Screening for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Who, When, and How?

Virulence

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 417-426

  Richter, Sandra S ^a   Marchaim, Dror ^b,c  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b ASSAF HAROFEH MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenemase producing organisms; colonization; screening

Indexed keywords

BETA LACTAMASE; CARBAPENEM; CLAVULANIC ACID; DORIPENEM; ERTAPENEM; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METALLO BETA LACTAMASE; OXACILLIN;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; CARBAPENEM RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LONG TERM CARE; MASS SCREENING; NONHUMAN; PERIRECTAL SWAB; RECTAL SWAB; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAMPLING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TRANSPOSON; CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CROSS INFECTION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTION; HETEROZYGOTE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CARRIER STATE; CROSS INFECTION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; MASS SCREENING;

EID: 84996478405     PISSN: 21505594     EISSN: 21505608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1255381     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Patel G, Huprikar S, Factor SH, Jenkins SG, Calfee DP. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:1099-106; PMID:18973455; https://doi.org/10.1086/592412
2. Srinivasan A, Patel JB. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing organisms:an ounce of prevention really is worth a pound of cure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:1107-9; PMID:18973453; https://doi.org/10.1086/594129
3. Bogan C, Marchaim D. The role of antimicrobial stewardship in curbing carbapenem resistance. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:979-91; PMID:23902145; https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.73
4. Barnes SL, Morgan DJ, Harris AD, Carling PC, Thom KA. Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms:modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:1156-62; PMID:25111924; https://doi.org/10.1086/677632
5. Harris AD, Kotetishvili M, Shurland S, Johnson JA, Morris JG, Nemoy LL, Johnson JK. How important is patient-to-patient transmission in extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli acquisition. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:97-101; PMID:17327188; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.09.011
6. Hayden MK, Lin MY, Lolans K, Weiner S, Blom D, Moore NM, Fogg L, Henry D, Lyles R, Thurlow C, et al. Prevention of colonization and infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in long-term acute-care hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1153-61; PMID:25537877; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu1173
7. Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemases:the versatile β-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:440-58, table of contents; PMID:17630334; https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00001-07
8. Munoz-Price LS, Poirel L, Bonomo RA, Schwaber MJ, Daikos GL, Cormican M, Cornaglia G, Garau J, Gniadkowski M, Hayden MK, et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13:785-96; PMID:23969216; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70190-7
9. Bennett JW, Herrera ML, Lewis JS, 2nd, Wickes BW, Jorgensen JH. KPC-2-producing Enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas putida coinfection in a liver transplant recipient. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:292-4; PMID:18852270; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00931-08
10. Canton R, Akova M, Carmeli Y, Giske CG, Glupczynski Y, Gniadkowski M, Livermore DM, Miriagou V, Naas T, Rossolini GM, et al. Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:413-31; PMID:22507109; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03821.x
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tracking CRE infections. Atlanta, GA:United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2016 April 25 [accessed 2016 Aug 21]. http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/TrackingCRE.html
12. Abdallah HM, Reuland EA, Wintermans BB, Al Naiemi N, Koek A, Abdelwahab AM, Ammar AM, Mohamed AA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases and/or carbapenemases-producing enterobacteriaceae isolated from retail chicken meat in Zagazig, Egypt. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136052; PMID:26284654; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136052
13. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae:a potential threat. JAMA 2008; 300:2911-3; PMID:19109119; https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.896
14. Wang Y, Wu C, Zhang Q, Qi J, Liu H, He T, Ma L, Lai J, Shen Z, Liu Y, et al. Identification of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 in Acinetobacter lwoffii of food animal origin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37152; PMID:22629360; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037152
15. Tomar JS, Peddinti RK. A. baumannii histone acetyl transferase Hpa2:optimization of homology modeling, analysis of protein-protein interaction and virtual screening. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016:15:1-12; PMID:27125865; https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2016.1172025
16. Brennan BM, Coyle JR, Marchaim D, Pogue JM, Boehme M, Finks J, Malani AN, VerLee KE, Buckley BO, Mollon N, et al. Statewide surveillance of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae in Michigan. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:342-9; PMID:24602937; https://doi.org/10.1086/675611
17. Won SY, Munoz-Price LS, Lolans K, Hota B, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. Emergence and rapid regional spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:532-40; PMID:21865189; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir482
18. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bogan C, Bheemreddy S, Sengstock D, Jagarlamudi R, Malani A, Lemanek L, Moshos J, Lephart PR, et al. The burden of multidrug-resistant organisms on tertiary hospitals posed by patients with recent stays in long-term acute care facilities. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:760-5; PMID:22285709; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.09.011
