Environmental issues regarding CO2 and recent strategies for alternative fuels through photocatalytic reduction with titania-based materials

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 3934-3953

  Akhter, Parveen ^a   Farkhondehfal, M Amin ^a   Hernández, Simelys ^a,c   Hussain, Murid ^a,b   Fina, Alberto ^a   Saracco, Guido ^a,c   Khan, Asad U ^b   Russo, Nunzio ^a  

^a POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

^b Process and Energy Systems Engineering Center PRESTIGE   (Pakistan)

^c ISTITUTO ITALIANO DI TECNOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

CO2; Greenhouse gas; Photocatalysis; Renewable energy; Titania

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ENERGY POLICY; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; GREENHOUSE GASES; PHOTOCATALYSIS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

EMBRYONIC STAGES; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES; FUTURE PROSPECTS; PHOTOCATALYTIC REDUCTION; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; TITANIA; TITANIA PHOTOCATALYST; USEFUL CHEMICALS;

ALTERNATIVE FUELS;

EID: 85006042908     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22133437     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. A. Kubacka M. Fernandez-Garcia G. Colon Advanced nanoarchitectures for solar photocatalytic applications Chem. Rev. 112 3 2012 1555 1614
2. S.C. Roy Toward solar fuels: photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons Acs Nano 4 3 2010 1259 1278
3. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2014 Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for policy 2014.
4. A. Demirbas Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 31 2 2005 171 192
5. C.L.S. K.Huang Z.J. Shi Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011 4
6. G.C. Centi Direct conversion of methane, ethane and carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals The Catalyst Group Resources 2008
7. J. Schlaich Design of commercial solar updraft tower systems - utilization of solar induced convective flows for power generation J. Solar Energy Eng.-Trans. Asme 127 1 2005 117 124
8. SPIRE (Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency) Roadmap. 2013.
9. 2 reduction with cobalt phthalocyanine incorporated in a polyvinylpyridine membrane coated on a graphite electrode J. Electroanal. Chem. 412 1-2 1996 125 132
10. B. Oregan M. Gratzel A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal tio2 films Nature 353 6346 1991 737 740
11. U. Bach Nanomaterials-based electrochromics for paper-quality displays Adv. Mater. 14 11 2002 845 848
12. 2 for electrochromic displays J. Mater. Chem. 20 18 2010 3650 3655
13. 2 Chemsuschem 2 8 2009 735 739
14. R.E. Blankenship Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies and recognizing the potential for improvement Science 332 6031 2011 805 809
15. M. Halmann Photoelectrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon-dioxide on P-type gallium-phosphide in liquid junction solar-Cells Nature 275 5676 1978 115 116
16. G.A. Olah A. Goeppert G.K.S. Prakash Chemical recycling off carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether: from greenhouse gas to renewable, environmentally carbon neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons J. Org. Chem. 74 2 2009 487 498
17. T. Inoue Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon-dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders Nature 277 5698 1979 637 638
18. 2 to fuels Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014 9
19. M. Hussain Novel Ti-KIT-6 material for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane Catal. Commun. 36 2013 58 62
20. 2 Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 89 3-4 2009 494 502
21. 2 films under UV and visible light irradiation Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 71 3-4 2007 291 297
22. 2 film Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 129 2013 599 605
23. 2 to hydrocarbon fuels via plasmon-enhanced absorption and metallic interband transitions ACS Catal. 1 8 2011 929 936
24. IPCC Third Assessment Report-Climate Change 2001.
25. 2 concentrations, Antarctic ice cores). 1998, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
26. 2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network, in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change 2005 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge, TN, USA
27. 2. earth, earth‘s CO2 2016: https://www.co2.earth/.
