Rapid detection strategies for the global threat of Zika virus: Current state, new hypotheses, and limitations

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 7, Issue OCT, 2016, Pages

  Shukla, Shruti ^a   Hong, Sung Yong ^b   Chung, Soo Hyun ^b   Kim, Myunghee ^a  

^a Yeungnam University   (South Korea)

^b Korea University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Detection; Diagnosis; Immunoassay; Liposome; PCR; Virus; Zika

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; LIPOSOME; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; VIRUS RNA;

BIOSENSOR; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; MICROCEPHALY; NONHUMAN; PREGNANT WOMAN; REVIEW; TRAVEL; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ZIKA FEVER; ZIKA VIRUS;

EID: 84997530294     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01685     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Adungo, F., Yu, F., Kamau, D., Inoue, S., Hayasaka, D., Posadas-Herrera, G., et al. (2016). Development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to yellow fever virus and their application in antigen detection and IgM capture ELISA. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 23, 689-697. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00209-16.
2. Al-Qahtani, A. A., Nazir, N., Al-Anazi, M. R., Rubino, S., and Al-Ahdal, M. N. (2016). Zika virus: a new pandemic threat. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 10, 201-207. doi: 10.3855/jidc.8350.
3. Al-Soud, W. A., and Radstrom, P. (2001). Purification and characterization of PCR-inhibitory components in blood cells. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 485-493. doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.2.485-493.2001.
4. Baeumner, A. J., Leonard, B., McElwee, J., and Montagna, R. A. (2004). A rapid biosensor for viable B-anthracis spores. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 380, 15-23. doi: 10.1007/s00216-004-2726-7.
5. Baeumner, A. J., Schlesinger, N. A., Slutzki, N. S., Romano, J., Lee, E. M., and Montagna, R. A. (2002). Biosensor for Dengue virus detection: sensitive, rapid, and serotype specific. Anal. Chem. 74, 1442-1448. doi: 10.1021/ac015675e.
6. Balamurugan, S., Obubuafo, A., Soper, S. A., and Spivak, D. A. (2008). Effect of linker structure on surface density of aptamer monolayers and their corresponding protein binding efficiency. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390, 1009-1021. doi: 10.1021/ac8009559.
7. Balm, M. N., Lee, C. K., Lee, H. K., Chiu, L., Koay, E. S., and Tang, J. W. (2012). A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. J. Med. Virol. 84, 1501-1505. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23241.
8. Bogoch, I. I., Brady, O. J., Kraemer, M. U., German, M., Creatore, M. I., and Kulkarni, M. A. (2016). Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet 387, 335-336. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00080-5.
9. Butot, S., Putallaz, T., Croquet, C., Lamothe, G., Meyer, R., Joosten, H., et al. (2007). Attachment of enteric viruses to bottles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 5104-5110. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00450-07.
10. Calvet, G., Aguiar, R. S., Melo, A. S., Sampaio, S. A., de Filippis, I., Fabri, A., et al. (2016). Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6, 653-660. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5.
11. Campos, G. S., Bandeira, A. C., and Sardi, S. I. (2015). Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 1885-1886. doi: 10.3201/eid2110.150847.
12. Cardoso, C. W., Paploski, I. A., Kikuti, M., Rodrigues, M. S., Silva, M. M., and Campos, G. S. (2015). Outbreak of exanthematous illness associated with Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue viruses, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 2274-2276. doi: 10.3201/eid2112.151167.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015a). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/Zika/prevention/index.html [accessed March 29, 2016].
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015b). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinicalevaluation.html [accessed March 29, 2016].
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2016a). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2016b). New CDC Laboratory Test for Zika Virus Authorized for Emergency Use by FDA. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226laboratory-test-for-zika-virus.html.
17. Charrel, R. N., Leparc-Goffart, I., Pas, S., de Lamballerie, X., Koopmans, M., and Reusken, C. (2016). State of knowledge on zika virus for an adequate laboratory response. Bull. World Health Organ. doi: 10.2471/BLT.16.171207.
18. Chen, Z., and Zhu, H. (2016). A rapid, self-confirming assay for HIV: simultaneous detection of anti-HIV antibodies and viral RNA. J. AIDS. Clin. Res. 7:540. doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000540.
19. Connelly, J. T., Kondapalli, S., Skoupi, M., Parker, J. S. L., Kirby, J. B. J., and Baeumner, A. J. (2012). Micro-total analysis system for virus detection: microfluidic pre-concentration coupled to liposome-based detection. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402, 315-323. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5381-9.
