Regulatory domain and regulatory dexterity: Critiquing the UK governance of ‘fracking’

Modern Law Review

Volumn 79, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 961-986

  Stokes, Elen ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84996551458     PISSN: 00267961     EISSN: 14682230     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2230.12226     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC),The Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources of Britain’s Onshore Basins-Shale Gas (London: DECC,2013).
2. ‘How Summer Fracking Protest Unfolded in Sussex Village’ BBC News 17 April 2014 at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-26765926 (last accessed 22 June 2016)
3. W. Jordan,‘Public Opposition to Fracking Grows’ YouGov 19 May 2015 at https://yougov.co.uk/news/2015/05/19/opposition-fracking-britain-grows/(last accessed 7 June 2016)
4. J. Halliday,‘Protesters Urge North Yorkshire Councillors to Vote Against Fracking’ The Guardian 23 May 2016.
5. DECC,‘Shale Gas Health Review by Public HealThengland’ 31 October 2013 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/shale-gas-health-review-by-public-health-england
6. Economic Affairs Committee,The Economic Impact on UK Energy Policy of Shale Gas and Oil: Oral and Written Evidence HL 172 (2014) 163.
7. P. Fitzpatrick,The Mythology of Modern Law (London andNew York: Routledge,1992)
8. P. Ewick and S. S. Silbey,The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life (Chicago,Ill: University of Chicago Press,1998). The analysis here is particularly influenced by Ewick and Silbey,The Common Place of Law,esp ch 7.
9. S. Jasanoff,‘Technologies of Humility’ (2007) 450 Nature 33
10. B. Wynne,Rationality and Ritual: Participation and Exclusion in Nuclear Decision-Making (Oxford and New York: Earthscan,2nd ed,2011)
11. Nuffield Council on Bioethics,Emerging Biotechnologies: Technology,Choice and the Public Good (London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics,2012).
12. M. Stephenson,Shale Gas and Fracking: The Science Behind the Controversy (Amsterdam: Elsevier,2015) ch 3.
13. E. Davey,‘The Myths and Realities of Shale Gas Exploration’ 9 September 2013 at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-myths-and-realities-of-shale-gasexploration (last accessed 3 September 2015).
14. Economic Affairs Committee,The Economic Impact on UK Energy Policy of Shale Gas and Oil HL 172 (2014) ch 3.
15. D. J. C. MacKay and T. J. Stone,Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use (London: DECC,2013) 28.
16. DECC,Shale Gas Made Simple (London: DECC,2014) 1.
17. Energy and Climate Change Committee,Shale Gas HC 795 (2011) 27
18. P. Stevens,Shale Gas in the United Kingdom (London: Chatham House,2013) 5
19. C. Huhne,‘The Truth about David Cameron’s Fracking Fairytale’ The Guardian 26 18 Economic Affairs Committee,n 5 above,149.
20. Office of Fair Trading,Ofgem and Competition and Markets Authority,State of the Market Assessment (London: Ofgem,2014) 43-44.
21. DECC,Fracking UK Shale: Planning Permission and Communities (London: DECC,2014) 4.
22. British Geological Survey/DECC,The Carboniferous Bowland Shale Gas Study: Geology and Resource Estimation (London: DECC,2013) 6.
23. B. Wynne,C. Waterton and R. Grove-White,Public Perceptions and the Nuclear Industry in West Cumbria (Lancaster: Centre for the Study of Environmental Change,Lancaster University,2007) 4.
24. M. Douglas and A. Wildavsky,Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press,1992).
25. B. Wynne,‘Misunderstood Misunderstanding: Social Identities and Public Uptake of Science’ (1992) 1 Public Understanding of Science 281,295-297.
26. TNS,Public Engagement with Shale and Oil: A Report on Findings from Public Dialogue Workshops (TNS,2014) 14-15.
27. ‘David Cameron: Shale Gas Projects Will Benefit Communities Financially’ The Telegraph 13 January 2014 at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/10568623/David-Cameron-shale-gas-projects-will-benefit-communities-financially.html (last accessed 7 June 2016).
28. M. A. Crenson,The Un-Politics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-Decisionmaking in the Cities (Baltimore,MD: John Hopkins Press,1971).
29. M. Bloor et al,‘The Instrumental Use of Technical Doubts: Technological Controversies,Investment Decisions and Air Pollution Controls in the Global Shipping Industry’ (2014) 41 Science and Public Policy 234.
30. Friends of the Earth Cymru,Planning and Unconventional Oil and Gas Fighting OffFracking in Cymru/Wales (Friends of the Earth Cymru,2014).