28. C. Song Catal. Today 115 2006 30
29. What the Future Holds in Store, in World Climate Report The Web’s Longest-Running Climate Change Blog. 2008
30. Z. Jiang T.X V.L. Kuznetsov P.P. Edward Philosophical transactions of the royal society a-Mathematical physical and engineering Sciences 368 2010 22
31. M.Z. Jacobson Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 107 D19 2002
32. 2 based catalysts Chem. Pap. 62 1 2008 1 9
33. 2 capture from distributed energy systems Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 19 2013 328 347
34. 2 capture, storage and future activities of the IEA Greenhouse gas R&D programme Energy Convers. Manage. 37 6-8 1996 665 670
35. 2 capture Energy Convers. Manage. 38 1997 S37 S42
36. 2 capture Energy 29 9-10 2004 1249 1257
37. 2 absorption by aqueous NH3 solutions: speciation of ammonium carbamate, bicarbonate and carbonate by a C-13 NMR Green Chem. 8 11 2006 995 1000
38. G. Centi S.P J. Garcia-Martinez E. Serrano-Torregrosa The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Globe Future 2011 Wiley-VCH Publishing
39. J.C. Colmenares Nanostructured photocatalysts and their applications in the photocatalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass: an overview Materials 2 4 2009 2228 2258
40. A.A. Lemonidou J.V I.A. Vasalos Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization 2003 Springer-Verlag
41. 2 emission reduction from industrial flue gas streams Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 8 2006 2558 2568
42. 2 Catal. Surv. Jpn. 2 2 1998 175 184
43. 2-containing syngas from biomass - kinetic analysis of fixed bed reactor model experiments Carbon Dioxide Util. Global Sustain. 153 2004 97 102
44. T. Sakakura J.C. Choi H. Yasuda Transformation of carbon dioxide Chem. Rev. 107 6 2007 2365 2387
45. G. Centi S.P K. Triantafyllidis A. Lappas M. Stöcker The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals 2013 elsevier
46. G. Centi S. Perathoner Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels Catal. Today 148 3-4 2009 191 205
47. 2 to value added fuels: current status, challenges, and future directions Chin. J. Catal. 37 2016 999 1015
48. M. Aulice scibioh AV Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide: a status report Proc. Indian Nat. Sci Acad. 70 3 2004 56
49. I. Willner R.M H. Durr G. Dorr K. Zengerle J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 1987 6080 6086
50. Aylmerke Aw Studies of electrochemically generated reaction intermediates using modulated specular reflectance spectroscopy Faraday Discuss. 56 1973 96 107
51. K. Hashimoto Advanced materials for global carbon dioxide recycling Mater. Sci. Eng. A 304 2001 88 96
52. J.L.G.F Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Applications 2006 CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Pub Boca Raton, FL, USA 26
53. A.F. Ghenciu Review of fuel processing catalysts for hydrogen production in PEM fuel cell systems Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 6 5 2002 389 399
54. 3 catalysts prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation methods Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 238 1 2003 11 18
55. A.G. Olah A.G G.K.S. Prakash Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy second updated and enlarged ed. 2006 Wiley-VCH Pub. Weinheim, Germany
56. M. Lachowska J. Skrzypek Ga, Mn and Mg promoted copper/zine/zirconia - catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol Carbon Dioxide Util. Global Sust. 153 2004 173 176
57. 2-to-DME hydrogenation reaction Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 162 2015 57 65
58. Y. WANG W.L.W Y.X. CHEN J.J. ZHENG R.F. LI Synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas using a hierarchically porous composite zeolite as the methanol dehydration catalyst J. Fuel Chemi. Technol. 2013 14
59. S.E. Parliament Methanol: a Future Transport Fuel Based on Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide 2014
60. I. Gallou Unsymmetrical ureas: synthetic methodologies and application in drug design Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 39 4 2007 355 383
61. J.O. Bockris J.C. Wass The photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon-dioxide J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 9 1989 2521 2528