20. Daep, C. A., Munoz-Jordan, J. L., and Eugenin, E. A. (2014). Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on Dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Neurovirol. 20, 539-560. doi: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z.
21. Digoutte, J. P., Calvo-Wilson, M. A., Mondo, M., Traoré-Lamizana, M., and Adam, F. (1992). Continuous cell lines immune ascite fluid pools in arbovirus detection. Res. Virol. 143, 417-422. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2516(06)80135-4.
22. Edwards, K. A., Wang, Y., and Baeumner, A. J. (2010). Aptamer sandwich assays: human a-thrombin detection using liposome enhancement. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398, 2645-2654. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-3920-4.
23. Erdogan, S., Medarova, Z. O., Roby, A., Moore, A., and Torchilin, V. P. (2008). Enhanced tumor MR imaging with gadolinium-loaded polychelating polymer-containing tumor targeted liposomes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 27, 574-580. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21202.
24. Escadafal, C., Faye, O., Sall, A. A., Faye, O., Weidmann, M., and Strohmeier, O. (2014). Rapid molecular assays for the detection of yellow fever virus in low-resource settings. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 8:e2730. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002730.
25. Esch, M. B., Baeumner, A. J., and Durst, R. A. (2001). Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum using oligonucleotide-tagged liposomes in a competitive assay format. Anal. Chem. 73, 3162-3167. doi: 10.1021/ac010012i.
26. Euroimmun (2016). Serological Diagnosis of Zika Virus Infections. Available at: http://www.euroimmun.co.uk/recent-news/first-commercial-antibody-tests-for-zika-virus-diagnostics.
27. European Centre for Disease Prevention [ECDC] (2016). Epidemiological Update: Outbreaks of Zika Virus and Complications Potentially Linked to the Zika Virus Infection. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?ID=1353&List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133.
28. Faria, N. R., Azevedo, R. S. S., Kraemer, M. U. G., Souza, R., Cunha, M. S., and Hill, S. C. (2016). Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science 352, 345-349. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf5036.
29. Fauci, A. S., and Morens, D. M. (2016). Zika virus in the Americas-yet another arbovirus threat. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 601-604. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1600297.
30. Faye, O., Diallo, D., Diallo, M., Weidmann, M., and Sall, A. A. (2013). Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol. J. 10:311. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-311.
31. Faye, O., Faye, O., Dupressoir, A., Weidmann, M., Ndiaye, M., and Sall, A. A. (2008). One-step RT-PCR for detection of Zika virus. J. Clin. Virol. 43, 96-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.005.
32. Feng, B., Tomizawa, K., Michiue, H., Han, X. J., Miyatake, S., and Matsui, H. (2010). Development of a bifunctional immunoliposome system for combined drug delivery and imaging in vivo. Biomaterials 31, 4139-4145. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.086.
33. Fossati, E., Ekins, A., Narcross, L., Zhu, Y., Falgueyret, J. P., Beaudoin, G. A., et al. (2014). Reconstitution of a 10-gene pathway for synthesis of the plant alkaloid dihydrosanguinarine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat. Commun. 5:3283. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4283.
34. Foy, B. D., Kobylinski, K. C., Foy, J. L. C., Blitvich, B. J., da Rosa, A., Haddow, A. D., et al. (2014). Toehold switches: de-novo-designed regulators of gene expression. Cell 159, 925-939. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.002.
35. Gourinat, A. C., Connor, O. O., Calvez, E., Goarant, C., and Myrielle, D. R. (2015). Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 84-86. doi: 10.3201/eid2101.140894.
36. Green, A. A., Silver, P. A., Collins, J. J., and Yin, P. (2014). Toehold switches: de-novo-designed regulators of gene expression. Cell 159, 925-939. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.002.
37. Hamza, I. A., Jurzik, L., überla, K., and Wilhelm, M. (2011). Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 214, 424-436. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014.
38. Hartlefy, H. A., and Baeumner, A. J. (2003). Biosensor for the specific detection of a single viable B. anthracis spore. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 376, 319-327. doi: 10.1007/s00216-003-1939-5.
39. Haug, C. J., Kieny, M. P., and Murgue, B. (2016). The Zika challenge. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 1801-1803. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1603734.
40. Hayes, E. B. (2009). Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 1347-1350. doi: 10.3201/eid1509.090442.
41. Hoenen, T., Groseth, A., Rosenke, K., Fischer, R. J., Hoenen, A., and Judson, S. D. (2016). Nanopore sequencing as a rapidly deployable Ebola outbreak tool. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 331-334. doi: 10.3201/eid2202.151796.
