Network analysis of PTSD symptoms following mass violence

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 58-66

  Sullivan, Connor P ^a   Smith, Andrew J ^a   Lewis, Michael ^a   Jones, Russell T ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Mass violence; Network analysis; PTSD; Shooting

Indexed keywords

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CORRELATION OF DATA; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GUN VIOLENCE; HUMANS; MALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STUDENTS; UNIVERSITIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85004025581     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/tra0000237     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
2. Bjelopera, J., Bagalman, E., Caldwell, S., Finklea, K., & McCallion, G. (2013). Public mass shootings in the United States: Selected implications for federal public health and safety policy (Congressional Report NO. R43004). Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.
3. Böckler, N., Seeger, T., Sitzer, P., & Heitmeyer, W. (2013). School shootings: Conceptual framework and international empirical trends. In N. Böckler (Ed.), School shootings: International research, case studies, and concepts for prevention. New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4614-5526-4-1
4. Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurevclinpsy-050212-185608
5. Boschloo, L., van Borkulo, C. D., Rhemtulla, M., Keyes, K. M., Borsboom, D., & Schoevers, R. A. (2015). The Network Structure of Symptoms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. PLoS ONE, 10, e0137621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137621
6. Brewin, C. R., Rose, S., Andrews, B., Green, J., Tata, P., McEvedy, C., Foa, E. (2002). Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 158-162.
7. Chemtob, C., Roitblat, H. L., Hamada, R. S., Carlson, J. G., & Twentyman, C. T. (1988). A cognitive action theory of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2, 253-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ 0887-6185(88)90006-0
8. Chung, H., & Breslau, N. (2008). The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: Tests of invariance by gender and trauma type. Psychological Medicine, 38, 563-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003 3291707002589
9. Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., Mõttus, R., Waldorp, L. J., & Cramer, A. O. (2015). State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 13-29.
10. Dijkstra, E. W. (1959). A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik, 1, 269-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ BF01386390
11. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
12. Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2016). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1604.08462.
13. First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (2002). Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR, Research Version, Non-patient Edition. New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
14. Fruchterman, T. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by forcedirected placement. Software: Practice and experience, 21, 1129-1164.
15. Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 651-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504115
16. Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D. W., King, L. A., Kessler, R. C. (2007). Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1427-1434.
17. Grömping, U. (2006). Relative importance for linear regression in R: The package relaimpo. Journal of Statistical Software, 17, 1-27.
18. Gun Violence Archive. (2016). Mass shootings. Retrieved from http:// www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shooting
19. Hafstad, G. S., Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2014). PTSD prevalence and symptom structure of DSM-5 criteria in adolescents and young adults surviving the 2011 shooting in Norway. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .jad.2014.06.055
20. Hien, D. A., Wells, E. A., Jiang, H., Suarez-Morales, L., Campbell, A. N., Cohen, L. R., Hansen, C. (2009). Multisite randomized trial of behavioral interventions for women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 77, 607.
21. Hughes, M., Brymer, M., Chiu, W., Fairbank, J., Jones, R., Pynoos, R., Kessler, R. (2011). Posttraumatic stress among students after the shootings at Virginia Tech. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3, 403-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024565
22. Ingraham, C. (2015, October 1). Shooting in Oregon: So far in 2015, we've had 274 days and 294 mass shootings. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/10/01/ 2015-274-days-294-mass-shootings-hundreds-dead/
23. Littleton, H., Kumpula, M., & Orcutt, H. (2011). Posttraumatic symptoms following a campus shooting: The role of psychosocial resource loss. Violence and Victims, 26, 461-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.461
24. Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2015). The mental health consequences of mass shootings. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015591572
25. McNally, R. J. (2009). Can we fix PTSD in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 26, 597-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20586
26. McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Wu, G. W., Wang, L., Deserno, M. K., & Borsboom, D. (2014). Mental disorders as causal systems a network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 836-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614553230
27. Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II: Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry, 65, 240-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc .65.3.240.20169
28. Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
29. North, C. S., Smith, E. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of a mass shooting. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.1.82
30. R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria.
31. Vicary, A. M., & Fraley, R. C. (2010). Student reactions to the shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University: Does sharing grief and support over the internet affect recovery? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1555-1563. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1177/0146167210384880
32. Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/ assessment/adult-int/caps.asp
33. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ ptsd-checklist.asp
34. Wilson, L. C. (2014). Mass shootings: A meta-analysis of the doseresponse relationship. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 631-638. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21964