62. A.J. Bard L.R.F Electrochemical Methods: Fundamental and Applications 2001 New York: John Wiley & Sons .Inc.
63. 2 to methanol using a catalyzed p-GaP based photoelectrochemical cell J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 20 2008 6342
64. 2 reduction: recent advances and current trends Isr. J. Chem. 54 10 2014 1451 1466
65. 2 to hydrocarbons at copper J. Electroanal. Chem. 594 1 2006 1 19
66. M. Jitaru J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 42 2007 12
67. 2 at metal-electrodes in aqueous hydrogencarbonate solution Chem. Lett. 11 1985 1695 1698
68. H. Noda Electrochemical reduction of carbon-dioxide at various metal-electrodes in aqueous potassium hydrogen carbonate solution Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 63 9 1990 2459 2462
69. 2 by catalytic electrolysis at a three-phase interface Catal. Today 98 4 2004 515 521
70. 2O films J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 17 2012 7231 7234
71. 2 reduction using a redox-active ligand Inorg. Chem. 53 10 2014 4980 4988
72. 2 reduction catalysts: the importance of acids Inorg. Chem. 52 5 2013 2484 2491
73. 2 reduction Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 42 2011 9903 9906
74. 2 reduction as revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and computational quantum chemistry Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 18 2013 4841 4844
75. M.D. Sampson Direct observation of the reduction of carbon dioxide by rhenium bipyridine catalysts Energy Environ. Sci. 6 12 2013 3748 3755
76. 3cl(Bipy = 2, 2'-Bipyridine) J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun. 6 1984 328 330
77. 2 catalyzed by a dinuclear palladium complex containing a bridging hexaphosphine ligand - evidence for cooperativity Organometallics 14 10 1995 4937 4943
78. Y. Hori Electrochemical reduction of carbon-dioxide to carbon-monoxide at a gold electrode in aqueous potassium hydrogen carbonate J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun. 10 1987 728 729
79. 2 reduction to CO in aqueous electrolytes I: kinetic study on planar silver and gold electrodes J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 12 2010 B1902 B1910
80. 2 reduction at very low overpotential on oxide-derived Au nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 49 2012 19969 19972
81. S.C. Ma Silver supported on titania as an active catalyst for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction Chemsuschem 7 3 2014 866 874
82. 2 at metal-Electrodes in aqueous-Media Electrochim. Acta 39 11-12 1994 1833 1839
83. 2 over Sn-Nafion (R) coated electrode for a fuel-cell-like device J. Power Sources 223 2013 68 73
84. J.J. Wu Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide I. Effects of the electrolyte on the selectivity and activity with Sn electrode J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 7 2012 F353 F359
85. 2 splitting via two-step solar thermochemical cycles with Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 redox reactions: thermodynamic analysis Energy Fuels 22 5 2008 3544 3550
86. R.B. Diver Solar thermochemical water-splitting ferrite-cycle heat engines J. Solar Energy Eng.-Trans. Asme 130 4 2008
87. K.C. Zhang Expanding metabolism for biosynthesis of nonnatural alcohols Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 52 2008 20653 20658
88. 2 reduction by enzyme coupled CdS nanocrystals Chem. Commun. 48 1 2012 58 60
89. 2 to CO by enzyme-modified TiO2 nanoparticles using visible light J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 7 2010 2132
90. T.W. Woolerton CO2 photoreduction at enzyme-modified metal oxide nanoparticles Energy Environ. Sci. 4 7 2011 2393 2399
91. A.M. Henstra Microbiology of synthesis gas fermentation for biofuel production Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18 3 2007 200 206
92. Y.C. Sharma B. Singh S.N. Upadhyay Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: a review Fuel 87 12 2008 2355 2373
93. Y. Chisti Biodiesel from microalgae Biotechnol. Adv. 25 3 2007 294 306
94. S. Rani Synthesis and applications of electrochemically self-assembled titania nanotube arrays Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 12 2010 2780 2800
95. S.N. Riduan Y.G. Zhang J.Y. Ying Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol with silanes over N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysts Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 18 2009 3322 3325