42. Huzly, D., Hanselmann, I., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., and Panning, M. (2016). High specificity of a novel Zika virus ELISA in European patients after exposure to different flaviviruses. Euro. Surveill. 21:30203. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.16.30203.
43. Johnson, A. J., Martin, D. A., Karabatsos, N., and Roehrig, J. T. (2000). Detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1827-1831.
44. Kallen, B.(ed.). (2014). "Microcephaly, "in Epidemiology of Human Congenital Malformations (New York, NY: Springer International Publishing), 27-31.
45. Kelser, E. A. (2016). Meet Dengue's cousin. Zika. Microbe. Infect. 18, 163-166. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.12.003.
46. Kilianski, A., Roth, P. A., Liem, A. T., Hill, J. M., Willis, K. L., and Rossmaier, R. D. (2016). Use of unamplified RNA/cDNA-hybrid nanopore sequencing for rapid detection and characterization of RNA virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 1448-1451. doi: 10.3201/eid2208.160270.
47. Kotula, J. W., Kerns, S. J., Shaket, L. A., Siraj, L., Collins, J. J., Way, J. C., et al. (2014). Programmable bacteria detect and record an environmental signal in the mammalian gut. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 4838-4843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321321111.
48. Kow, C. Y., Koon, L. L., and Yin, P. F. (2001). Detection of Dengue viruses in field caught male Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Singapore by type-specific PCR. J. Med. Entomol. 38, 475-479. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.475.
49. Kwallah, A., Inoue, S., Muigai, A. W., Kubo, T., Sang, R., Morita, K., et al. (2013). A real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of yellow fever virus. J. Virol. Methods 193, 23-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.004.
50. Lanciotti, R. S., Kosoy, O. L., Laven, J. J., Velez, J. O., Lambert, A. J., Johnson, A. J., et al. (2008). Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1232-1239. doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080287.
51. Lanciotti, R. S., and Tesh, R. B. (2011). Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus in Colorado, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 5-8. doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101939.
52. Lehtinen, J., Raki, M., Bergström, K. A., Uutela, P., Lehtinen, K., and Hiltunen, A. (2012). Pre-targeting and direct immunotargeting of liposomal drug carriers to ovarian carcinoma. PLoS. ONE 7:e41410. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041410.
53. Leyssen, P., De Clercq, E., and Neyts, J. (2000). Perspectives for the treatment of infections with Flaviviridae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 67-82. doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.1.67-82.2000.
54. Martin, D. A., Muth, D. A., Brown, T., Johnson, A. J., Karabatsos, N., and Roehrig, J. T. (2000). Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1823-1826.
55. Modis, Y., Ogata, S., Clements, D., and Harrison, S. C. (2003). A ligand-binding pocket in the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 6986-6991. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0832193100.
56. Modis, Y., Ogata, S., Clements, D., and Harrison, S. C. (2005). Variable surface epitopes in the crystal structure of dengue virus type 3 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79, 1223-1231. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.1223-1231.2005.
57. Musso, D., Roche, C., Nhan, T. X., Robin, E., Teissier, A., and Cao-Lormeau, V. M. (2015). Detection of Zika virus saliva. J. Clin. Virol. 68, 53-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.021.
58. Novotny, J., Svobodova, J., Ransnas, L. A., and Kubistova, K. (1992). A method for the preparation of purified antigens of coxsackievirus B3 from a large volume of cell culture supernatant. Acta Virol. 36, 483-487.
59. Nunes, M. R., Palacios, G., Nunes, K. N., Casseb, S. M., Martins, L. C., Quaresma, J. A., et al. (2011). Evaluation of two molecular methods for the detection of yellow fever virus genome. J. Virol. Methods 174, 29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.025.
60. Oduyebo, T., Petersen, E. E., and Rasmussen, S. A. (2016). Update: interim guidelines for health care providers caring for pregnant women and women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure-United States, 2016. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65, 1-6. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1er.
61. Okamoto, K., Kinoshita, H., Parquet, M. C., Raekiansyah, M., Kimura, D., Yui, K., et al. (2012). Dengue virus strain DEN216681 utilizes a specific glycochain of syndecan-2 proteoglycan as a receptor. J. Gen. Virol. 93, 761-770. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.037853-0.
62. Pan American Health Organization [PAHO] (2016). Countries and Territories with Zika Autochthonous Transmission Reported in the Americas Region. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/images/stories/AD/HSD/IR/Viral_Diseases/Zika-Virus/2016-chaautoch-human-cases-zika-virus-ew-3.jpg.
63. Pankhurst, Q. A., Connolly, J., Jones, S. K., and Dobson, J. (2003). Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 36, 167-181. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201.
