Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: effects and optimal management of comorbidities

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 72-84

  King, Christopher S ^a   Nathan, Steven D ^a  

^a INOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMPHYSEMA; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT PLANNING; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; COMPLICATION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEART FAILURE; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; LUNG TUMOR; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

ANXIETY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA; RISK FACTORS; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84994528757     PISSN: 22132600     EISSN: 22132619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30222-3     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. 1 Panos, RJ, Mortenson, RL, Niccoli, SA, King, TE Jr, Clinical deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: causes and assessment. Am J Med 88 (1990), 396–404.
2. 2 Collard, HR, Ward, AJ, Lanes, S, Cortney Hayflinger, D, Rosenberg, DM, Hunsche, E, Burden of illness in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Med Econ 15 (2012), 829–835.
3. 3 Raghu, G, Amatto, VC, Behr, J, Stowasser, S, Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic literature review. Eur Respir J 46 (2015), 1113–1130.
4. 4 Kreuter, M, Ehlers-Tenenbaum, S, Palmowski, K, et al. Impact of comorbidities on mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0151425.
5. 5 Navaratnam, V, Fogarty, AW, McKeever, T, et al. Presence of a prothrombotic state in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a population-based case-control study. Thorax 69 (2014), 207–215.
6. 6 Tsoutsou, PG, Gourgoulianis, KI, Petinaki, E, et al. Cytokine levels in the sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 100 (2006), 938–945.
7. 7 Karimi-Shah, BA, Chowdhury, BA, Forced vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis—FDA review of pirfenidone and nintedanib. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 1189–1191.
8. 8 Aravena, C, Labarca, G, Venegas, C, Arenas, A, Rada, G, Pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0136160.
9. 9 Richeldi, L, Cottin, V, du Bois, RM, et al. Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: combined evidence from the TOMORROW and INPULSIS trials. Respir Med 113 (2016), 74–79.
10. 10 Canestaro, WJ, Forrester, SH, Raghu, G, Ho, L, Devine, BE, Drug treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chest 149 (2016), 756–766.
11. 11 Nadrous, HF, Pellikka, PA, Krowka, MJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 128 (2005), 2393–2399.
12. 12 Lettieri, CJ, Nathan, SD, Barnett, SD, Ahmad, S, Shorr, AF, Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 129 (2006), 746–752.
13. 13 Shorr, AF, Wainright, JL, Cors, CS, Lettieri, CJ, Nathan, SD, Pulmonary hypertension in patients with pulmonary fibrosis awaiting lung transplant. Eur Respir J 30 (2007), 715–721.
14. 14 Galie, N, Humbert, M, Vachiery, JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J 46 (2015), 903–975.
15. 15 Song, JW, Song, JK, Kim, DS, Echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide as prognostic indicators in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 103 (2009), 180–186.
16. 16 Hayes, D Jr, Black, SM, Tobias, JD, Kirkby, S, Mansour, HM, Whitson, BA, Influence of pulmonary hypertension on patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis awaiting lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 101 (2016), 246–252.
17. 17 Weill, D, Benden, C, Corris, PA, et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014—an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 34 (2015), 1–15.
18. 18 Sherner, J, Collen, J, King, CS, Nathan, SD, Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. Curr Respir Care Rep 1 (2012), 233–242.
19. 19 Nathan, SD, Shlobin, OA, Barnett, SD, Right ventricular systolic pressure by echocardiography as a predictor of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 102 (2008), 1305–1310.
20. 20 Arcasoy, SM, Christie, JD, Ferrari, VA, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (2003), 735–740.
21. 21 Nathan, SD, Shlobin, OA, Ahmad, S, Urbanek, S, Barnett, SD, Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary function testing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 131 (2007), 657–663.
22. 22 Nathan, SD, King, CS, Treatment of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: shortfall in efficacy or trial design?. Drug Des Devel Ther 8 (2014), 875–885.
