메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 92, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 1941-1968

Detecting and avoiding likely false-positive findings – a practical guide

Author keywords

confirmation bias; HARKing; hindsight bias; overfitting; P hacking; power; preregistration; replication; researcher degrees of freedom; Type I error

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS;

EID: 85006002074     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12315     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (279)

References (118)
  • 3
    • 84975246894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a reproducibility crisis?
    • Baker, M. (2016). Is there a reproducibility crisis? Nature 533, 452–454.
    • (2016) Nature , vol.533 , pp. 452-454
    • Baker, M.1
  • 6
    • 84855969927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissemination biases in ecology: effect sizes matter more than quality
    • Barto, E. K. & Rillig, M. C. (2012). Dissemination biases in ecology: effect sizes matter more than quality. Oikos 121, 228–235.
    • (2012) Oikos , vol.121 , pp. 228-235
    • Barto, E.K.1    Rillig, M.C.2
  • 9
    • 84859169880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raise standards for preclinical cancer research
    • Begley, C. G. & Ellis, L. M. (2012). Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 483, 531–533.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.483 , pp. 531-533
    • Begley, C.G.1    Ellis, L.M.2
  • 11
    • 84963983996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems in using p-curve analysis and text-mining to detect rate of p-hacking and evidential value
    • Bishop, D. V. M. & Thompson, P. A. (2016). Problems in using p-curve analysis and text-mining to detect rate of p-hacking and evidential value. PeerJ 4, e1715.
    • (2016) PeerJ , vol.4
    • Bishop, D.V.M.1    Thompson, P.A.2
  • 12
    • 84891614258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risks of the replication drive
    • Bissell, M. (2013). The risks of the replication drive. Nature 503, 333–334.
    • (2013) Nature , vol.503 , pp. 333-334
    • Bissell, M.1
  • 13
    • 84960454925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P-Curve and p-Hacking in observational research
    • Bruns, S. B. & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016). P-Curve and p-Hacking in observational research. PLoS One 11, e0149144.
    • (2016) PLoS One , vol.11
    • Bruns, S.B.1    Ioannidis, J.P.A.2
  • 14
    • 0025205772 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic similarities of sibling zebra finches
    • Burley, N. & Bartels, P. J. (1990). Phenotypic similarities of sibling zebra finches. Animal Behaviour 39, 174–180.
    • (1990) Animal Behaviour , vol.39 , pp. 174-180
    • Burley, N.1    Bartels, P.J.2
  • 16
    • 84875252509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Registered reports: a new publishing initiative at cortex
    • Chambers, C. D. (2013). Registered reports: a new publishing initiative at cortex. Cortex 49, 609–610.
    • (2013) Cortex , vol.49 , pp. 609-610
    • Chambers, C.D.1
  • 19
    • 13544271270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication and researchers' understanding of confidence intervals and standard error bars
    • Cumming, G., Williams, J. & Fidler, F. (2004). Replication and researchers' understanding of confidence intervals and standard error bars. Understanding Statistics 3, 299–311.
    • (2004) Understanding Statistics , vol.3 , pp. 299-311
    • Cumming, G.1    Williams, J.2    Fidler, F.3
  • 21
    • 84901699000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoiding pitfalls in estimating heritability with the common options approach
    • Danchin, E., Wajnberg, E. & Wagner, R. H. (2014). Avoiding pitfalls in estimating heritability with the common options approach. Scientific Reports 4, 3974.
    • (2014) Scientific Reports , vol.4 , pp. 3974
    • Danchin, E.1    Wajnberg, E.2    Wagner, R.H.3
  • 22
    • 84894636668 scopus 로고
    • The meaning of “significance” for different types of research. Translated and annotated by Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Denny Borsboom, Josine Verhagen, Rogier Kievit, Marjan Bakker, Angelique Cramer, Dora Matzke, Don Mellenbergh, and Han L. J. van der Maas
    • De Groot, A. D. (1956/2014). The meaning of “significance” for different types of research. Translated and annotated by Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Denny Borsboom, Josine Verhagen, Rogier Kievit, Marjan Bakker, Angelique Cramer, Dora Matzke, Don Mellenbergh, and Han L. J. van der Maas. Acta Psychologica 148, 188–194.