31. Prime Minister’s Office,‘Local Councils to Receive Millions in Business Rates from Shale Gas Developments’ 13 January 2014 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/local-councils-toreceive-millions-in-business-rates-from-shale-gas-developments (last accessed 7 June 2016).
32. Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG),Planning Practice Guidance for Onshore Oil and Gas (London: DCLG,2013).
33. DCLG,Shale Exploration-Support for Mineral Planning Authorities (London: DCLG,2015).
34. HM Government,‘Office of Unconventional Gas and Oil (OUGO)’ at https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/office-of-unconventional-gas-and-oil-ougo (last accessed 26 July 2015).
35. J. Pinch and W. E. Bijker,‘The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other’ (1984) 14 Social Studies of Science 399.
36. S. Jasanoff,Science and Public Reason (Oxford: Earthscan,Routledge,2012) 43.
37. C. Hilson,‘Framing Fracking: Which Frames Are Heard in English Planning and Environmental Policy and Practice?’ (2015) 27 Journal of Environmental Law 177.
38. O. W. Pedersen,‘The Rhetoric of Environmental Reasoning and Responses as Applied to Fracking’ (2015) 27 Journal of Environmental Law 325.
39. J. C. Scott,Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven,CT and London: Yale University Press,1998) 76.
40. J. C. Scott,Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven,CT and London: Yale University Press,1998) 11.
41. J. C. Scott,Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven,CT and London: Yale University Press,1998) 81.
42. J. C. Scott,Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven,CT and London: Yale University Press,1998) 3.
43. DECC,Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration in the UK: Regulation and Best Practice at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-roadmap-onshore-oil-andgas-exploration-in-the-uk-regulation-and-best-practice (last accessed 11 August 2015).
44. C. M. Rose,Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History,Theory and Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder,CO: Westview Press 1994) 278.
45. M. Valverde,‘Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Study of Legal Knowledge Practices’ in A. Sarat,L. Douglas and M. M. Umphrey (eds),How Law Knows (Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press,2007) ch 3,83.
46. D. D. Friedman,‘Does Technology Require New Law?’ (2001) 25 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 71
47. J. Black,M. Lodge and M. Thatcher (eds),Regulatory Innovation: A Comparative Analysis (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2005) ch 1
48. M. Lee,EU Regulation of GMOs: Law and Decision Making for a New Technology (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2008) esp 72-73
49. C. Ford,‘Innovation-Framing Regulation’ (2013) 649 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 76.
50. R. R. Nelson and S. G. Winter,‘In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation’ (1977) 6 Research Policy 36,57.
51. R. Garcia and R. Calantone,‘A Critical Look at Technological Innovation Typology and Innovativeness Terminology: A Literature Review’ (2002) 19 Journal of Product Innovation Management 110,113.
52. W. J. Abernathy and K. B. Clark ‘Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction’ (1985) 14 Research Policy 3,4.
53. S. Jasanoff,‘In the Democracies of DNA: Ontological Uncertainty and Political Order in Three States’ (2005) 24 New Genetics and Society 139,139.
54. E. White et al,Briefing Paper: Shale Gas and Fracking Paper No SN06073 (House of Commons Library,2015) 25.
55. DECC,‘Press Release: New Onshore Licensing Round Opens’ 28 July 2014 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-onshore-licensing-round-opens (last accessed 1 June 2016).
56. DECC,Developing Onshore Shale Gas and Oil-Facts about ‘Fracking’ (London: DECC,2013) 8.
57. DECC,Fracking UK Shale: Planning Permission and Communities n 23 above,2.
58. DCLG,National Planning Policy Framework (London: DCLG,2012) para 147
59. Scottish Government,Scottish Planning Policy (Edinburgh: Scottish Government,2014) para 240
60. National Assembly for Wales,Minerals Planning Policy Wales (Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales,2000) para 64
61. Environment Agency (EA),Onshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Operations: Technical Guidance-Consultation Draft (Bristol: EA,2013) 6.
62. L. Bennett Moses,‘Recurring Dilemmas: The Law’s Race to Keep Up With Technological Change’ (2007) 2 University of Illinois Journal of Law,Technology and Policy 239,270-276.
63. DECC,Guidance: Developing Shale Oil and Gas in the UK (London: DECC,2015) para 1.
64. HSE,Shale Gas and Oil Guidance for Planners (London: HSE,2015) 1.
65. Public HealThengland (PHE),Review of the Potential Public Health Impacts of Exposures to Chemical and Radioactive Pollutants as a Result of the Shale Gas Extraction Process (London: PHE,2014) 46.