23. 23 Olschewski, H, Ghofrani, HA, Walmrath, D, et al. Inhaled prostacyclin and iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999), 600–607.
24. 24 Ghofrani, HA, Wiedemann, R, Rose, F, et al. Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002), 895–900.
25. 25 Krowka, MJ, Ahmad, S, De Andrade, J, Stocks, J, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of iloprost inhalation in adults with abnormal pulmonary arterial pressure and exercise limitation associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest, 132, 2007, 633 (abstr).
26. 26 Gunther, A, Enke, B, Markart, P, et al. Safety and tolerability of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an open label study. Eur Respir J 29 (2007), 713–719.
27. 27 Collard, HR, Anstrom, KJ, Schwarz, MI, Zisman, DA, Sildenafil improves walk distance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 131 (2007), 897–899.
28. 28 Minai, OA, Sahoo, D, Chapman, JT, Mehta, AC, Vaso-active therapy can improve 6-min walk distance in patients with pulmonary hypertension and fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Respir Med 102 (2008), 1015–1020.
29. 29 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network, Zisman, DA, Schwarz, M, et al. A controlled trial of sildenafil in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 363 (2010), 620–628.
30. 30 Jackson, RM, Glassberg, MK, Ramos, CF, et al. Sildenafil therapy and exercise tolerance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung 188 (2010), 115–123.
31. 31 Raghu, G, Behr, J, Brown, KK, et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ambrisentan: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 158 (2013), 641–649.
32. 32 Hoeper, MM, Halank, M, Wilkens, H, et al. Riociguat for interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension: a pilot trial. Eur Respir J 41 (2013), 853–860.
33. 33 Zimmermann, GS, von Wulffen, W, Huppmann, P, et al. Haemodynamic changes in pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung disease treated with PDE-5 inhibitors. Respirology 19 (2014), 700–706.
34. 34 Corte, TJ, Keir, GJ, Dimopoulos, K, et al. Bosentan in pulmonary hypertension associated with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190 (2014), 208–217.
35. 35 Saggar, R, Khanna, D, Vaidya, A, et al. Changes in right heart haemodynamics and echocardiographic function in an advanced phenotype of pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 69 (2014), 123–129.
36. 36 Raghu, G, Nathan, SD, Behr, J, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with mild-to-moderate restriction. Eur Respir J 46 (2015), 1370–1377.
37. 37 Hoeper, MM, Behr, J, Held, M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0141911.
38. 38 Tanabe, N, Taniguchi, H, Tsujino, I, et al. Multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory diseases. Respirology 20 (2015), 805–812.
39. 39 Cottin, V, Nunes, H, Brillet, PY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J 26 (2005), 586–593.
40. 40 Hiwatari, N, Shimura, S, Takishima, T, Pulmonary emphysema followed by pulmonary fibrosis of undetermined cause. Respiration 60 (1993), 354–358.
41. 41 Wiggins, J, Strickland, B, Turner-Warwick, M, Combined cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and emphysema: the value of high resolution computed tomography in assessment. Respir Med 84 (1990), 365–369.
42. 42 Ye, Q, Huang, K, Ding, Y, et al. Cigarette smoking contributes to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with emphysema. Chin Med J (Engl) 127 (2014), 469–474.
43. 43 Ryerson, CJ, Hartman, T, Elicker, BM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 144 (2013), 234–240.
44. 44 Papiris, SA, Triantafillidou, C, Manali, ED, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Expert Rev Respir Med 7 (2013), 19–31.
45. 45 Cottin, V, The impact of emphysema in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 22 (2013), 153–157.
46. 46 Lin, H, Jiang, S, Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE): an entity different from emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis alone. J Thorac Dis 7 (2015), 767–779.
47. 47 Cottin, V, Le Pavec, J, Prévot, G, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome. Eur Respir J 35 (2010), 105–111.
