Outcomes After Acute Ischemic Stroke in the United States: Does Residential ZIP Code Matter?

Journal of the American Heart Association

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Agarwal, Shikhar ^a   Menon, Venu ^a   Jaber, Wael A ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute ischemic stroke; Cost of illness; Mortality; Socioeconomic status; ZIP code

Indexed keywords

ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE; AGED; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; BRAIN ANGIOGRAPHY; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL OUTCOME; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ABUSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION COST; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ICD-9-CM; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY; INCIDENCE; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY; MEDICAID; MEDICARE; OBESITY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE; SMOKING; SOCIAL STATUS; TREND STUDY; UNITED STATES; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMICS; FACTUAL DATABASE; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HOSPITAL COST; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; INCOME; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; POVERTY; REPERFUSION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; STROKE; TIME FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRENDS; UTILIZATION; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; HEALTH RESOURCES; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HOSPITAL COSTS; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; INCOME; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT DISCHARGE; POVERTY; PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); REPERFUSION; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STROKE; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85001553933     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20479980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001629     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Johnston SC, Mendis S, Mathers CD. Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:345–354.
2. Mathers CD, Shibuya K, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Global and regional estimates of cancer mortality and incidence by site: I. Application of regional cancer survival model to estimate cancer mortality distribution by site. BMC Cancer. 2002;2:36.
3. Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:182–187.
4. Agarwal S, Garg A, Parashar A, Jaber WA, Menon V. Outcomes and resource utilization in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States: evidence for socioeconomic disparities. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001057 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001057.
5. Addo J, Ayerbe L, Mohan KM, Crichton S, Sheldenkar A, Chen R, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C. Socioeconomic status and stroke: an updated review. Stroke. 2012;43:1186–1191.
6. Brinjikji W, Rabinstein AA, Cloft HJ. Socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:979–984.
7. Brown AF, Liang LJ, Vassar SD, Merkin SS, Longstreth WT Jr, Ovbiagele B, Yan T, Escarce JJ. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and mortality after stroke. Neurology. 2013;80:520–527.
8. Cruz-Flores S, Rabinstein A, Biller J, Elkind MS, Griffith P, Gorelick PB, Howard G, Leira EC, Morgenstern LB, Ovbiagele B, Peterson E, Rosamond W, Trimble B, Valderrama AL; American Heart Association Stroke C, Council on Cardiovascular N, Council on E, Prevention, Council on Quality of C and Outcomes R. Racial-ethnic disparities in stroke care: the American experience: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:2091–2116.
9. Kapral MK, Fang J, Chan C, Alter DA, Bronskill SE, Hill MD, Manuel DG, Tu JV, Anderson GM. Neighborhood income and stroke care and outcomes. Neurology. 2012;79:1200–1207.
10. Anderson BE, Rafferty AP, Lyon-Callo S, Fussman C, Reeves MJ. Knowledge of tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke among Michigan adults. Stroke. 2009;40:2564–2567.
11. Sallar AM, Williams PB, Omishakin AM, Lloyd DP. Stroke prevention: awareness of risk factors for stroke among African American residents in the Mississippi delta region. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102:84–94.
12. Schwamm LH, Reeves MJ, Pan W, Smith EE, Frankel MR, Olson D, Zhao X, Peterson E, Fonarow GC. Race/ethnicity, quality of care, and outcomes in ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2010;121:1492–1501.
13. Aslanyan S, Weir CJ, Lees KR, Reid JL, McInnes GT. Effect of area-based deprivation on the severity, subtype, and outcome of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:2623–2628.
14. Brown P, Guy M, Broad J. Individual socio-economic status, community socioeconomic status and stroke in New Zealand: a case control study. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61:1174–1188.
15. Engstrom G, Jerntorp I, Pessah-Rasmussen H, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Janzon L. Geographic distribution of stroke incidence within an urban population: relations to socioeconomic circumstances and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Stroke. 2001;32:1098–1103.
16. Lisabeth LD, Diez Roux AV, Escobar JD, Smith MA, Morgenstern LB. Neighborhood environment and risk of ischemic stroke: the brain attack surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:279– 287.
17. Morgenstern LB, Escobar JD, Sanchez BN, Hughes R, Zuniga BG, Garcia N, Lisabeth LD. Fast food and neighborhood stroke risk. Ann Neurol. 2009;66:165–170.
18. Thrift AG, Dewey HM, Sturm JW, Paul SL, Gilligan AK, Srikanth VK, Macdonell RA, McNeil JJ, Macleod MR, Donnan GA. Greater incidence of both fatal and nonfatal strokes in disadvantaged areas: the Northeast Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study. Stroke. 2006;37:877–882.
19. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Niedert L. On the validity of using census geocode characteristics to proxy economic status. Population Studies Center. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan; 1993 (Research reports no. 93-269).
20. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Niedert L. On the validity of using census geocode characteristics to proxy individual socioeconomic characteristics. Technical working paper 189. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 1995.
21. Mcbean AM, Hebert P. Comparison of income information in the 1990 census with information in the Medicare current beneficiary survey. Baltimore, MD: Health Care Financing Administration; 1995 (HCFA contract no. HCFA-950265).
22. Carr-Hill R, Rice N. Is enumeration district level an improvement on ward level analysis in studies of deprivation and health? J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49(suppl 2):S28–S29.
23. Krieger N. Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:703–710.
24. Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Palmer L. Clinical Classification Software (CCS). US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs.ccs.jsp. Accessed November 21, 2014
25. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). HCUP Comorbidity Software. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013. January 14, 2013.
26. Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR, Coffey RM. Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care. 1998;36:8–27.
27. Consumer price index-guide to CPI data. United States Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statisitcs. http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpifact8.htm. Accessed May 22, 2014.
28. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for Behavioral Sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1988:283–286.
29. Bhattacharya P, Mada F, Salowich-Palm L, Hinton S, Millis S, Watson SR, Chaturvedi S, Rajamani K. Are racial disparities in stroke care still prevalent in certified stroke centers? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:383–388.
30. Jaja BN, Saposnik G, Nisenbaum R, Schweizer TA, Reddy D, Thorpe KE, Macdonald RL. Effect of socioeconomic status on inpatient mortality and use of postacute care after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44:2842– 2847.
31. Johnston SC, Fung LH, Gillum LA, Smith WS, Brass LM, Lichtman JH, Brown AN. Utilization of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke at academic medical centers: the influence of ethnicity. Stroke. 2001;32:1061–1068.
32. Nasr DM, Brinjikji W, Cloft HJ, Rabinstein AA. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and outcomes for acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:154–160.
33. Koch CG, Li L, Kaplan GA, Wachterman J, Shishehbor MH, Sabik J, Blackstone EH. Socioeconomic position, not race, is linked to death after cardiac surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:267–276.
34. Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke. 2009;40:2068–2072.
35. Fang MC, Cutler DM, Rosen AB. Trends in thrombolytic use for ischemic stroke in the United States. J Hosp Med. 2010;5:406–409.
36. Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Siddiqi F, Kirmani JF. International classification of diseases and current procedural terminology codes underestimated thrombolytic use for ischemic stroke. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:856–858.
37. Jauch EC, Cucchiara B, Adeoye O, Meurer W, Brice J, Chan YY, Gentile N, Hazinski MF. Part 11: adult stroke: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122:S818–S828.
38. Alter DA, Naylor CD, Austin P, Tu JV. Effects of socioeconomic status on access to invasive cardiac procedures and on mortality after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1359–1367.