96. T. Matsuo H. Kawaguchi From carbon dioxide to methane: homogeneous reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrosilanes catalyzed by zirconium-borane complexes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 38 2006 12362 12363
97. A. Fujishima K. Honda Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode Nature 238 5358 1972 37
98. B. Aurianblajeni M. Halmann J. Manassen Electrochemical measurements on the photo-electrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon-dioxide on para-gallium phosphide and para-gallium arsenide semiconductor electrodes Solar Energy Mater. 8 4 1983 425 440
99. M. Halmann M. Ulman B. Aurianblajeni Photochemical solar collector for the photoassisted reduction of aqueous carbon-dioxide Sol. Energy 31 4 1983 429 431
100. H. Fujiwara Surface characteristics of ZnS nanocrystallites relating to their photocatalysis for CO2 reduction Langmuir 14 18 1998 5154 5159
101. D. Neamen Semiconductor Physics and Devices Basic Principles 4th ed. 2012
102. 2O on Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 mesoporous zeolite catalysts Catal. Today 44 1-4 1998 327 332
103. 2O on highly dispersed active titanium-Oxide catalysts Energy Convers. Manage. 36 6-9 1995 617 620
104. 2O on titanium oxides anchored within micropores of zeolites: effects of the structure of the active sites and the addition of Pt J. Phys. Chem. B 101 14 1997 2632 2636
105. M. Subrahmanyam S. Kaneco N. Alonso-Vante A screening for the photo reduction of carbon dioxide supported on metal oxide catalysts for C-1-C-3 Selectivity Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 23 2-3 1999 169 174
106. N. Sasirekha S.J.S. Basha K. Shanthi Photocatalytic performance of Ru doped anatase mounted on silica for reduction of carbon dioxide Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 62 1-2 2006 169 180
107. 2 pellets Catal. Today 115 1-4 2006 269 273
108. 2O Carbon 45 4 2007 717 721
109. C. Graves Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear energy Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 15 1 2011 1 23
110. 2 with H2O on tiO2-Based photocatalysts: a review Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 14 2 2014 453 469
111. S.S. Tan L. Zou E. Hu Photosynthesis of hydrogen and methane as key components for clean energy system Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 1-2 2007 89 92
112. 2 in a circulated photocatalytic reactor Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 91 19 2007 1765 1774
113. 2 photocatalytic reduction Top. Catal. 47 3-4 2008 131 136
114. 2 nanotube array-P3HT based heterojunction solar cells Nano Lett. 9 12 2009 4250 4257
115. K.R. Thampi J. Kiwi M. Gratzel Methanation and photo-methanation of carbon-dioxide at room-temperature and atmospheric-pressure Nature 327 6122 1987 506 508
116. J. Melsheimer Methanation of carbon-dioxide over Ru titania at room-temperature - explorations for a photoassisted catalytic reaction Catal. Lett. 11 2 1991 157 168
117. 2 nanocomposites under visible light Catal. Today 175 1 2011 256 263
118. Y.T. Liang Minimizing graphene defects enhances titania nanocomposite-based photocatalytic reduction of CO2 for improved solar fuel production Nano Lett. 11 7 2011 2865 2870
119. 3 nanostructured photocatalysts Catal. Lett. 141 4 2011 525 530
120. 2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15 J. Catal. 284 1 2011 1 8
121. 2 into renewable hydrocarbon fuel under visible light Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3 9 2011 3594 3601
122. 2 nanotube arrays: application to the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide J. Mater. Chem. 21 35 2011 13429 13433
123. 2O on various titanium oxide photocatalysts RSC Adv. 2 8 2012 3165 3172
124. M. Kitano Recent developments in titanium oxide-based photocatalysts Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 325 1 2007 1 14
125. K. Sivula F. Le Formal M. Gratzel WO3-Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting: a host scaffold, guest absorber approach Chem. Mater. 21 13 2009 2862 2867
126. S. Hernández M. Tortello A. Sacco M. Quaglio T. Meyer S. Bianco G. Saracco C.F. Pirri E. Tresso New transparent laser-drilled fluorine-doped tin oxide covered quartz electrodes for photo-electrochemical water splitting Electrochim. Acta 131 2014 184 194
127. 2 and ZnO nanostructures for solar-driven water splitting Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 2015 7775 7786
128. 2O on various titanium-oxide catalysts J. Electroanal. Chem. 396 1-2 1995 21 26