48. 48 Usui, K, Tanai, C, Tanaka, Y, Noda, H, Ishihara, T, The prevalence of pulmonary fibrosis combined with emphysema in patients with lung cancer. Respirology 16 (2011), 326–331.
49. 49 Fukui, M, Suzuki, K, Matsunaga, T, Oh, S, Takamochi, K, Outcomes of lung cancer resection for patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Surg Today 46 (2016), 341–347.
50. 50 Jankowich, MD, Rounds, SI, Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome: a review. Chest 141 (2012), 222–231.
51. 51 Richeldi, L, du Bois, RM, Raghu, G, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 370 (2014), 2071–2082.
52. 52 King, TE Jr, Bradford, WZ, Castro-Bernardini, S, et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 370 (2014), 2083–2092.
53. 53 Oltmanns, U, Kahn, N, Palmowski, K, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: real-life experience from a German tertiary referral center for interstitial lung diseases. Respiration 88 (2014), 199–207.
54. 54 Pfeifer, M, Cottin, V, Taniguchi, H, et al. Effect of baseline emphysema on reduction in FVC decline with nintedanib in the INPULSIS™ trials. Pneumologie, 69, 2015, 254.
55. 55 Hubbard, R, Venn, A, Lewis, S, Britton, J, Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 (2000), 5–8.
56. 56 Le Jeune, I, Gribbin, J, West, J, Smith, C, Cullinan, P, Hubbard, R, The incidence of cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Respir Med 101 (2007), 2534–2540.
57. 57 Matsushita, H, Tanaka, S, Saiki, Y, et al. Lung cancer associated with usual interstitial pneumonia. Pathol Int 45 (1995), 925–932.
58. 58 Turner-Warwick, M, Lebowitz, M, Burrows, B, Johnson, A, Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer. Thorax 35 (1980), 496–499.
59. 59 Antoniou, KM, Tomassetti, S, Tsitoura, E, Vancheri, C, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: a clinical and pathogenesis update. Curr Opin Pulm Med 21 (2015), 626–633.
60. 60 Bouros, D, Hatzakis, K, Labrakis, H, Zeibecoglou, K, Association of malignancy with diseases causing interstitial pulmonary changes. Chest 121 (2002), 1278–1289.
61. 61 Kishi, K, Homma, S, Kurosaki, A, Motoi, N, Yoshimura, K, High-resolution computed tomography findings of lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 30 (2006), 95–99.
62. 62 Fulton, BG, Ryerson, CJ, Managing comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Gen Med 8 (2015), 309–318.
63. 63 Tomassetti, S, Gurioli, C, Ryu, JH, et al. The impact of lung cancer on survival of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 147 (2015), 157–164.
64. 64 Kumar, P, Goldstraw, P, Yamada, K, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: risk and benefit analysis of pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 (2003), 1321–1327.
65. 65 Watanabe, A, Miyajima, M, Mishina, T, et al. Surgical treatment for primary lung cancer combined with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61 (2013), 254–261.
66. 66 Mizuno, Y, Iwata, H, Shirahashi, K, et al. The importance of intraoperative fluid balance for the prevention of postoperative acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 41 (2012), e161–e165.
67. 67 Sakamoto, S, Homma, S, Mun, M, Fujii, T, Kurosaki, A, Yoshimura, K, Acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia following lung surgery in 3 of 68 consecutive patients: a retrospective study. Intern Med 50 (2011), 77–85.
68. 68 Ito, H, Nakayama, H, Yokose, T, Yamada, K, Prophylaxis for acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia after lung resection. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 22 (2014), 948–954.
69. 69 Iwata, T, Yoshida, S, Nagato, K, et al. Experience with perioperative pirfenidone for lung cancer surgery in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Surg Today 45 (2015), 1263–1270.
70. 70 Minegishi, Y, Sudoh, J, Kuribayasi, H, et al. The safety and efficacy of weekly paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Lung Cancer 71 (2011), 70–74.
