Still mesoendemic onchocerciasis in two Cameroonian community-directed treatment with ivermectin projects despite more than 15 years of mass treatment

Parasites and Vectors

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-12

  Kamga, Guy Roger ^a,b,c   Dissak Delon, Fanny N ^a,b,d   Nana Djeunga, Hugues C ^b,e   Biholong, Benjamin D ^a   Mbigha Ghogomu, Stephen ^f   Souopgui, Jacob ^d   Zoure, Honorat G M ^g   Boussinesq, Michel ^h   Kamgno, Joseph ^b,e   Robert, Annie ^c  

^a MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Cameroon)

^b Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT)   (Cameroon)

^c UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^d UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^e UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDÉ I   (Cameroon)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BUEA   (Cameroon)

^g WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^h INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Bafia; Cameroon; Elimination; Ivermectin; Onchocerciasis; Persistence; Yabassi

Indexed keywords

IVERMECTIN; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CAMEROONIAN; CHILD; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMMUNITY CARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MICROFILARIA (NEMATODE LARVA); NONHUMAN; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARASITE EXAMINATION; PARASITE LOAD; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX RATIO; VOLUNTEER; AGED; ANIMAL; CAMEROON; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MIDDLE AGED; ONCHOCERCA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANIMALS; ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; CAMEROON; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; IVERMECTIN; MALE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MIDDLE AGED; ONCHOCERCA; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARASITE LOAD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84999266712     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17563305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1868-8     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Remme JHF, Feenstra P, Lever PR, Medici AC, Morel CM, Noma M, et al. Tropical diseases targeted for elimination: Chagas disease, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and leprosy. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al., editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): Oxford University Press and The World Bank; 2006. p. 433-50.
2. Zoure HG, Noma M, Tekle AH, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Giorgi E, et al. The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (2) pre-control endemicity levels and estimated number infected. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:326.
3. Plaisier AP, van Oortmarssen GJ, Remme J, Habbema JD. The reproductive lifespan of Onchocerca volvulus in West African savanna. Acta Trop. 1991;48:271-84.
4. Duke BO. The population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus in the human host. Trop Med Parasitol. 1993;44:61-8.
5. Murdoch ME. Onchodermatitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:124-31.
6. Murdoch ME, Asuzu MC, Hagan M, Makunde WH, Ngoumou P, Ogbuagu KF, et al. Onchocerciasis: the clinical and epidemiological burden of skin disease in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002;96:283-96.
7. Hoerauf A, Buttner DW, Adjei O, Pearlman E. Onchocerciasis. BMJ. 2003;326:207-10.
8. Resnikoff S, Keys TU. Future trends in global blindness. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012;60:387-95.
9. Tchounkeu YF, Onyeneho NG, Wanji S, Kabali AT, Manianga C, Amazigo UV, et al. Changes in stigma and discrimination of onchocerciasis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:340-7.
10. Evans TG. Socioeconomic consequences of blinding onchocerciasis in west Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:495-506.
11. WHO. The involvement of community-directed distributors of ivermectin in other health and development activities: report of a multi-country study. UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. 2003. p. 1-47.
12. WHO. Community directed interventions for major health problems in Africa: a multi-country study. UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. 2008. p. 1-132.
13. Hopkins A, Boakye AB. Onchocerciasis. In: Janine MH, Selendy, editors. Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment: challenges, interventions, and preventive measures, vol. 1. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2011. p. 133-49.
14. WHO. African programme for onchocerciasis control: progress report, 2013-2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89:551-60.
15. Katabarwa M, Richards F. Twice-yearly ivermectin for onchocerciasis: the time is now. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:373-4.
16. WHO. Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO region of the Americas: verification by WHO of elimination of transmission in Colombia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:381-5.
17. WHO. Elimination of onchocerciasis in the WHO region of the Americas: Ecuador's progress towards verification of elimination. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89:401-5.
18. WHO. Progress toward eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification of elimination of transmission in Mexico. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90:577-81.
19. CDC. Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the Americas: 1993-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:405-8.
20. Rodriguez-Perez MA, Fernandez-Santos NA, Orozco-Algarra ME, Rodriguez-Atanacio JA, Dominguez-Vazquez A, Rodriguez-Morales KB, et al. Elimination of onchocerciasis from Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003922.
