249. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4318286/
56. Mulgan, Geoff. 2005. “Government, Knowledge and the Business of Policy Making: The Potential and Limits of Evidence-Based Policy.” Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate, and Practice 1 (2): 215-226. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/tpp/ep/2005/00000001/00000002/art00005
57. National Rifle Association-Institute for Legal Action (NRA-ILA). 2013. “Making Our Nation's School Children Safer.” National Rifle Association. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.nraila.org/news-issues/articles/2013/6/making-our-nations-school-children-safer.aspx
58. Neuendorf, Kimberly A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook Online: An Accompaniment to the Content Analysis Guidebook. London: Sage.
59. Obama, Barack H. 2016. “Remarks by the President on Common-Sense Gun Safety Reform.” January 5. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/05/remarks-president-common-sense-gun-safety-reform
60. Open Secrets. 2016a. “Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence.” OpenSecrets. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000024445&year=2012
61. Open Secrets. 2016b. “National Rifle Assn.” OpenSecrets. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000082&year=2012
62. Pralle, Sarah B. 2003. “Venue Shopping, Political Strategy, and Policy Change: The Internationalization of Canadian Forest Advocacy.” Journal of Public Policy 23 (3): 233-260. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/4007817
63. Radaelli, Claudio M., Claire A. Dunlop, and Oliver Fritsch. 2013. “Narrating Impact Assessment in the European Union.” European Political Science 12 (4): 500-521. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/eps.2013.26
64. Raile, Eric D., Amber N. W. Raile, Charles T. Salmon, and Lori Ann Post. 2014. “Defining Public Will.” Politics & Policy 42 (1): 103-130. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/polp.12063/abstract
65. Reidsma, Dennis, and Jean Carletta. 2008. “Reliability Measurement without Limits.” Computational Linguistics 34 (3): 319-326. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1450324
66. Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber. 1973. “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning.” Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 155-169. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.uctc.net/mwebber/Rittel+Webber+Dilemmas+General_Theory_of_Planning.pdf
67. Roe, Emery. 1994. Narrative Policy Analysis: Theory and Practice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
68. Rostron, Allen. 2013. “School Shootings and the Legislative Push to Arm Teachers.” University of Toledo Law Review 45 (3): 439-455. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/97359002/school-shootings-legislative-push-arm-teachers
69. Sabatier, Paul A. 2007. “The Need for Better Theories.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 3-17.
70. Sabatier, Paul A., Susan Hunter, and Susan McLaughlin. 1987. “The Devil Shift: Perceptions and Misperceptions of Opponents.” The Western Political Quarterly 40 (3): 449-476. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/448385
71. Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
72. Schneider, Anne L., and Helen M. Ingram. 1997. Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
73. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Michael D. Jones, and Mark K. McBeth. 2011. “Policy Narratives and Policy Processes.” Policy Studies Journal 39 (3): 535-561. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00420.x/abstract
74. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Michael D. Jones, Mark K. McBeth, and Ross R. Lane. 2013. “An Angel on the Wind: How Heroic Policy Narratives Shape Policy Realities.” Policy Studies Journal 41 (3): 453-483. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12025/abstract
75. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., and Mark K. McBeth. 2010. “The Science of Storytelling: Policy Marketing and Wicked Problems in Greater Yellowstone.” In Knowing Yellowstone: Science in American's First National Park, edited by Jerry Johnson. Morgantown, WV: Taylor Publishing. 141-159.
76. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Mark K. McBeth, and Paul L. Hathaway. 2011. “Narrative Policy Framework: The Influence of Media Policy Narratives on Public Opinion.” Politics & Policy 39 (3): 373-400. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00295.x/abstract
77. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Mark K. McBeth, Paul L. Hathaway, and Ruth J. Arnell. 2008. “Conduit or Contributor? The Role of Media in Policy Change Theory.” Policy Sciences 41 (2): 115-138. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11077-008-9058-y
78. Sheldon, Trevor A. 2005. “Making Evidence Synthesis More Useful for Management and Policy-Making.” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 10 (1): 1-5. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://hsr.sagepub.com/content/10/suppl_1/1.full.pdf
79. Sidney, Mara S. 2001. “Images of Race, Class, and Markets: Rethinking the Origin of US Fair Housing Policy.” Journal of Policy History 13 (2): 181-214. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17569
80. Skovlund, Eva, and Grete U. Fenstad. 2001. “Should We Always Choose a Nonparametric Test When Comparing Two Apparently Non-Normal Distributions?” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54 (1): 86-92. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(00)00264-X/abstract
81. Smith, Tom W. 2002. “Public Opinion about Gun Policies.” The Future of Children 12 (2): 154-163. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/1602745
82. Spitzer, Robert J. 2016. The Politics of Gun Control. New York, NY: Routledge.
83. Stevens, Alex. 2007. “Survival of the Ideas that Fit: An Evolutionary Analogy for the Use of Evidence in Policy.” Social Policy and Society 6 (1): 25-35. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://kar.kent.ac.uk/29899/
84. Stone, Deborah. 2002. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
85. Vernick, Jon S., and Mark Stevenson. 2015. “Comparing the U.S. and Australian Experience Following a Mass Shooting.” Injury Prevention 21 (5): 363-364. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/21/5/363.extract
86. Veselkova, Marcela. 2014. “Science, Stories and the Anti-Vaccination Movement.” Human Affairs 24 (3): 287-298. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s13374-014-0227-8
87. Waldman, Michael. 2014. The Second Amendment: A Biography. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
88. Weible, Christopher M. 2008. “Expert-Based Information and Policy Subsystems: A Review and Synthesis.” Policy Studies Journal 36 (4): 615-635. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00287.x/abstract
89. Weiss, Carol H. 1977. “Research for Policy's Sake: The Enlightenment Function of Social Research.” Policy Analysis 3 (4): 531-547. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/42783234
90. Wheeler, Mark. 2013. Celebrity Politics: Image and Identity in Contemporary Political Communications. Cambridge: Polity Press.
91. White, Marilyn D., and Emily E. Marsh. 2006. “Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology.” Library Trends 55 (1): 22-45. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32957977_Content_Analysis_A_Flexible_Methodology
92. Wildavsky. 1995. But Is It True? A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
93. Wilson, Harry L. 2007. Guns, Gun Control, and Elections: The Politics and Policy of Firearms. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
94. Young, Ken, Deborah Ashby, Annette Boaz, and Lesley Grayson. 2002. “Social Science and the Evidence-Based Policy Movement.” Social Policy and Society 1 (3): 215-224. Accessed on August 25, 2016. Available online at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=110009