    • (1956) Acta Psychologica , vol.148 , pp. 188-194
    • De Groot, A.D.1
  • 23
    • 84953311076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Bayes factor change scientific practice
    • Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factor change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 72, 78–89.
    • (2016) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 78-89
    • Dienes, Z.1
  • 24
    • 77956018072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial: a call for replications of research in Pediatric Psychology and guidance for authors
    • Drotar, D. (2010). Editorial: a call for replications of research in Pediatric Psychology and guidance for authors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 35, 801–805.
    • (2010) Journal of Pediatric Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 801-805
    • Drotar, D.1
  • 26
  • 27
    • 84960429337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian perspective on the reproducibility project: psychology
    • Etz, A. & Vandekerckhove, J. (2016). A Bayesian perspective on the reproducibility project: psychology. PLoS One 11, e0149794.
    • (2016) PLoS One , vol.11
    • Etz, A.1    Vandekerckhove, J.2
  • 28
    • 77956329449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive” results increase down the hierarchy of the sciences
    • Fanelli, D. (2010). “Positive” results increase down the hierarchy of the sciences. PLoS One 5, e10068.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Fanelli, D.1
  • 29
    • 74949117960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses
    • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41, 1149–1160.
    • (2009) Behavior Research Methods , vol.41 , pp. 1149-1160
    • Faul, F.1    Erdfelder, E.2    Buchner, A.3    Lang, A.-G.4
  • 30
    • 0022203256 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method
    • Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. The American Naturalist 125, 1–15.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 1-15
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 31
    • 84869028702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vast graveyard of undead theories: publication bias and psychological science's aversion to the null
    • Ferguson, C. J. & Heene, M. (2012). A vast graveyard of undead theories: publication bias and psychological science's aversion to the null. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, 555–561.
    • (2012) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.7 , pp. 555-561
    • Ferguson, C.J.1    Heene, M.2
  • 34
    • 33747927436 scopus 로고
    • Hindsight not equal to foresight – effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty
    • Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight not equal to foresight – effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1, 288–299.
    • (1975) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , vol.1 , pp. 288-299
    • Fischhoff, B.1
  • 37
    • 85027938876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: overestimated effect sizes and the winner's curse
    • Forstmeier, W. & Schielzeth, H. (2011). Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: overestimated effect sizes and the winner's curse. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, 47–55.
    • (2011) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.65 , pp. 47-55
    • Forstmeier, W.1    Schielzeth, H.2
  • 38
    • 84907224761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Publication bias in the social sciences: unlocking the file drawer
    • Franco, A., Malhotra, N. & Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: unlocking the file drawer. Science 345, 1502–1505.
    • (2014) Science , vol.345 , pp. 1502-1505
    • Franco, A.1    Malhotra, N.2    Simonovits, G.3
  • 39
    • 0036920097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence
    • Freckleton, R. P., Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence. The American Naturalist 160, 712–726.
    • (2002) The American Naturalist , vol.160 , pp. 712-726
    • Freckleton, R.P.1    Harvey, P.H.2    Pagel, M.3
  • 40
    • 84907936683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The statistical crisis in science
    • Gelman, A. & Loken, E. (2014). The statistical crisis in science. The American Scientist 102, 460–465.
    • (2014) The American Scientist , vol.102 , pp. 460-465
    • Gelman, A.1    Loken, E.2
  • 41
    • 84890544939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discussion: difficulties in making inferences about scientific truth from distributions of published p-values
    • Gelman, A. & O'Rourke, K. (2014). Discussion: difficulties in making inferences about scientific truth from distributions of published p-values. Biostatistics 15, 18–23.
    • (2014) Biostatistics , vol.15 , pp. 18-23
    • Gelman, A.1    O'Rourke, K.2
  • 42
    • 33750898613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The difference between “significant” and “not significant” is not itself statistically significant
    • Gelman, A. & Stern, H. (2006). The difference between “significant” and “not significant” is not itself statistically significant. The American Statistician 60, 328–331.
    • (2006) The American Statistician , vol.60 , pp. 328-331
    • Gelman, A.1    Stern, H.2
  • 43
    • 77949463655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of beauty, sex and power: statistical challenges in estimating small effects
    • Gelman, A. & Weakliem, D. (2009). Of beauty, sex and power: statistical challenges in estimating small effects. The American Scientist 97, 310–316.