129. 2 in aqueous solutions J. Photochem. Photobio. A-Chem. 98 1-2 1996 87 90
130. 2 medium J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 109 1 1997 59 63
131. K. Adachi K. Ohta T. Mizuno Photocatalytic reduction of carbon-dioxide to hydrocarbon using copper-loaded titanium-dioxide Sol. Energy 53 2 1994 187 190
132. 2 matrices J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 108 2-3 1997 187 192
133. 2 powders with a positive hole scavenger J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 115 3 1998 223 226
134. 2 J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 126 1-3 1999 117 123
135. 2 Energy 24 1 1999 21 30
136. 2O on Ti-containing porous silica thin film photocatalysts Catal. Lett. 80 3-4 2002 111 114
137. 2O Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 254 2 2003 251 259
138. 2O by TiSBA-15 mesoporous material Carbon Dioxide Util. Global Sustain. 153 2004 299 302
139. 2 as suspension in water J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 163 3 2004 503 508
140. 2 photocatalyst Int. J. Photoenergy 7 3 2005 115 119
141. S.S. Tan L. Zou E. Hu Kinetic modelling for photosynthesis of hydrogen and methane through catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with water vapour Catal. Today 131 1-4 2008 125 129
142. 2 Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 96 3-4 2010 239 244
143. 2 to CH4 on titania J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 11 2011 3964 3971
144. 2-x nanoparticles at room temperature J. Phys. Chem. C 116 14 2012 7904 7912
145. 2 photoreduction with water vapor Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 123 2012 257 264
146. 2 reduction with water in the gas phase Catal. Today 181 1 2012 82 88
147. 2O to fuels by nanostructured Ce-TiO2/SBA-15 composites Catal. Sci. Technol. 2 12 2012 2558 2568
148. 2 into hydrocarbon fuels Catal. Commun. 29 2012 185 188
149. 2 to hydrocarbons J. Catal. 306 2013 184 189
150. 2 supported microchannel monolith photoreactor Chem. Eng. J. 230 2013 314 327
151. 2 composite as photocatalyst under simulated solar light Catal. Commun. 53 2014 38 41
152. 2 photoreduction over nanocrystalline nickel loaded TiO2-based photocatalysts J. Catal. 309 2014 300 308
153. 2: On the effect of Ce loading on the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 152 2014 172 183
154. J.A.O. Mendez Production of hydrogen by water photo-splitting over commercial and synthesised Au/TiO2 catalysts Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 147 2014 439 452
155. 2-based photocatalysts: reaction pathways Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 164 2015 433 442
156. 2 ternary nanostructures for efficient visible-light-driven photoreduction of carbon dioxide into methane Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 166 2015 251 259
157. 2 passivation of InP in ionic liquids Chem.-A Euro. J. 21 39 2015 13502
158. 2 into solar fuel Appl. Mater. 3 10 2015
159. 2 Chem.-A Eur. J. 21 9 2015 3746 3754
160. 2 coaxial nanotube arrays Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 3 2015 841 845
161. 2 to mimic photosynthesis by CO co-feed in a novel twin reactor Appl. Energy 147 2015 318 324
162. 2 including Ni ingredient Fuel 143 2015 570 576
163. 2 photocatalysts Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 168 2015 114 124
164. 2 and related titanium containing solids Energy Environ. Sci. 5 11 2012 9217 9233
165. 2 reduction using non-titanium metal oxides and sulfides Chemsuschem 6 4 2013 562 577
166. Y. Izumi Recent advances in the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels with water and/or hydrogen using solar energy and beyond Coord. Chem. Rev. 257 1 2013 171 186
167. 2 using EPR J. Phys. Chem. B 107 19 2003 4545 4549
168. 2 anions on anatase (101) surface J. Phys. Chem. C 114 49 2010 21474 21481
169. 2 surfaces J. Phys. Chem. C 112 17 2008 6594 6596
170. 2 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 37 2012 19755 19764
171. 2 anatase surfaces: a combined DFT and FTIR study J. Phys. Chem. C 118 43 2014 25016 25026
172. 2 and other semiconductors Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 29 2013 7372 7408
173. M. Tahir N.S. Amin Recycling of carbon dioxide to renewable fuels by photocatalysis: prospects and challenges Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 25 2013 560 579
174. 2 nanocomposite as a promising visible-light-active photocatalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2013 8