19. Ben-David D, Masarwa S, Navon-Venezia S, Mishali H, Fridental I, Rubinovitch B, Smollan G, Carmeli Y, Schwaber MJ. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in post-acute-care facilities in Israel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:845-53; PMID:21828964; https://doi.org/10.1086/661279
20. Schwaber MJ, Lev B, Israeli A, Solter E, Smollan G, Rubinovitch B, Shalit I, Carmeli Y. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:848-55; PMID:21317398; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir025
21. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. An ongoing national intervention to contain the spread of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:697-703; PMID:24304707; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit795
22. Bogan C, Kaye KS, Chopra T, Hayakawa K, Pogue JM, Lephart PR, Bheemreddy S, Lazarovitch T, Zaidenstein R, Perez F, et al. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolation:matched analysis. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:612-20; PMID:24837111; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.02.013
23. Bonten MJ. Colonization pressure:a critical parameter in the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Crit Care 2012; 16:142; PMID:22849650
24. Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E, Kariv G, Robenshtok E, Leibovici L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4851-63; PMID:20733044; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00627-10
25. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Perez F, Hayakawa K, Lephart PR, Bheemreddy S, Blunden C, Hujer AM, Rudin S, Shango M, et al. Outcomes and genetic relatedness of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae at Detroit medical center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:861-71; PMID:21828966; https://doi.org/10.1086/661597
26. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bhargava A, Bogan C, Dhar S, Hayakawa K, Pogue JM, Bheemreddy S, Blunden C, Shango M, et al. Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae:the role of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:817-30; PMID:22759550; https://doi.org/10.1086/666642
27. Marchaim D, Navon-Venezia S, Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Isolation of imipenem-resistant Enterobacter species:emergence of KPC-2 carbapenemase, molecular characterization, epidemiology, and outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1413-8; PMID:18227191; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01103-07
28. Schwaber MJ, Klarfeld-Lidji S, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Leavitt A, Carmeli Y. Predictors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition among hospitalized adults and effect of acquisition on mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1028-33; PMID:18086836; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01020-07
29. Bhargava A, Hayakawa K, Silverman E, Haider S, Alluri KC, Datla S, Diviti S, Kuchipudi V, Muppavarapu KS, Lephart PR, et al. Risk factors for colonization due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients exposed to long-term acute care and acute care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:398-405; PMID:24602945; https://doi.org/10.1086/675614
30. Schechner V, Kotlovsky T, Tarabeia J, Kazma M, Schwartz D, Navon-Venezia S, Carmeli Y. Predictors of rectal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among patients with known CRE carriage at their next hospital encounter. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:497-503; PMID:21515981; https://doi.org/10.1086/659762
31. Guidance for control of infections with carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in acute care facilities. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58:256-60; PMID:19300408
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facility guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), November 2015 update - CRE toolkit. Atlanta (GA):United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2015 Nov [accessed 2016 Aug 20]. http://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/cre/CRE-guidance-508.pdf
33. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of Illness in the Aged. the index of Adl:a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. Jama 1963; 185:914-9; PMID:14044222; https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
34. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, McGarry SA, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, Lamm W, Clark C, MacFarquhar J, Walton AL, et al. Health care–associated bloodstream infections in adults:a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:791-7; PMID:12435215; https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007
35. Lerner A, Adler A, Abu-Hanna J, Cohen Percia S, Kazma Matalon M, Carmeli Y. Spread of KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae:the importance of super-spreaders and rectal KPC concentration. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:470e1-7; PMID:25636943; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.015
36. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Nineteenth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S19. Wayne (PA):Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009
37. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae containing New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase in two patients - Rhode Island, March 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:446-8; PMID:22717513
38. Thomson KS. Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase, AmpC, and Carbapenemase issues. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1019-25; PMID:20181902; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00219-10
39. Mathers AJ, Carroll J, Sifri CD, Hazen KC. Modified Hodge test versus indirect carbapenemase test:prospective evaluation of a phenotypic assay for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) in Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1291-3; PMID:23390272; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03240-12
40. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-second informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S22. Wayne (PA):Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012.