71. 71 Takeda, A, Enomoto, T, Sanuki, N, et al. Acute exacerbation of subclinical idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis triggered by hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy in a patient with primary lung cancer and slightly focal honeycombing. Radiat Med 26 (2008), 504–507.
72. 72 Miura, Y, Saito, T, Tsunoda, Y, et al. Clinical effect of pirfenidone on incidence of lung carcinoma in chronic interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J, 44(suppl 58), 2014, 3497.
73. 73 Strieter, RM, Keeley, EC, Hughes, MA, Burdick, MD, Mehrad, B, The role of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (fibrocytes) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 86 (2009), 1111–1118.
74. 74 Lee, JS, The role of gastroesophageal reflux and microaspiration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Pulm Med 21 (2014), 81–85.
75. 75 Gao, F, Hobson, AR, Shang, ZM, et al. The prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and esophageal dysmotility in Chinese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterol, 15, 2015, 26.
76. 76 Lee, JS, Ryu, JH, Elicker, BM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184 (2011), 1390–1394.
77. 77 Sladen, A, Zanca, P, Hadnott, WH, Aspiration pneumonitis—the sequelae. Chest 59 (1971), 448–450.
78. 78 Raghu, G, Mart, D, Anstrom, KJ, et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) is associated with improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC). Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 187, 2013, A5711 (abstr).
79. 79 Raghu, G, Yang, ST, Spada, C, Hayes, J, Pellegrini, CA, Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series. Chest 129 (2006), 794–800.
80. 80 Linden, PA, Gilbert, RJ, Yeap, BY, et al. Laparoscopic fundoplication in patients with end-stage lung disease awaiting transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 (2006), 438–446.
81. 81 Lee, JS, Collard, HR, Anstrom, KJ, et al. Anti-acid treatment and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of data from three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 1 (2013), 369–376.
82. 82 Raghu, G, Crestani, B, Bailes, Z, Schlenker-Herceg, R, Costabel, U, Effect of anti-acid medication on reduction in FVC decline with nintedanib. Eur Respir J, 46, 2015, A4502.
83. 83 Kreuter, M, Wuyts, W, Renzoni, E, et al. Antacid therapy and disease outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a pooled analysis. Lancet Respir Med 4 (2016), 381–389.
84. 84 Raghu, G, Collard, HR, Egan, JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 (2011), 788–824.
85. 85 Izbicki, G, Ben-Dor, I, Shitrit, D, et al. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in end-stage pulmonary disease: is pulmonary fibrosis a risk factor?. Respir Med 103 (2009), 1346–1349.
86. 86 Kizer, JR, Zisman, DA, Blumenthal, NP, et al. Association between pulmonary fibrosis and coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004), 551–556.
87. 87 Nathan, SD, Basavaraj, A, Reichner, C, et al. Prevalence and impact of coronary artery disease in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 104 (2010), 1035–1041.
88. 88 Olson, AL, Swigris, JJ, Lezotte, DC, Norris, JM, Wilson, CG, Brown, KK, Mortality from pulmonary fibrosis increased in the United States from 1992 to 2003. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 (2007), 277–284.
89. 89 King, TE Jr, Albera, C, Bradford, WZ, et al. All-cause mortality rate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Implications for the design and execution of clinical trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189 (2014), 825–831.
90. 90 Nathan, SD, Weir, N, Shlobin, OA, et al. The value of computed tomography scanning for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 16 (2011), 481–486.
91. 91 Fihn, SD, Gardin, JM, Abrams, J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 60 (2012), e44–164.
92. 92 Hubbard, RB, Smith, C, Le Jeune, I, Gribbin, J, Fogarty, AW, The association between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and vascular disease: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008), 1257–1261.
93. 93 Sprunger, DB, Olson, AL, Huie, TJ, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with an elevated risk of thromboembolic disease. Eur Respir J 39 (2012), 125–132.