66. J. Hawkins,‘Fracking: Minding the Gaps’ (2015) 17 Environmental Law Review 8.
67. Liaison Committee,Oral Evidence: Evidence from the Prime Minister HC 939 (2013-14) Q70.
68. European Commission,‘The Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons (Such as Shale Gas) Using High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing in the EU’ (Communication)COM(2014) 23 final/2,27.
69. European Parliament,‘Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas and Shale Oil Extraction Activities’ (Resolution) P7_TA(2012)0443,para 60.
70. A. Ryall,Effective Judicial Protection and the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive in Ireland (Oxford: Hart,2009) 127-130.
71. European Environmental Bureau (EEB),The EEB’s Assessment of the Environmental Results of the Lithuanian Presidency of the EU July-December 2013 (Brussels: EEB,2013) 5.
72. Better Regulation Executive (BRE),The Seventh Statement of New Regulation (London: Department of Business,Innovation and Skills (BIS),2013) 2.
73. BRE,The Eighth Statement of New Regulation (BIS,2014) 16
74. Business Taskforce,Cut EU Red Tape: One Year On (London: BIS,2014) para A1.
75. Business Taskforce,Cut EU Red Tape: Report from the Business Taskforce (London: BIS,2013) 8.
76. S. Shackley and B. Wynne,‘Representing Uncertainty in Global Climate Change Science and Policy: Boundary-Ordering Devices and Authority’ (1996) 21 Science,Technology and Human Values 275.
77. HM Treasury,Harnessing the Potential of the UK’s Natural Resources: A Fiscal Regime for Shale Gas (London: HM Treasury,2013).
78. D. A. Kysar,‘Preferences for Processes: The Process/Product Distinction and the Regulation of Consumer Choice’ (2004) 118 Harvard Law Review 526.
79. DECC,‘Gas Will Support Decarbonisation of the Electricity Mix’ at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/gas-will-support-decarbonisation-of-the-electricitymix (last accessed 9 March 2016).
80. DECC,‘Shale Gas-An Inconvenient Truth for the Anti-Fracking Lobby’ at https://decc.blog.gov.uk/2015/09/23/shale-gas-an-inconvenient-truth-for-the-anti-frackinglobby/(last accessed 10 March 2016).
81. DECC,M. Fallon and E. Davey,‘Getting Ready for Shale Gas-Supply Chain Estimated to be Worth Billions as New Environmental Measures Announced’ 24 April 2014 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/getting-ready-for-shale-gas-supplychain-estimated-to-be-worth-billions-as-new-environmental-measures-announced (last accessed 10 October 2015). See,however,Environmental Audit Committee,Energy Subsidies HC 61-I (2013) para 61.
82. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC),UK Oil and Gas Fiscal Regime: Extension of the Ring Fence Expenditure Supplement for Onshore Activities (London: HMRC,2013) paras 76-77.
83. DECC and DCLG,‘Faster Decision Making on Shale Gas for Economic Growth and Energy Security’ 13 August 2015 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/faster-decision-makingon-shale-gas-for-economic-growth-and-energy-security (last accessed 24 August 2015).
84. DECC,Underground Drilling Access: Consultation on Proposal for Underground Access for the Extraction of Gas,Oil or Geothermal Energy (London: DECC,2014) 20.
85. DECC,Underground Drilling Access: Government Response to the Consultation on Proposal for Underground Access for the Extraction of Gas,Oil or Geothermal Energy (London: DECC,2014) para 1.26.
86. HM Treasury,Consultation Outcome-Review of the Oil and Gas Fiscal Regime: Call for Evidence (London: HM Treasury,2014) para 2.1.
87. HM Treasury and DCLG,‘Shale Gas: Government Unveils Plan to Kick Start Investment with Generous New Tax Breaks’ 19 July 2013 at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/shalegas-government-unveils-plan-to-kick-start-investment-with-generous-new-tax-breaks (last accessed 12 March 2016).
88. DCLG,Changes to Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) (England) Order 2010 for Onshore Oil and Gas Extraction (London: DCLG,2014).
89. DECC,Underground Access Rights Clauses in 2014 Infrastructure Bill-Impact on Oil and Gas Activities (London: DECC,2014) 5-6.
90. HM Government,Government Response to the House of Lords Economic Affairs Select Committee Report: “The Economic Impact on UK Energy Policy of Shale Gas and Oil” (London: HM Government,2014) paras 6-9.
91. Regulatory Policy Committee (RPC),Defining Protected Areas-Hydraulic Fracturing (London: RPC,2015) 2.
92. A. Grear et al,A Human Rights Assessment of Hydraulic Fracturing in the UK (Global Network for the Study of Human Rights and the Environment,2014).
93. J. Wilsdon,B. Wynne and J. Stilgoe,The Public Value of Science (London: Demos,2005) 26.