41. Dudley MN. Rationale for the 2010 revised susceptibility breakpoints for cephalosporins, aztreonam, and carbapenems for enterobacteriaceae. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2012; 1:166-8; PMID:26619172; https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/pis046
42. Ku K, Pogue JM, Moshos J, Bheemreddy S, Wang Y, Bhargava A, Campbell M, Khandker N, Lephart PR, Chopra T, et al. Retrospective evaluation of colistin versus tigecycline for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii and/or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:983-7; PMID:22440526; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.12.014
43. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. EUCAST clinical breakpoints. Basil, Switzerland:European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2016 April 17 [accessed 2016 Aug 20]. http://www.eucast.org
44. Livermore DM, Andrews JM, Hawkey PM, Ho PL, Keness Y, Doi Y, Paterson D, Woodford N. Are susceptibility tests enough, or should laboratories still seek ESBLs and carbapenemases directly? J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1569-77; PMID:22461311; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks088
45. Giske CG, Martinez-Martinez L, Canton R, Stefani S, Skov R, Glupczynski Y, Nordmann P, Wooton M, Miriagou V, Simonsen GS, et al. EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. Basel, Switzerland:European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2013 Dec [accessed 2016 Aug 20]. http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Resistance_mechanisms/EUCAST_detection_of_resistance_mechanisms_v1.0_20131211.pdf
46. Tijet N, Boyd D, Patel SN, Mulvey MR, Melano RG. Evaluation of the Carba NP test for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4578-80; PMID:23817380; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00878-13
47. Vasoo S, Cunningham SA, Kohner PC, Simner PJ, Mandrekar JN, Lolans K, Hayden MK, Patel R. Comparison of a novel, rapid chromogenic biochemical assay, the Carba NP test, with the modified Hodge test for detection of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3097-101; PMID:23824767; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00965-13
48. Osterblad M, Hakanen AJ, Jalava J. Evaluation of the Carba NP test for carbapenemase detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7553-6; PMID:25246404; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02761-13
49. van der Zwaluw K, de Haan A, Pluister GN, Bootsma HJ, de Neeling AJ, Schouls LM. The carbapenem inactivation method (CIM), a simple and low-cost alternative for the Carba NP test to assess phenotypic carbapenemase activity in gram-negative rods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123690; PMID:25798828; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123690
50. Walker T, Dumadag S, Lee CJ, Lee SH, Bender JM, Cupo Abbott J, She RC. Clinical impact of laboratory implementation of verigene BC-GN microarray-based assay for detection of gram-negative bacteria in positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1789-96; PMID:27098961; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00376-16
51. Adler A, Navon-Venezia S, Moran-Gilad J, Marcos E, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y. Laboratory and clinical evaluation of screening agar plates for detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from surveillance rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2239-42; PMID:21471338; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02566-10
52. Weinstein JW, Tallapragada S, Farrel P, Dembry LM. Comparison of rectal and perirectal swabs for detection of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:210-2; PMID:8748308
53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory protocol for detection of carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing, Klebsiella spp. or E. coli from rectal swabs. Atlanta, GA:United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2009 [accessed 2016 Aug 20]. https://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/labSettings/Klebsiella_or_Ecoli.pdf
54. Gniadek TJ, Carroll KC, Simner PJ. Carbapenem-resistant non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative Bacilli:the missing piece to the puzzle. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1700-10; PMID:26912753; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03264-15
55. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Bartzavali C, Christofidou M, Bereksi N, Hey J, Zambardi G, Spiliopoulou I. Performance of chromID(R) CARBA medium for carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae detection during rectal screening. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:35-40; PMID:23912722; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1925-6
