Mood instability and irritability as core symptoms of major depression: An exploration using rasch analysis

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Volumn 7, Issue OCT, 2016, Pages

  Balbuena, Lloyd ^a   Bowen, Rudy ^a   Baetz, Marilyn ^a   Marwaha, Steven ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Depression; Diagnosis; Health surveys; Mood instability; Psychometrics

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CALIBRATION; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRRITABILITY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL FUNCTION; MENTAL INSTABILITY; NO INTEREST; RASCH ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SADNESS; SEX; SLEEP; SUICIDAL IDEATION; UNITED KINGDOM; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 84995505877     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16640640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00174     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA (2003) 289(23):3095-105. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.23.3095.
2. Mrazek DA, Hornberger JC, Altar CA, Degtiar I. A review of the clinical, economic, and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression: 1996-2013. Psychiatr Serv (2014) 65(8):977-87. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300059.
3. Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Daniels M, et al. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA (1989) 262(7):914-9. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430230083030.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association (2013).
5. Karsten J, Hartman CA, Ormel J, Nolen WA, Penninx BW. Subthreshold depression based on functional impairment better defined by symptom severity than by number of DSM-IV symptoms. J Affect Disord (2010) 123(1-3):230-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.013.
6. Rai D, Skapinakis P, Wiles N, Lewis G, Araya R. Common mental disorders, subthreshold symptoms and disability: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry (2010) 197(5):411-2. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.079244.
7. Navaneelan T. Suicide Rates: An Overview. (2012). Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/11696-eng.htm.
8. Ghaemi SN. Why antidepressants are not antidepressants: STEP-BD, STAR*D, and the return of neurotic depression. Bipolar Disord (2008) 10(8):957-68. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00639.x.
9. Lieblich SM, Castle DJ, Pantelis C, Hopwood M, Young AH, Everall IP. High heterogeneity and low reliability in the diagnosis of major depression will impair the development of new drugs. BJPsych Open (2015) 1:e5-7. doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000786.
10. Parker G. Beyond major depression. Psychol Med (2005) 35(4):467-74. doi:10.1017/S0033291704004210.
11. da Rocha NS, Chachamovich E, de Almeida Fleck MP, Tennant A. An introduction to Rasch analysis for psychiatric practice and research. J Psychiatr Res (2013) 47(2):141-8. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.014.
12. Ostergaard SD, Jensen SO, Bech P. The heterogeneity of the depressive syndrome: when numbers get serious. Acta Psychiatr Scand (2011) 124(6):495-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01744.x.
13. Trivedi MH. Major depressive disorder: remission of associated symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry (2006) 67(Suppl 6):27-32.
14. Lux V, Kendler KS. Deconstructing major depression: a validation study of the DSM-IV symptomatic criteria. Psychol Med (2010) 40(10):1679-90. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992157.
15. Pallant JF, Tennant A. An introduction to the Rasch measurement model: an example using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Br J Clin Psychol (2007) 46:1-18. doi:10.1348/014466506X96931.
16. Olbert CM, Gala GJ, Tupler LA. Quantifying heterogeneity attributable to polythetic diagnostic criteria: theoretical framework and empirical application. J Abnorm Psychol (2014) 123(2):452-62. doi:10.1037/a0036068.
17. Ferrari AJ, Somerville AJ, Baxter AJ, Norman R, Patten SB, Vos T, et al. Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychol Med (2013) 43(3):471-81. doi:10.1017/S0033291712001511.
18. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), Royal College of Psychiatrists, British Psychological Society. Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults. Updated ed. London: British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2010). 705 p.
19. Andrews G, Anderson TM, Slade T, Sunderland M. Classification of anxiety and depressive disorders: problems and solutions. Depress Anxiety (2008) 25(4):274-81. doi:10.1002/da.20489.
20. Kendler KS. The phenomenology of major depression and the representativeness and nature of DSM criteria. Am J Psychiatry (2016) 173(8):771-80. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15121509.
21. Vidal-Ribas P, Brotman MA, Valdivieso I, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A. The status of irritability in psychiatry: a conceptual and quantitative review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2016) 55(7):556-70. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.014.
22. Marwaha S, He Z, Broome M, Singh SP, Scott J, Eyden J, et al. How is affective instability defined and measured? A systematic review. Psychol Med (2014) 44(9):1793-808. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002407.
23. Bowen RC, Wang Y, Balbuena L, Houmphan A, Baetz M. The relationship between mood instability and depression: implications for studying and treating depression. Med Hypotheses (2013) 81(3):459-62. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.010.
24. Marwaha S, Balbuena L, Winsper C, Bowen R. Mood instability as a precursor to depressive illness: a prospective and mediational analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry (2015) 49(6):557-65. doi:10.1177/0004867415579920.