21. WHO. Onchocerciasis: elimination is feasible. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84:382-3.
22. Diawara L, Traore MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, et al. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e497.
23. Katabarwa MN, Eyamba A, Nwane P, Enyong P, Yaya S, Baldiagai J, et al. Seventeen years of annual distribution of ivermectin has not interrupted onchocerciasis transmission in North Region. Cameroon Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:1041-9.
24. Tekle AH, Zoure HG, Noma M, Boussinesq M, Coffeng LE, Stolk WA, et al. Progress towards onchocerciasis elimination in the participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: epidemiological evaluation results. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:66.
25. WHO. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: report of the sixth meeting of national task forces, October 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85:23-8.
26. Nana-Djeunga HC, Bourguinat C, Pion SD, Bopda J, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Njiokou F, et al. Reproductive status of Onchocerca volvulus after ivermectin treatment in an ivermectin-naive and a frequently treated population from Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2824.
27. Osei-Atweneboana MY, Eng JK, Boakye DA, Gyapong JO, Prichard RK. Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of ivermectin in endemic communities in Ghana: a two-phase epidemiological study. Lancet. 2007;369:2021-9.
28. Pion SD, Nana-Djeunga HC, Kamgno J, Tendongfor N, Wanji S, Njiokou F, et al. Dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial densities after ivermectin treatment in an ivermectin-naive and a multiply treated population from Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2084.
29. Boussinesq M, Demanga-Ngangue, Richard P, Lele D, Cot S, Chippaux JP. Etude clinique et parasitologique de l'onchocercose dans huit villages de la vallée du Mbam. Bull lias doc OCEAC. 1992; 100:26-31.
30. Gardon J, Boussinesq M, Kamgno J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Duke BO. Effects of standard and high doses of ivermectin on adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:203-10.
31. Kamgno J, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Duke BO, Boussinesq M. Adverse systemic reactions to treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin at normal and high doses given annually or three-monthly. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98:496-504.
32. GTNO. Rapport technique annuel 2014 du Groupe de Travail National de lutte contre l'Onchocercose du Cameroun. 2015. p. 70.
33. Albiez EJ. Effects of a single complete nodulectomy on nodule burden and microfilarial density two years later. Trop Med Parasitol. 1985;36:17-20.
34. Albiez EJ, Buttner DW, Duke BO. Diagnosis and extirpation of nodules in human onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol. 1988;39 Suppl 4:331-46.
35. Ngoumou P, Walsh JF, Mace JM. A rapid mapping technique for the prevalence and distribution of onchocerciasis: a Cameroon case study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994;88:463-74.
36. Prost A, Prod'hon J. Le diagnostic parasitologique de l'onchocercose: revue critique des méthodes en usage. Med Trop. 1978;38:519-32.
37. BUCREP. Projections démographiques du troisième Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (3ème RGPH) du Cameroun. 3rd ed. 2010. p. 91.
38. Prost A, Hervouet JP, Thylefors B. Les niveaux d'endémie de l'onchocercose. Bull World Health Organ. 1979;57:655-62.
39. Stolk WA, Walker M, Coffeng LE, Basanez MG, de Vlas SJ. Required duration of mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: a comparative modelling analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:552.
40. APOC. Conceptual and operational framework of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment. 2010. p. 24.
41. Brieger WR, Okeibunor JC, Abiose AO, Wanji S, Elhassan E, Ndyomugyenyi R, et al. Compliance with eight years of annual ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon and Nigeria. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:152.
42. Brieger WR, Okeibunor JC, Abiose AO, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kisoka W, Wanji S, et al. Feasibility of measuring compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:260-8.
43. Wanji S, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Esum ME, Chounna PW, Adzemye BF, Eyong JE, et al. Relationship between oral declaration on adherence to ivermectin treatment and parasitological indicators of onchocerciasis in an area of persistent transmission despite a decade of mass drug administration in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:667.
44. Traore MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, et al. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1825.
45. Tekle AH, Elhassan E, Isiyaku S, Amazigo UV, Bush S, Noma M, et al. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: first evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:28.
46. Newell ED, Ndimuruvugo N. Endémicité et manifestations cliniques de l'onchocercose dans la province de Rutana, Burundi. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1997;90:107-10.
47. Newell ED, Hicuburundi B, Ndimuruvugo N. Endémicité et manifestations cliniques de l'onchocercose dans la province de Burundi, Burundi. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2:218-26.
48. Ameh GI, Ukatu VE, Adamu T, Muazu S. Skin microfilariae and clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in some villages at Kwanji district of Kebbi state, Nigeria. Jos J Med. 2008;3:33-6.
49. Katabarwa M, Onapa AW, Nakileza B. Rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis in areas of Uganda where Simulium neavei sl is the vector. East Afr Med J. 1999;76:440-6.