94. 94 Sode, BF, Dahl, M, Nielsen, SF, Nordestgaard, BG, Venous thromboembolism and risk of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: a nationwide study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181 (2010), 1085–1092.
95. 95 Hernández-Rodriguez, NA, Cambrey, AD, Chambers, RC, et al. Role of thrombin in pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 346 (1995), 1071–1073.
96. 96 Alagha, K, Secq, V, Pahus, L, et al. We should prohibit warfarin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191 (2015), 958–960.
97. 97 Kubo, H, Nakayama, K, Yanai, M, et al. Anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 128 (2005), 1475–1482.
98. 98 Noth, I, Anstrom, KJ, Calvert, SB, et al. A placebo-controlled randomized trial of warfarin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186 (2012), 88–95.
99. 99 Kreuter, M, Wijsenbeek, MS, Vasakova, M, et al. Unfavourable effects of medically indicated oral anticoagulants on survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 47 (2016), 1776–1784.
100. 100 Akhtar, AA, Ali, MA, Smith, R, Depression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chron Respir Dis 10 (2013), 127–133.
101. 101 De Vries, J, Kessels, BL, Drent, M, Quality of life of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Eur Respir J 17 (2001), 954–961.
102. 102 Ryerson, CJ, Arean, PA, Berkeley, J, et al. Depression is a common and chronic comorbidity in patients with interstitial lung disease. Respirology 17 (2012), 525–532.
103. 103 Ryerson, CJ, Berkeley, J, Carrieri-Kohlman, VL, Pantilat, SZ, Landefeld, CS, Collard, HR, Depression and functional status are strongly associated with dyspnea in interstitial lung disease. Chest 139 (2011), 609–616.
104. 104 Holland, AE, Fiore, JF Jr, Bell, EC, et al. Dyspnoea and comorbidity contribute to anxiety and depression in interstitial lung disease. Respirology 19 (2014), 1215–1221.
105. 105 Danoff, SK, Schonhoft, EH, Role of support measures and palliative care. Curr Opin Pulm Med 19 (2013), 480–484.
106. 106 Ryerson, CJ, Cayou, C, Topp, F, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves long-term outcomes in interstitial lung disease: a prospective cohort study. Respir Med 108 (2014), 203–210.
107. 107 Bajwah, S, Ross, JR, Wells, AU, et al. Palliative care for patients with advanced fibrotic lung disease: a randomised controlled phase II and feasibility trial of a community case conference intervention. Thorax 70 (2015), 830–839.
108. 108 Caminati, A, Bianchi, A, Cassandro, R, Mirenda, MR, Harari, S, Walking distance on 6-MWT is a prognostic factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 103 (2009), 117–123.
109. 109 Lederer, DJ, Arcasoy, SM, Wilt, JS, D'Ovidio, F, Sonett, JR, Kawut, SM, Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006), 659–664.
110. 110 Wickerson, L, Mathur, S, Helm, D, Singer, L, Brooks, D, Physical activity profile of lung transplant candidates with interstitial lung disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 33 (2013), 106–112.
111. 111 Holland, AE, Functional capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Looking beyond the lungs. Respirology 20 (2015), 857–858.
112. 112 Vainshelboim, B, Oliveira, J, Yehoshua, L, et al. Exercise training-based pulmonary rehabilitation program is clinically beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 88 (2014), 378–388.
113. 113 Jastrzebski, D, Gumola, A, Gawlik, R, Kozielski, J, Dyspnea and quality of life in patients with pulmonary fibrosis after six weeks of respiratory rehabilitation. J Physiol Pharmacol 57:suppl 4 (2006), 139–148.
114. 114 Nishiyama, O, Kondoh, Y, Kimura, T, et al. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 13 (2008), 394–399.
115. 115 Holland, AE, Hill, CJ, Conron, M, Munro, P, McDonald, CF, Short term improvement in exercise capacity and symptoms following exercise training in interstitial lung disease. Thorax 63 (2008), 549–554.