64. Pardee, K., Green, A. A., Ferrante, T., Cameron, D. E., DaleyKeyser, A., Yin, P., et al. (2014). Paper-based synthetic gene networks. Cell 159, 940-954. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.004.
65. Pardee, K., Green, A. A., Takahashi, M. K., Braff, D., Lambert, G., Lee, J. W., et al. (2016). Rapid, low-cost detection of Zika virus using programmable biomolecular components. Cell 165, 1255-1266. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.059.
66. Poplawska, M., Bystrzejewski, M., Grudziñski, I. P., Cywiñska, M. A., Ostapko, J., and Cieszanowski, A. (2014). Immobilization of gamma globulins and polyclonal antibodies of class IgG onto carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles functionalized with various surface linkers. Carbon 74, 180-194. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.03.022.
67. Quick, J., Loman, N. J., Duraffour, S., Simpson, J. T., Severi, E., and Cowley, L. (2016). Real-time, portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. Nature 530, 228-232. doi: 10.1038/nature16996.
68. Reynolds, K. A., Gerba, C. P., Abbaszadegan, M., and Pepper, L. L. (2001). ICC/PCR detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in environmental samples. Can. J. Microbiol. 47, 153-157. doi: 10.1139/w00-134.
69. Rodriguez, R. A., Peppe, I. L., and Gerba, C. P. (2009). Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 297-307. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01150-08.
70. Roth, W. K., Weber, M., and Seifried, E. (1999). Feasibility and efficacy of routine PCR screening of blood donations for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV-1 in a blood-bank setting. Lancet 353, 359-363. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06318-1.
71. Rutjes, S. A., Italiaander, R., van den Berg, H. H., Lodder, W. J., and de Roda-Husman, A. M. (2005). Isolation and detection of enterovirus RNA from large-volume water samples by using the NucliSens mini MAG system and real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 3734-3740. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3734-3740.2005.
72. Safarikova, M., and Safarik, I. (2001). The application of magnetic techniques in biosciences. Magn. Elect. Sep. 10, 223-252. doi: 10.1155/2001/57434.
73. Saiz, J. C., Vázquez-Calvo, á, Blázquez, A. B., Merino-Ramos, T., Escribano-Romero, E., and Martín-Acebes, M. A. (2016). Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front. Microbiol 7:496. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496.
74. Sajja, H. K., East, M. P., Mao, H., Wang, Y. A., Nie, S., and Yang, L. (2009). Development of multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging of therapeutic effect. Curr. Drug. Discov. Technol. 6, 43-51. doi: 10.2174/157016309787581066.
75. Sakudo, A., Chou, H., and Nagatsu, M. (2015). Antibody-integrated and functionalized graphite-encapsulated magnetic beads, produced using ammonia gas plasma technology, for capturing Salmonella. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25, 1012-1016. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.031.
76. Sakudo, A., Viswan, A., Chou, H., Sasaki, T., Ikuta, K., and Nagatsu, M. (2016). Capture of Dengue viruses using antibody-integrated graphite-encapsulated magnetic beads produced using gas plasma technology. Mol. Med. Rep. 14, 697-704. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5330.
77. Sanchez, G., Bosch, A., and Pinto, R. M. (2007). Hepatitis A virus detection in food: current and future prospects. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45, 1-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02140.x.
78. Saraswati, T. E., Matsuda, T., Ogino, A., and Nagatsu, M. (2011). Surface modification of graphite encapsulated iron nanoparticles by plasma processing. Diam. Relat. Mater. 20, 359-363. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2011.01.027.
79. Saraswati, T. E., Ogino, A., and Nagatsu, M. (2012). Plasma-activated immobilization of biomolecules onto graphite-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles. Carbon 50, 1253-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.10.044.
80. Seifi, M., Ghasemi, A., Heidarzadeh, S., Khosravi, M., Namipashaki, A., Soofiany, V. M., et al. (2012). Overview of Real-Time PCR Principles, Polymerase Chain Reaction. ed. Patricia Hernandez-Rodriguez. Rijeka: InTech.
81. Shin, J., and Kim, M. (2008). Development of liposome immunoassay for Salmonella spp. using immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposome. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 1689-1694.
82. Shukla, S., Bang, J., Heu, S., and Kim, M. (2012). Development of immunoliposome-based assay for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 234, 53-59. doi: 10.1007/s00217-011-1606-6.
83. Shukla, S., Lee, G., Song, X., Park, S., and Kim, M. (2016). Immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay for rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii. Biosens. Bioelectron. 77, 986-994. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.077.