    • (2009) The American Scientist , vol.97 , pp. 310-316
    • Gelman, A.1    Weakliem, D.2
  • 45
    • 0016437295 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis
    • Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 82, 1–20.
    • (1975) Psychological Bulletin , vol.82 , pp. 1-20
    • Greenwald, A.G.1
  • 49
    • 7544223644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing strengths of directional selection: how strong is strong?
    • Hereford, J., Hansen, T. F. & Houle, D. (2004). Comparing strengths of directional selection: how strong is strong? Evolution 58, 2133–2143.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 2133-2143
    • Hereford, J.1    Hansen, T.F.2    Houle, D.3
  • 50
    • 84938709675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of experimental bias in the Life Sciences: why we need blind data recording
    • Holman, L., Head, M. L., Lanfear, R. & Jennions, M. D. (2015). Evidence of experimental bias in the Life Sciences: why we need blind data recording. PLoS Biology 13, e1002190.
    • (2015) PLoS Biology , vol.13
    • Holman, L.1    Head, M.L.2    Lanfear, R.3    Jennions, M.D.4
  • 52
    • 84933520548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offline: What is medicine's 5 sigma?
    • Horton, R. (2015). Offline: What is medicine's 5 sigma? The Lancet 385, 1380.
    • (2015) The Lancet , vol.385 , pp. 1380
    • Horton, R.1
  • 53
    • 0000383912 scopus 로고
    • Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments
    • Hurlbert, S. H. (1984). Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54, 187–211.
    • (1984) Ecological Monographs , vol.54 , pp. 187-211
    • Hurlbert, S.H.1
  • 54
    • 33846563409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why most published research findings are false
    • Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine 2, 696–701.
    • (2005) PLoS Medicine , vol.2 , pp. 696-701
    • Ioannidis, J.P.A.1
  • 55
    • 34247523621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: a large survey
    • Ioannidis, J. P. A. & Trikalinos, T. A. (2007). The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: a large survey. Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 1091–1096.
    • (2007) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.176 , pp. 1091-1096
    • Ioannidis, J.P.A.1    Trikalinos, T.A.2
  • 56
    • 84890457511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature
    • Jager, L. R. & Leek, J. T. (2014). An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature. Biostatistics 15, 1–12.
    • (2014) Biostatistics , vol.15 , pp. 1-12
    • Jager, L.R.1    Leek, J.T.2
  • 57
    • 53149111579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships fade with time: a meta-analysis of temporal trends in publication in ecology and evolution
    • Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. (2002). Relationships fade with time: a meta-analysis of temporal trends in publication in ecology and evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269, 43–48.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences , vol.269 , pp. 43-48
    • Jennions, M.D.1    Møller, A.P.2
  • 58
    • 0038322948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behavior
    • Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. (2003). A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behavior. Behavioral Ecology 14, 438–445.
    • (2003) Behavioral Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 438-445
    • Jennions, M.D.1    Møller, A.P.2
  • 59
    • 84861748584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling
    • John, L. K., Loewenstein, G. & Prelec, D. (2012). Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling. Psychological Science 23, 524–532.
    • (2012) Psychological Science , vol.23 , pp. 524-532
    • John, L.K.1    Loewenstein, G.2    Prelec, D.3
  • 62
    • 33749043049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replicating empirical research in behavioral ecology: how and why it should be done but rarely ever is
    • Kelly, C. D. (2006). Replicating empirical research in behavioral ecology: how and why it should be done but rarely ever is. The Quarterly Review of Biology 81, 221–236.
    • (2006) The Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.81 , pp. 221-236
    • Kelly, C.D.1
  • 63
    • 28844500355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting for regression to the mean in behavior and ecology
    • Kelly, C. & Price, T. D. (2005). Correcting for regression to the mean in behavior and ecology. The American Naturalist 166, 700–707.
    • (2005) The American Naturalist , vol.166 , pp. 700-707
    • Kelly, C.1    Price, T.D.2
  • 64
    • 22044439243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HARKing: hypothesizing after the results are known
    • Kerr, N. L. (1998). HARKing: hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, 196–217.