116. 116 Ferreira, A, Garvey, C, Connors, GL, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in interstitial lung disease: benefits and predictors of response. Chest 135 (2009), 442–447.
117. 117 Ozalevli, S, Karaali, HK, Ilgin, D, Ucan, ES, Effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Multidiscip Respir Med 5 (2010), 31–37.
118. 118 Rammaert, B, Leroy, S, Cavestri, B, Wallaert, B, Grosbois, JM, Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Rev Mal Respir 28 (2011), e52–e57.
119. 119 Kozu, R, Jenkins, S, Senjyu, H, Effect of disability level on response to pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 16 (2011), 1196–1202.
120. 120 Kozu, R, Senjyu, H, Jenkins, SC, Mukae, H, Sakamoto, N, Kohno, S, Differences in response to pulmonary rehabilitation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 81 (2011), 196–205.
121. 121 Swigris, JJ, Fairclough, DL, Morrison, M, et al. Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Care 56 (2011), 783–789.
122. 122 Huppmann, P, Sczepanski, B, Boensch, M, et al. Effects of inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 42 (2013), 444–453.
123. 123 Jackson, RM, Gómez-Marín, OW, Ramos, CF, et al. Exercise limitation in IPF patients: a randomized trial of pulmonary rehabilitation. Lung 192 (2014), 367–376.
124. 124 Troy, LK, Corte, TJ, Sleep disordered breathing in interstitial lung disease: a review. World J Clin Cases 2 (2014), 828–834.
125. 125 Pihtili, A, Bingol, Z, Kiyan, E, Cuhadaroglu, C, Issever, H, Gulbaran, Z, Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients with interstitial lung disease. Sleep Breath 17 (2013), 1281–1288.
126. 126 Mermigkis, C, Stagaki, E, Tryfon, S, et al. How common is sleep-disordered breathing in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?. Sleep Breath 14 (2010), 387–390.
127. 127 Lancaster, LH, Mason, WR, Parnell, JA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 136 (2009), 772–778.
128. 128 Kolilekas, L, Manali, E, Vlami, KA, et al. Sleep oxygen desaturation predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Sleep Med 9 (2013), 593–601.
129. 129 Clark, M, Cooper, B, Singh, S, Cooper, M, Carr, A, Hubbard, R, A survey of nocturnal hypoxaemia and health related quality of life in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 56 (2001), 482–486.
130. 130 Corte, TJ, Wort, SJ, Talbot, S, et al. Elevated nocturnal desaturation index predicts mortality in interstitial lung disease. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 29 (2012), 41–50.
131. 131 Mermigkis, C, Bouloukaki, I, Antoniou, K, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea should be treated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sleep Breath 19 (2015), 385–391.
132. 132 Schiza, S, Mermigkis, C, Margaritopoulos, GA, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sleep disorders: no longer strangers in the night. Eur Respir Rev 24 (2015), 327–339.
133. 133 Kim, YJ, Park, JW, Kyung, SY, et al. Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with diabetes mellitus: the national survey in Korea from 2003 to 2007. J Korean Med Sci 27 (2012), 756–760.
134. 134 Enomoto, T, Usuki, J, Azuma, A, Nakagawa, T, Kudoh, S, Diabetes mellitus may increase risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 123 (2003), 2007–2011.
135. 135 Fernandez Perez, ER, Daniels, CE, Schroeder, DR, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a population-based study. Chest 137 (2010), 129–137.
136. 136 Garcia-Sancho Figueroa, MC, Carrillo, G, Pérez-Padilla, R, et al. Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Mexican population. A case-control study. Respir Med 104 (2010), 305–309.
137. 137 Gribbin, J, Hubbard, R, Smith, C, Role of diabetes mellitus and gastro-oesophageal reflux in the aetiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 103 (2009), 927–931.
138. 138 Miyake, Y, Sasaki, S, Yokoyama, T, et al. Case-control study of medical history and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan. Respirology 10 (2005), 504–509.