84. Sikka, V., Chattu, V. K., Popli, R. K., Galwankar, S. C., Kelkar, D., Sawicki, S. G., et al. (2016). The emergence of Zika virus as a global health security threat: a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM joint working group (JWG). J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 8, 3-15. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.176140.
85. Sofou, S., and Sgouros, G. (2008). Antibody-targeted liposomes in cancer therapy and imaging. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 5, 189-204. doi: 10.1517/17425247.5.2.189.
86. Song, J., Mauk, M. G., Hackett, B. A., Cherry, S., Bau, H. H., and Liu, C. (2016). Instrument-free point-of-care molecular detection of Zika virus. Anal. Chem. 88, 7289-7294. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01632.
87. Tappe, D., Rissland, J., Gabriel, M., Emmerich, P., Gunther, S., and Held, G. (2014). First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro. Surveill. 19, 20685.
88. Tian, B., Zhen, Q., Jing, M., Teresa, Z. G. T., Christer, J. P. S., and Mattias, S. (2016). Attomolar Zika virus oligonucleotide detection based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification and AC susceptometry. Biosens. Bioelectron. 86, 420-426. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.085.
89. Tilak, R., Ray, S., Tilak, V. W., and Mukherji, V. (2016). Dengue, Chikungunya and the missing entity-Zika fever: a new emerging threat. Med. J. Armed Forces India 72, 157-163. doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2016.02.017.
90. Tombelli, S., Minunni, M., and Mascini, M. (2005). Analytical applications of aptamers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 2424-2434. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.11.006.
91. Torchilin, V. P. (2000). Polymeric contrast agents for medical imaging. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1, 183-215. doi: 10.2174/1389201003378960.
92. Torella, J. P., Ford, T. J., Kim, S. N., Chen, A. M., Way, J. C., and Silver, P. A. (2013). Tailored fatty acid synthesis via dynamic control of fatty acid elongation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 11290-11295. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1307129110.
93. Vazquez, Y., Pupo-Antunez, M., Vazquez, S. V., Capo, G. T., Caballero, Y., Sanchez, A., et al. (2009). Monoclonal antibody to dengue capsid protein: its application in dengue studies. MAbs. 1, 157-162. doi: 10.4161/mabs.1.2.7908.
94. Von der Hagen, M., Pivarcsi, M., and Liebe, J. (2014). Diagnostic approach to microcephaly in childhood: a two-center study and review of the literature. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 56, 732-741. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12425.
95. Waggoner, J. J., Gresh, L., Mohamed-Hadley, A., Ballesteros, G., Davila, M. J. V., Tellez, Y., et al. (2016). Single-reaction multiplex reverse transcription PCR for detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue viruses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 1295-1297. doi: 10.3201/eid2207.160326.
96. Wahed, A. E. A., Patel, P., Faye, O., Thaloengsok, S., Heidenreich, D., and Matangkasombut, P. (2015). Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid diagnostics of Dengue infection. PLoS. ONE 10:e0129682. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129682.
97. Wang, J., Moore, N. E., Deng, Y. M., Eccles, D. A., and Hall, R. J. (2015). MinION nanopore sequencing of an influenza genome. Front. Microbiol. 6:766. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00766.
98. Weng, K. C., Noble, C. O., Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, B., Chen, F. F., Drummond, D. C., and Kirpotin, D. B. (2008). Targeted tumor cell internalization and imaging of multifunctional quantum dot-conjugated immunoliposomes in vitro and in vivo. Nano Lett. 8, 2851-2857. doi: 10.1021/nl801488u.
99. World Health Organization [WHO] (2016). WHO Situation Report: Neurological Syndrome and Congenital Anomalies. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204348/1/zikasitrep_5Feb2016_eng.pdf?ua=1.
100. Zammarchi, L., Tappe, D., Fortuna, C., Remol, M. E., Gunther, S., and Venturi, G. (2015). Zika virus infection in a traveller returning to Europe from Brazil. Euro. Surveill. 20, 1-5. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.23.21153.
101. Zanluca, C., de Melo, V. C., Mosimann, A. L., Dos Santos, G. I., Dos Santos, C. N., and Luz, K. (2015). First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 110, 569-572. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760150192.
102. Zaytseva, N. V., Montagna, R. A., Lee, E. M., and Baeumner, A. J. (2004). Multi-analyte single-membrane biosensor for the serotype-specific detection of Dengue virus. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 380, 46-53. doi: 10.1007/s00216-004-2724-9.
103. Zhang, F., Carothers, J. M., and Keasling, J. D. (2012). Design of a dynamic sensor-regulator system for production of chemicals and fuels derived from fatty acids. Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 354-359. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2149.