    • (1998) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.2 , pp. 196-217
    • Kerr, N.L.1
  • 66
    • 84884078875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in effect sizes: causes, detection, & implications
    • In, (eds, J. Gurevitch, J. Koricheva, K. Mengersen, Princeton University Press, Princeton
    • Koricheva, J., Jennions, M. D. & Lau, J. (2013). Temporal trends in effect sizes: causes, detection, & implications. In Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution (eds J. Gurevitch, J. Koricheva and K. Mengersen), pp. 237–254. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
    • (2013) Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution , pp. 237-254
    • Koricheva, J.1    Jennions, M.D.2    Lau, J.3
  • 67
    • 84899785809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sailing from the seas of chaos into the corridor of stability: practical recommendations to increase the informational value of studies
    • Lakens, D. & Evers, E. R. K. (2014). Sailing from the seas of chaos into the corridor of stability: practical recommendations to increase the informational value of studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science 9, 278–292.
    • (2014) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.9 , pp. 278-292
    • Lakens, D.1    Evers, E.R.K.2
  • 68
    • 70349286316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated in meta-analyses: evidence and implications of a publication bias against nonsignificant findings
    • Levine, T., Asada, K. J. & Carpenter, C. (2009). Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated in meta-analyses: evidence and implications of a publication bias against nonsignificant findings. Communication Monographs 76, 286–302.
    • (2009) Communication Monographs , vol.76 , pp. 286-302
    • Levine, T.1    Asada, K.J.2    Carpenter, C.3
  • 69
    • 84944042832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hide results to seek the truth
    • MacCoun, R. & Perlmutter, S. (2015). Hide results to seek the truth. Nature 526, 187–189.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.526 , pp. 187-189
    • MacCoun, R.1    Perlmutter, S.2
  • 70
    • 85006507636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blind analysis as a correction for confirmatory bias in physics and in psychology
    • In, (eds, S. O. Lilienfeld, I. Waldman, Wiley, New York
    • MacCoun, R. & Perlmutter, S. (0000). Blind analysis as a correction for confirmatory bias in physics and in psychology. In Psychological Science Under Scrutiny: Recent Challenges and Proposed Solutions (eds S. O. Lilienfeld and I. Waldman), pp. 589–612. Wiley, New York.
    • Psychological Science Under Scrutiny: Recent Challenges and Proposed Solutions , pp. 589-612
    • MacCoun, R.1    Perlmutter, S.2
  • 71
    • 84949675197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five selfish reasons to work reproducibly
    • Markowetz, F. (2015). Five selfish reasons to work reproducibly. Genome Biology 16, 1.
    • (2015) Genome Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1
    • Markowetz, F.1
  • 72
    • 84892597252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility
    • McNutt, M. (2014). Reproducibility. Science 343, 231–231.
    • (2014) Science , vol.343 , pp. 231
    • McNutt, M.1
  • 73
    • 0000118409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to avoid seven deadly sins in the study of behavior
    • Milinski, M. (1997). How to avoid seven deadly sins in the study of behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26, 159–180.
    • (1997) Advances in the Study of Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 159-180
    • Milinski, M.1
  • 74
    • 0036932214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much variance can be explained by ecologists and evolutionary biologists?
    • Møller, A. P. & Jennions, M. D. (2002). How much variance can be explained by ecologists and evolutionary biologists? Oecologia 132, 492–500.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.132 , pp. 492-500
    • Møller, A.P.1    Jennions, M.D.2
  • 76
    • 78650726755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues in information theory-based statistical inference – a commentary from a frequentist's perspective
    • Mundry, R. (2011). Issues in information theory-based statistical inference – a commentary from a frequentist's perspective. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, 57–68.
    • (2011) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.65 , pp. 57-68
    • Mundry, R.1
  • 77
    • 58749113262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepwise model fitting and statistical inference: turning noise into signal pollution
    • Mundry, R. & Nunn, C. L. (2009). Stepwise model fitting and statistical inference: turning noise into signal pollution. The American Naturalist 173, 119–123.
    • (2009) The American Naturalist , vol.173 , pp. 119-123
    • Mundry, R.1    Nunn, C.L.2
  • 78
    • 8144231087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A farewell to Bonferroni: the problems of low statistical power and publication bias
    • Nakagawa, S. (2004). A farewell to Bonferroni: the problems of low statistical power and publication bias. Behavioral Ecology 15, 1044–1045.