56. Vasoo S, Cunningham SA, Kohner PC, Mandrekar JN, Lolans K, Hayden MK, Patel R. Rapid and direct real-time detection of blaKPC and blaNDM from surveillance samples. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3609-15; PMID:23966498; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01731-13
57. Lolans K, Calvert K, Won S, Clark J, Hayden MK. Direct ertapenem disk screening method for identification of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in surveillance swab specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:836-41; PMID:20071553; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01988-09
58. Vrioni G, Daniil I, Voulgari E, Ranellou K, Koumaki V, Ghirardi S, Kimouli M, Zambardi G, Tsakris A. Comparative evaluation of a prototype chromogenic medium (ChromID CARBA) for detecting carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in surveillance rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1841-6; PMID:22461675; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06848-11
59. Zarakolu P, Day KM, Sidjabat HE, Kamolvit W, Lanyon CV, Cummings SP, Paterson DL, Akova M, Perry JD. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium, chromID OXA-48, for recovery of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from patients at a university hospital in Turkey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:519-25; PMID:25308827; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2255-z
60. Blackburn J, Tsimiklis C, Lavergne V, Pilotte J, Grenier S, Gilbert A, Lefebvre B, Domingo M-C, Tremblay C, Bourgault A-M, et al. Carbapenem disks on MacConkey agar in screening methods for detection of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative rods in stools. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:331-3; PMID:23135936; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02878-12
61. Samra Z, Bahar J, Madar-Shapiro L, Aziz N, Israel S, Bishara J. Evaluation of CHROMagar KPC for rapid detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3110-1; PMID:18632915; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00249-08
62. Hindiyeh M, Smollen G, Grossman Z, Ram D, Davidson Y, Mileguir F, Vax M, Ben David D, Tal I, Rahav G, et al. Rapid detection of blaKPC carbapenemase genes by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2879-83; PMID:18614657; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00661-08
63. Vasoo S, Lolans K, Li H, Prabaker K, Hayden MK. Comparison of the CHROMagar KPC, Remel Spectra CRE, and a direct ertapenem disk method for the detection of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae from perirectal swabs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:356-9; PMID:24439449; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.016
64. Pournaras S, Zarkotou O, Poulou A, Kristo I, Vrioni G, Themeli-Digalaki K, Tsakris A. A combined disk test for direct differentiation of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in surveillance rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:2986-90; PMID:23843486; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00901-13
65. Schechner V, Straus-Robinson K, Schwartz D, Pfeffer I, Tarabeia J, Moskovich R, Chmelnitsky I, Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y, Navon-Venezia S. Evaluation of PCR-based testing for surveillance of KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3261-5; PMID:19675211; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02368-08
66. Panagea T, Galani I, Souli M, Adamou P, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H. Evaluation of CHROMagar KPC for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in rectal surveillance cultures. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:124-8; PMID:21177079; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.010
67. Viau R, Frank KM, Jacobs MR, Wilson B, Kaye K, Donskey CJ, Perez F, Endimiani A, Bonomo RA. Intestinal carriage of carbapenemase-producing organisms:Current status of surveillance methods. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:1-27; PMID:26511484; https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00108-14
68. Simner PJ, Martin I, Opene B, Tamma PD, Carroll KC, Milstone AM. Evaluation of multiple methods for detection of gastrointestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant organisms from rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1664-7; PMID:27053674; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00548-16
69. Doyle D, Peirano G, Lascols C, Lloyd T, Church DL, Pitout JD. Laboratory detection of Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3877-80; PMID:22993175; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02117-12
