The double edged sword: Organizational outcomes of workplace friendships

Friends and Enemies in Organizations: A Work Psychology Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 122-138

  Morrison, Rachel L ^a  

^a AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85003936096     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230248359     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. Allen, E. (1995). Should you be friends with your boss? Working Woman, 20(11), 72-74.
2. Amason, P. & Allen, M. W. (1997). Intraorganizational communication, perceived organizational support, and gender. Sex Roles, 37(11-12), 955-977.
3. Anderson, C. M. & Martin, M. M. (1995). Why employees speak to coworkers and bosses: Motives, gender, and organizational satisfaction. The Journal of Business Communication, 32(3), 249.
4. Ashton, W. A. & Fuerhrer, A. (1993). Effects of gender and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking. Sex Roles, 28(7-8), 461-476.
5. Beans, B. (1999). Protégés want mentors 'sympatico' not paternal. APA Monitor Online, 30(10).
6. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley.
7. Bridge, K. & Baxter, L. A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communication, 56(3), 200-225.
8. Bukowski, W. M., Nappi, B. J. & Hoza, B. (1987). A test of Aristotle's model of friendship for young adults' same-sex and opposite-sex relationships. Journal of Social Psychology, 127(6), 595-603.
9. Buunk, B. P., Doosje, B. J., Liesbeth, G., Jans, J. M. & Hopstaken, L. E. M. (1993). Perceived reciprocity, social support, and stress at work: The role of exchange and communal orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 801-811.
10. Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J. & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46(4), 823-850.
11. Duck, S. (1983). Friends for Life: The Psychology of Close Relationships. New York:St. Martin's.
12. Flaherty, J. & Richman, J. (1989). Gender differences in the perception and utilization of social support: Theoretical perspectives and an empirical test. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 1221-1228.
13. Foote, N. N. (1985). The Friendship Game. New York: Image Books.
14. Fritz, J. H. (1997). Men's and women's organizational peer relationships: A comparison. The Journal of Business Communication, 34(1), 27-46.
15. Higgins, M. C. & Kram, K. E. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 264-288.
16. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(6), 581-592.
17. Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management:A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56-87.
18. Kenny, D. A. & Kashy, D. A. (1994). Enhanced co-orientation in the perceptions of friends: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1024-1033.
19. Krackhardt, D. & Stern, R. N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123-140.
20. Kram, K. & Isabella, L. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110-132.
21. Kram, K. E. (1983). Phases of the mentor relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 608-625.
22. Kramer, M. W. (1996). A longitudinal study of peer communication during job transfers. The impact of frequency, quality, and network multiplexity on adjustment. Human Communication Research, 23(1), 59-86.
23. Largent, R. N. (1987). The Relationship of Friendship with a Supervisor to Job Satisfaction and Satisfaction with the Supervisor. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota.
24. Markiewicz, D., Devine, I. & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendships of women and men at work: Job satisfaction and resource implications. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1-2).
25. Messner, M. A. (1992). Power at Play: Sports and the Problem on Masculinity. Boston:Beacon Press.
26. Morrison, R. (2004). Informal relationships in the workplace: Associations with job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 114-128.
27. Morrison, R. (2005a, 12-13 November). Friendships at Work, Job Type and Needs: The Impact on Organisational Outcomes. Paper presented at the Australian Psychological Society: Psychology of Relationships Special Interest Group 5th Annual Conference, Melbourne.
28. Morrison, R. L. (2005b). Informal Relationships in the Workplace: Associations with Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment and Turnover Intentions. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Massey University, Albany.
29. Morrison, R. L. (2005c). Testing for the invariance of a causal model of friendships at work: An investigation of job type and needs. Enterprise and Innovation Research Paper Series, 19-2005, 1-30.
30. Morrison, R. L. (2006a, 1-4 July). All Friends are not Created Equal. An Evaluation of the Workplace Friendship Scale: Is There Ecological Validity in Measuring the 'Prevalence of Friends' at Work? Paper presented at the Australian Centre for Research in Employment and Work (ACREW) Conference. 'Socially responsive, socially responsible approaches to employment and work', Monash University Prato Centre, Italy.
31. Morrison, R. L. (2006b, 26-30 September). Men Like their Workplace Friends... but Women Need Theirs: Gender Differences in the Relationship between Workplace Friendships and Organisational Outcomes. Paper presented at the joint conference of the Australian Psychological Society and the New Zealand Psychological Society. 'Psychology: Bridging the Tasman', Auckland, New Zealand.
32. Morrison, R. L. (2008). Are women tending and befriending in the workplace? Gender differences in the relationship between workplace friendships and organisational outcomes. Sex Roles, DOI 10.1007/s11199-11008-19513-11194.
33. Morrison, R. L. & Nolan, T. (2007). Too much of a good thing? Difficulties with workplace friendships. University of Auckland Business Review, 9(2), 33-42.
34. Murphy, S. E. & Ensher, E. A. (1999). The effects of leader and subordinate characteristics in the development of leader-member exchange quality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(7), 1371-1394.
35. Murstein, B. & Spitz, L. (1974). Aristotle and friendship: A factor analytic study. Interpersonal Development, 4, 21-34.
36. Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M. & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
37. Nolan, T. & Morrison, R. L. (2009). I get by with a little help from my friends... at work. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 14(4), 330-344.
38. Odden, C. M. & Sias, P. M. (1997). Peer communication relationships, psychological climate, and gender. Communication Quarterly, 45, 153-166.
39. Richer, S. F., Blanchard, U. & Vallerand, R. J. (2002). A motivational model of work turnover. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2089-2113.
40. Riordan, C. M. & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(2), 141-154.
41. Robinson, S. E., Roth, S. L. & Brown, L. L. (1993). Morale and job satisfaction among nurses: What can hospitals do? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 244-251.
42. Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
43. Sapadin, L. A. (1988). Friendship and gender: Perspectives of professional men and women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 387-403.
44. Sias, P. M. & Jablin, F. M. (1995). Differential superior/subordinate relations, perceptions of fairness, and coworker communication. Human Communication Research, 22, 5-38.
45. Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R. & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tendand-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411-429.
46. Turton, S. & Campbell, C. (2005). Tend and befriend versus fight or flight: Gender differences in behavioral response to stress among university students. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 10(4), 209-232.
47. Vecchio, R. P. & Bullis, R. C. (2001). Moderators of the influence of supervisor/subordinate similarity on subordinate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 884-896.
48. Walker, K. (1994). Men, women, and friendship - What they say, what they do. Gender and Society, 8(2), 246-265.
49. Winstead, B. A. (1986). Sex differences in same sex friendships. In J. Derlega & B. A. Winstead (eds), Friendship and Social Interaction (pp. 81-99). New York:Springer-Verlag.
50. Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Montgomery, M. J. & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendship at work and job satisfaction. The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(2), 199-215.
51. Wood, J. T. & Inman, C. C. (1993). In a different mode: Masculine styles of communicating closeness. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 279-295.
52. Wright, P. H. (1974). The delineation and measurement of some key variables in the study of friendship. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 5, 423-436.
53. Wright, P. H. (1988). Interpreting research on gender differences in friendship:A case for moderation and a plea for caution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 367-373.
54. Wright, P. H. & Scanlon, M. B. (1991). Gender role orientations and friendship:Some attenuation, but gender differences abound. Sex Roles, 14, 551-566.