175. 2 nanosheets with nearly 100% exposed (001) facets for fast reversible lithium storage J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 17 2010 6124 6130
176. 2 films consisted of flower-like microspheres with exposed {001} facets Chem. Commun. 47 15 2011 4532 4534
177. 2 three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures Langmuir 26 15 2010 12841 12848
178. 2 hollow nanofibers by electrospining combined with sol-gel process CrystEngComm 12 7 2010 2256 2260
179. D. Li Y.N. Xia Direct fabrication of composite and ceramic hollow nanofibers by electrospinning Nano Lett. 4 5 2004 933 938
180. Y.H. Wu Preparation of photocatalytic anatase nanowire films by in situ oxidation of titanium plate Nanotechnology 20 18 2009
181. 2 hollow fibers with enhanced photocatalytic activity J. Mater. Chem. 20 24 2010 5095 5099
182. 2 nanotubes as recyclable catalyst for efficient photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 201 1 2009 45 49
183. 2 nanotubes Sens. Actuators B-Chem. 137 2 2009 513 520
184. Y.Q. Wang Microstructure and formation mechanism of titanium dioxide nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 365 5-6 2002 427 431
185. 2 nanorods spheres Cryst. Growth Des. 7 7 2007 1216 1219
186. 2 nanorods on the photocatalytic decomposition of formic acid J. Phys. Chem. C 113 8 2009 3050 3055
187. T. Shibata Photocatalytic properties of titania nanostructured films fabricated from titania nanosheets Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 19 2007 2413 2420
188. X.G. Han Synthesis of titania nanosheets with a high percentage of exposed (001) facets and related photocatalytic properties J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 9 2009 3152
189. K. Katsumata Preparation and characterization of self-Cleaning glass for vehicle with niobia nanosheets ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2 4 2010 1236 1241
190. 2 nanosheet with a porous structure Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5 2011 754 760
191. 2 nanosheets with exposed (001) facets J. Phys. Chem. C 114 30 2010 13118 13125
192. 2 and its reaction selectivity as a photocatalyst CrystEngComm 14 4 2012 1405 1411
193. X. Fan Polymer gel templating of free-standing inorganic monoliths for photocatalysis Langmuir 25 10 2009 5835 5839
194. 2 monoliths J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93 10 2010 3110 3115
195. J. Konishi Sol-gel synthesis of macro-mesoporous titania monoliths and their applications to chromatographic separation media for organophosphate compounds J. Chromatogr. A 1216 44 2009 7375 7383
196. 2 nanostructure: morphology control and its photocatalytic property CrystEngComm 13 8 2011 2994 3000
197. 2 films through a sol-gel method involving a non-ionic surfactant: characterization and enhanced performance for water photo-electrolysis Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 2014 21512 21522
198. P. Akhter M.H G. Saracco N. Russo Fuel Process. Technol. 149 2014 11
199. 2 (110) single-crystals under UV-Irradiation Chem. Lett. 5 1994 855 858
200. 2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets Energy Fuels 28 6 2014 3982 3993
201. 2S in mixed semiconductor dispersions - improved efficiency through inter-particle electron-transfer J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun. 6 1984 342 344
202. 2 nanocomposite mesoporous films for photoelectrochemical water splitting RSC Adv. 5 2015 49429 49438
203. 2 to fuel Catal. Surv. Asia 13 1 2009 30 40
204. 2-based catalysts: fact or fiction? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 24 2010 8398 8406
205. 2 catalysts Res. Chem. Intermed. 20 8 1994 815 823
206. 2 on copper-doped Titania catalysts prepared by improved-impregnation method Catal. Commun. 6 5 2005 313 319
207. 4 Acs Sust. Chem. Eng. 3 10 2015 2381 2388
208. R. Asahi Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides Science 293 5528 2001 269 271
209. 2 nanocatalyst Chem. Mater. 17 25 2005 6349 6353
210. 2 Utilization 5 2014 47 52
211. 2 Utilization 1 2013 8 17
212. T. Takewaki Synthesis of *BEA-type molecular sieves using mesoporous materials as reagents Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 32 3 1999 265 278
213. 2 to tunable energy products Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 170 2015 53 65
214. 2-carbon composite materials? Acs Nano 4 12 2010 7303 7314
215. Y. Ma Titanium dioxide-Based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations Chem. Rev. 114 19 2014 9987 10043