    • (2004) Behavioral Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 1044-1045
    • Nakagawa, S.1
  • 79
    • 84946498815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replicating research in ecology and evolution: feasibility, incentives, and the cost-benefit conundrum
    • Nakagawa, S. & Parker, T. H. (2015). Replicating research in ecology and evolution: feasibility, incentives, and the cost-benefit conundrum. BMC Biology 13, 88.
    • (2015) BMC Biology , vol.13 , pp. 88
    • Nakagawa, S.1    Parker, T.H.2
  • 80
    • 0035706387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of extra-pair young within and among broods – a technique to calculate deviations from randomness
    • Neuhäuser, M., Forstmeier, W. & Bretz, F. (2001). The distribution of extra-pair young within and among broods – a technique to calculate deviations from randomness. Journal of Avian Biology 32, 358–363.
    • (2001) Journal of Avian Biology , vol.32 , pp. 358-363
    • Neuhäuser, M.1    Forstmeier, W.2    Bretz, F.3
  • 81
    • 0000245521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises
    • Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology 2, 175–220.
    • (1998) Review of General Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 175-220
    • Nickerson, R.S.1
  • 82
    • 84869023835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific utopia: II. restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability
    • Nosek, B. A., Spies, J. R. & Motyl, M. (2012). Scientific utopia: II. restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, 615–631.
    • (2012) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.7 , pp. 615-631
    • Nosek, B.A.1    Spies, J.R.2    Motyl, M.3
  • 83
    • 84894384066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical errors
    • Nuzzo, R. (2014). Statistical errors. Nature 506, 150–152.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.506 , pp. 150-152
    • Nuzzo, R.1
  • 84
    • 84944104794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foolong ourselves
    • Nuzzo, R. (2015). Foolong ourselves. Nature 526, 182–185.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.526 , pp. 182-185
    • Nuzzo, R.1
  • 85
    • 84940513037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science
    • Open Science Collaboration (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science 349, aac4716.
    • (2015) Science , vol.349 , pp. aac4716
  • 86
    • 0034496729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quasireplication and the contract of error: lessons from sex ratios, heritabilities and fluctuating asymmetry
    • Palmer, A. R. (2000). Quasireplication and the contract of error: lessons from sex ratios, heritabilities and fluctuating asymmetry. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, 441–480.
    • (2000) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.31 , pp. 441-480
    • Palmer, A.R.1
  • 87
    • 84880038965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do we really know about the signalling role of plumage colour in blue tits? A case study of impediments to progress in evolutionary biology
    • Parker, T. H. (2013). What do we really know about the signalling role of plumage colour in blue tits? A case study of impediments to progress in evolutionary biology. Biological Reviews 88, 511–536.
    • (2013) Biological Reviews , vol.88 , pp. 511-536
    • Parker, T.H.1
  • 89
    • 80052025553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistically significant meta-analyses of clinical trials have modest credibility and inflated effects
    • Pereira, T. V. & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2011). Statistically significant meta-analyses of clinical trials have modest credibility and inflated effects. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64, 1060–1069.
    • (2011) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.64 , pp. 1060-1069
    • Pereira, T.V.1    Ioannidis, J.P.A.2
  • 90
    • 79960987794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using false discovery rates for multiple comparisons in ecology and evolution
    • Pike, N. (2011). Using false discovery rates for multiple comparisons in ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2, 278–282.
    • (2011) Methods in Ecology and Evolution , vol.2 , pp. 278-282
    • Pike, N.1
  • 92
    • 33746512512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
    • Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A. & Reich, D. (2006). Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics 38, 904–909.
    • (2006) Nature Genetics , vol.38 , pp. 904-909
    • Price, A.L.1    Patterson, N.J.2    Plenge, R.M.3    Weinblatt, M.E.4    Shadick, N.A.5    Reich, D.6
  • 93
    • 80055088241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?
    • Prinz, F., Schlange, T. & Asadullah, K. (2011). Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 10, 712.
    • (2011) Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery , vol.10 , pp. 712
    • Prinz, F.1    Schlange, T.2    Asadullah, K.3
  • 94
    • 77958531668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lande-Kirkpatrick mechanism is the null model of evolution by intersexual selection: implications for meaning, honesty, and design in intersexual signals
    • Prum, R. O. (2010). The Lande-Kirkpatrick mechanism is the null model of evolution by intersexual selection: implications for meaning, honesty, and design in intersexual signals. Evolution 64, 3085–3100.