25. Marwaha S, Parsons N, Flanagan S, Broome M. The prevalence and clinical associations of mood instability in adults living in England: results from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Psychiatry Res (2013) 205(3):262-8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.036.
26. Bowen R, Balbuena L, Leuschen C, Baetz M. Mood instability is the distinctive feature of neuroticism. Results from the British Health and Lifestyle Study (HALS). Pers Indiv Differ (2012) 53(7):896-900. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.003.
27. Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA. The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry (2004) 161(4):631-6. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.631.
28. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization (1992). xii, 362 p.
29. Fava M, Hwang I, Rush AJ, Sampson N, Walters EE, Kessler RC. The importance of irritability as a symptom of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol Psychiatry (2010) 15(8):856-67. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.20.
30. Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Coryell W, Akiskal HS, Fiedorowicz JG. Overt irritability/anger in unipolar major depressive episodes past and current characteristics and implications for long-term course. JAMA Psychiatry (2013) 70(11):1171-80. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1957.
31. Stringaris A, Maughan B, Copeland WS, Costello EJ, Angold A. Irritable mood as a symptom of depression in youth: prevalence, developmental, and clinical correlates in the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2013) 52(8):831-40. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.017.
32. Singleton N, Lewis G. Better or Worse: A Longitudinal Study of the Mental Health of Adults Living in Private Households in Great Britain. London: Office of National Statistics, UK (2003).
33. Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G. Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med (1992) 22(2):465-86. doi:10.1017/S0033291700030415.
34. Uher R, Payne JL, Pavlova B, Perlis RH. Major depressive disorder in DSM-5: implications for clinical practice and research of changes from DSM-IV. Depress Anxiety (2014) 31(6):459-71. doi:10.1002/da.22217.
35. Moller HJ. The consequences of DSM-5 for psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacotherapy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract (2014) 18(2):78-85. doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.890228.
36. Moller HJ, Bandelow B, Bauer M, Hampel H, Herpertz SC, Soyka M, et al. DSM-5 reviewed from different angles: goal attainment, rationality, use of evidence, consequences-part 1: general aspects and paradigmatic discussion of depressive disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2015) 265(1):5-18. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0520-x.
37. First MB. User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders: SCID-II. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press (1997). 91 p.
38. Duncan PW, Bode RK, Lai SM, Perera S, Neuroprotection GA. Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: the Stroke Impact Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil (2003) 84(7):950-63. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00035-2.
39. Pesudovs K, Noble BA. Improving subjective scaling of pain using Rasch analysis. J Pain (2005) 6(9):630-6. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.04.001.
40. Bond TG, Fox CM. Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers (2007). 340 p.
41. Elhan AH, Kutlay S, Kucukdeveci AA, Cotuk C, Ozturk G, Tesio L, et al. Psychometric properties of the Mini-Mental state examination in patients with acquired brain injury in Turkey. J Rehabil Med (2005) 37(5):306-11. doi:10.1080/16501970510037573.
42. Horn JL. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor-analysis. Psychometrika (1965) 30(2):179-85. doi:10.1007/BF02289447.
43. Dinno A. paran: Horn's Test of Principal Components/Factors. R package version 1.5.1 (2012). Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=paran.
44. Smith RM, Schumacker RE, Bush MJ. Using item mean squares to evaluate fit to the Rasch model. J Outcome Meas (1998) 2(1):66-78.
45. Chen JS, Torre J, Zhang Z. Relative and absolute fit evaluation in cognitive diagnosis modeling. J Educ Meas (2013) 50(2):123-40. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2012.00185.x.
46. Chen WH, Thissen D. Local dependence indexes for item pairs: using item response theory. J Educ Behav Stat (1997) 22(3):265-89. doi:10.2307/1165285.
47. Penfield RD, Algina J. Applying the Liu-Agresti estimator of the cumulative common odds ratio to DIF detection in polytomous items. J Educ Meas (2003) 40(4):353-70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2003.tb01151.x.
48. Penfield RD. DIFAS: differential item functioning analysis system. Appl Psych Meas (2005) 29(2):150-1. doi:10.1177/0146621603260686.
49. Borsboom D, Cramer AO. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol (2013) 9:91-121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608.
50. Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Jolley L, van Belle G. Differential item functioning analysis with ordinal logistic regression techniques. DIFdetect and difwithpar. Med Care (2006) 44(11 Suppl 3):S115-23. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000245183.28384.ed.
51. Kendel F, Wirtz M, Dunkel A, Lehmkuhl E, Hetzer R, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Screening for depression: Rasch analysis of the dimensional structure of the PHQ-9 and the HADS-D. J Affect Disord (2010) 122(3):241-6. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.004.
52. Lerdal A, Kottorp A, Gay CL, Grov EK, Lee KA. Rasch analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in stroke survivors: a cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord (2014) 158:48-52. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.013.