70. Singh K, Mangold KA, Wyant K, Schora DM, Voss B, Kaul KL, Hayden MK, Chundi V, Peterson LR. Rectal screening for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases:comparison of real-time PCR and culture using two selective screening agar plates. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2596-600; PMID:22622443; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00654-12
71. Nijhuis R, Samuelsen O, Savelkoul P, van Zwet A. Evaluation of a new real-time PCR assay (Check-Direct CPE) for rapid detection of KPC, OXA-48, VIM, and NDM carbapenemases using spiked rectal swabs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:316-20; PMID:24135412; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.007
72. van der Zee A, Roorda L, Bosman G, Fluit AC, Hermans M, Smits PH, van der Zanden AG, Te Witt R, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Cohen Stuart J, et al. Multi-centre evaluation of real-time multiplex PCR for detection of carbapenemase genes OXA-48, VIM, IMP, NDM and KPC. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:27; PMID:24422880; https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-27
73. Garcia-Fernandez S, Morosini MI, Marco F, Gijon D, Vergara A, Vila J, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Cantón R. Evaluation of the eazyplex(R) SuperBug CRE system for rapid detection of carbapenemases and ESBLs in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered at two Spanish hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1047-50; PMID:25428926
74. Cuzon G, Naas T, Bogaerts P, Glupczynski Y, Nordmann P. Evaluation of a DNA microarray for the rapid detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (TEM, SHV and CTX-M), plasmid-mediated cephalosporinases (CMY-2-like, DHA, FOX, ACC-1, ACT/MIR and CMY-1-like/MOX) and carbapenemases (KPC, OXA-48, VIM, IMP and NDM). J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1865-9; PMID:22604450; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks156
75. Braun SD, Monecke S, Thurmer A, Ruppelt A, Makarewicz O, Pletz M, Reiβig A, Slickers P, Ehricht R. Rapid identification of carbapenemase genes in gram-negative bacteria with an oligonucleotide microarray-based assay. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102232
76. Tenover FC, Canton R, Kop J, Chan R, Ryan J, Weir F, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, LaBombardi V, Persing DH. Detection of colonization by carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative Bacilli in patients by use of the Xpert MDRO assay. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3780-7; PMID:24006011; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01092-13
77. Findlay J, Hopkins KL, Meunier D, Woodford N. Evaluation of three commercial assays for rapid detection of genes encoding clinically relevant carbapenemases in cultured bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1338-42; PMID:25630646; https://doi.org/; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku571
78. Decousser JW, Poirel L, Desroches M, Jayol A, Denamur E, Nordmann P. Failure to detect carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli producing OXA-48-like using the Xpert Carba-R assay(R). Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:e9-10; PMID:25682281; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.006
79. Lafeuille E, Laouira S, Sougakoff W, Soulier-Escrihuela O, Leconte J, Garrec H, Tourret J, Jarlier V, Robert J. Detection of OXA-48-like carbapenemase genes by the Xpert(R) Carba-R test:room for improvement. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 45:441-2; PMID:25601530; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.009
80. Tato M, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Traczewski M, Dodgson A, McEwan A, Humphries R, Hindler J, Veltman J, Wang H, Cantón R. Multisite evaluation of cepheid xpert carba-R assay for detection of carbapenemase-producing organisms in rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1814-9; PMID:27122379; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00341-16
81. Mathers AJ, Poulter M, Dirks D, Carroll J, Sifri CD, Hazen KC. Clinical microbiology costs for methods of active surveillance for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:350-5; PMID:24602938; https://doi.org/10.1086/675603
82. Rajapakse N, Vayalumkal J, Lam-Li D, Pearce C, Rees G, Kamhuka L, Peirano G, Pidhorney C, Ledgerwood D, Alfieri N, et al. Pilot testing of an out-of-country medical care questionnaire with screening and cost analysis of preemptive isolation for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a large Canadian health region. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:450-1; PMID:24602958; https://doi.org/10.1086/675616
83. Girlich D, Bouihat N, Poirel L, Benouda A, Nordmann P. High rate of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae at a university hospital in Morocco. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:350-4; PMID:23927757; https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12325