    • (2010) Evolution , vol.64 , pp. 3085-3100
    • Prum, R.O.1
  • 95
    • 33746341926 scopus 로고
    • The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results
    • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 86, 638–641.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 638-641
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 99
    • 64949134162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conclusions beyond support: overconfident estimates in mixed models
    • Schielzeth, H. & Forstmeier, W. (2009). Conclusions beyond support: overconfident estimates in mixed models. Behavioral Ecology 20, 416–420.
    • (2009) Behavioral Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 416-420
    • Schielzeth, H.1    Forstmeier, W.2
  • 100
    • 84862006667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No band color effects on male courtship rate or body mass in the zebra finch: four experiments and a meta-analysis
    • Seguin, A. & Forstmeier, W. (2012). No band color effects on male courtship rate or body mass in the zebra finch: four experiments and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 7, e37785.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Seguin, A.1    Forstmeier, W.2
  • 101
    • 0033797708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential allocation: tests, mechanisms and implications
    • Sheldon, B. C. (2000). Differential allocation: tests, mechanisms and implications. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 397–402.
    • (2000) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 397-402
    • Sheldon, B.C.1
  • 102
    • 80555145867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant
    • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D. & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science 22, 1359–1366.
    • (2011) Psychological Science , vol.22 , pp. 1359-1366
    • Simmons, J.P.1    Nelson, L.D.2    Simonsohn, U.3
  • 107
    • 78650190397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power rangers: no improvement in the statistical power of analyses published in Animal Behaviour
    • Smith, D. R., Hardy, I. C. W. & Gammell, M. P. (2011). Power rangers: no improvement in the statistical power of analyses published in Animal Behaviour. Animal Behaviour 81, 347–352.
    • (2011) Animal Behaviour , vol.81 , pp. 347-352
    • Smith, D.R.1    Hardy, I.C.W.2    Gammell, M.P.3
  • 110
    • 77955903060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial autocorrelation: an overlooked concept in behavioral ecology
    • Valcu, M. & Kempenaers, B. (2010). Spatial autocorrelation: an overlooked concept in behavioral ecology. Behavioral Ecology 21, 902–905.
    • (2010) Behavioral Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 902-905
    • Valcu, M.1    Kempenaers, B.2
  • 111
    • 79551571726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data transformation practices in biomedical sciences
    • Valcu, M. & Valcu, C. M. (2011). Data transformation practices in biomedical sciences. Nature Methods 8, 104–105.
    • (2011) Nature Methods , vol.8 , pp. 104-105
    • Valcu, M.1    Valcu, C.M.2
  • 112
    • 84872776846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation bias in studies of nestmate recognition: a cautionary note for research into the behaviour of animals
    • van Wilgenburg, E. & Elgar, M. A. (2013). Confirmation bias in studies of nestmate recognition: a cautionary note for research into the behaviour of animals. PLoS One 8, e53548.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • van Wilgenburg, E.1    Elgar, M.A.2
  • 113
    • 75949102155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical note: an R package for fitting generalized linear mixed models in animal breeding
    • Vazquez, A. I., Bates, D. M., Rosa, G. J. M., Gianola, D. & Weigel, K. A. (2010). Technical note: an R package for fitting generalized linear mixed models in animal breeding. Journal of Animal Science 88, 497–504.
    • (2010) Journal of Animal Science , vol.88 , pp. 497-504
    • Vazquez, A.I.1    Bates, D.M.2    Rosa, G.J.M.3    Gianola, D.4    Weigel, K.A.5
  • 115
    • 84923202698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance chasing in research practice: causes, consequences and possible solutions
    • Ware, J. J. & Munafo, M. R. (2015). Significance chasing in research practice: causes, consequences and possible solutions. Addiction 110, 4–8.
    • (2015) Addiction , vol.110 , pp. 4-8
    • Ware, J.J.1    Munafo, M.R.2
  • 116
    • 0016335739 scopus 로고
    • Quasi-likelihood functions, generalized linear models, and the Gauss-Newton method
    • Wedderburn, R. W. M. (1974). Quasi-likelihood functions, generalized linear models, and the Gauss-Newton method. Biometrika 61, 439–447.
    • (1974) Biometrika , vol.61 , pp. 439-447
    • Wedderburn, R.W.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.