53. Olino TM, Yu L, Klein DN, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Pilkonis PA, et al. Measuring depression using item response theory: an examination of three measures of depressive symptomatology. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res (2012) 21(1):76-85. doi:10.1002/mpr.1348.
54. Koukopoulos A, Sani G, Koukopoulos AE, Manfredi G, Pacchiarotti I, Girardi P. Melancholia agitata and mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl (2007) 115(433):50-7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00963.x.
55. Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr. Boundaries of major depression: an evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. Am J Psychiatry (1998) 155(2):172-7.
56. Marwaha S, Parsons N, Broome M. Mood instability, mental illness and suicidal ideas: results from a household survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2013) 48(9):1431-7. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0653-7.
57. Wessman AE, Ricks DF. Mood and Personality. New York: Holt (1966). xi,317 p.
58. Bowen R, Baetz M, Hawkes J, Bowen A. Mood variability in anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord (2006) 91(2-3):165-70. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.050.
59. Palmier-Claus JE, Taylor PJ, Varese F, Pratt D. Does unstable mood increase risk of suicide? Theory, research and practice. J Affect Disord (2012) 143(1-3):5-15. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.030.
60. Broome MR, He Z, Iftikhar M, Eyden J, Marwaha S. Neurobiological and behavioural studies of affective instability in clinical populations: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2015) 51:243-54. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.021.
61. Tremblay PF, Ewart LA. The Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire and its relations to values, the Big Five, provoking hypothetical situations, alcohol consumption patterns, and alcohol expectancies. Pers Indiv Differ (2005) 38(2):337-46. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.012.
62. Koukopoulos A, Sani G. DSM-5 criteria for depression with mixed features: a farewell to mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand (2014) 129(1):4-16. doi:10.1111/acps.12140.
63. Perlis RH, Fraguas R, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of irritability in major depressive disorder: a preliminary report from the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression study. J Clin Psychiatry (2005) 66(2):159-66;quiz 47, 273-4. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0202.
64. Benazzi F, Akiskal H. Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state. J Affect Disord (2005) 84(2-3):197-207. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.07.006.
65. Kovess-Masfety V, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Bromet E, de Girolamo G, de Jonge P, et al. Irritable mood in adult major depressive disorder: results from the world mental health surveys. Depress Anxiety (2013) 30(4):395-406. doi:10.1002/da.22033.
66. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Rossler W. Does psychomotor agitation in major depressive episodes indicate bipolarity? Evidence from the Zurich study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2009) 259(1):55-63. doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0834-7.
67. Thase ME. Recognition and diagnosis of atypical depression. J Clin Psychiatry (2007) 68(Suppl 8):11-6.
68. Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, McGlinchey JB, Young D, Dalrymple K, et al. A simpler definition of major depressive disorder. Psychol Med (2010) 40(3):451-7. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990572.
69. Decker HS. The Making of DSM-III: A Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press (2013). xxii, 443 p.
70. Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments-revisited. Brit J Psychiatry (1996) 168:68-75.
71. Krueger RF. The structure of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry (1999) 56(10):921-6. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921.
72. Preisig M, Merikangas KR, Angst J. Clinical significance and comorbidity of subthreshold depression and anxiety in the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand (2001) 104(2):96-103. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00284.x.
73. Spiers N, Bebbington P, McManus S, Brugha TS, Jenkins R, Meltzer H. Age and birth cohort differences in the prevalence of common mental disorder in England: National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys 1993-2007. Br J Psychiatry (2011) 198(6):479-84. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084269.
74. Forkmann T, Boecker M, Wirtz M, Glaesmer H, Brahler E, Norra C, et al. Validation of the Rasch-based depression screening in a large scale German general population sample. Health Qual Life Outcomes (2010) 8:105. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-105.
75. Siegert RJ, Tennant A, Turner-Stokes L. Rasch analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a neurological rehabilitation sample. Disabil Rehabil (2010) 32(1):8-17. doi:10.3109/09638280902971398.
76. Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR. Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it? Mol Psychiatry (2012) 17(12):1174-9. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.105.
77. Sinyor M, Schaffer A, Levitt A. The sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) trial: a review. Can J Psychiatry (2010) 55(3):126-35.
78. Ben-Zeev D, Young MA. Accuracy of hospitalized depressed patients' and healthy controls' retrospective symptom reports: an experience sampling study. J Nerv Ment Dis (2010) 198(4):280-5. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d6141f.
79. Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Milaneschi Y, An Y, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. The trajectory of depressive symptoms across the adult life span. JAMA Psychiatry (2013) 70(8):803-11. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.193.
80. Martin LA, Neighbors HW, Griffith DM. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry (2013) 70(10):1100-6. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985.
81. Broome MR, Saunders KE, Harrison PJ, Marwaha S. Mood instability: significance, definition and measurement. Br J Psychiatry (2015) 207(4):283-5. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158543.