Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: A systematic literature review

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1113-1130

  Raghu, Ganesh ^a   Amatto, Valeria C ^b   Behr, Jürgen ^c   Stowasser, Susanne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMA GMBH AND CO KG   (Germany)

^c LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LUNG CANCER; LUNG EMBOLISM; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

COMORBIDITY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84943260551     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02316-2014     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (146)

1. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence-based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 788-824.
2. King TE, Pardo A, Selman M. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 2011; 378: 1949-1961.
3. Weiss CO, Boyd CM, Yu Q, et al. Patterns of prevalent major chronic disease among older adults in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298: 1158-1162.
4. Raghu G, Freudenberger TD, Yang S, et al. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 136-142.
5. Nadrous HF, Pellikka PA, Krowka MJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2005; 128: 2393-2399.
6. Mejia M, Carrillo G, Rojas-Serrano J, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: decreased survival associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2009; 136: 10-15.
7. Lancaster LH, Mason WR, Parnell JA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2009; 136: 772-778.
8. Raghu G. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: increased survival with "gastroesophageal reflux therapy". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 1330-1332.
9. Lee JS, Collard HR, Anstrom KJ, et al. Anti-acid treatment and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of data from three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 369-376.
10. Lee JS, Ryu JH, Elicker BM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 1390-1394.
11. Cottin V. The syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Chest 2009; 136: 1-2.
12. Cottin V, Le Pavec J, Prevot G, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 105-111.
13. Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR, et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 636-643.
14. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 376-380.
15. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 264-269.
16. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 646-664.
17. Phillips B, Ball C, Sacket D, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - Levels of Evidence (March 2009). http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/Last accessed: October 2013.
18. Simon-Blancal V, Freynet O, Nunes H, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome and prognostic factors. Respiration 2012; 83: 28-35.
19. Mura M, Porretta MA, Bargagli E, et al. Predicting survival in newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a 3-year prospective study. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 101-109.
20. Doherty MJ, Pearson MG, O'Grady EA, et al. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis with preserved lung volumes. Thorax 1997; 52: 998-1002.
21. Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, Hansell DM, et al. CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 2004; 232: 560-567.
22. Wells AU, Desai SR, Rubens MB, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a composite physiologic index derived from disease extent observed by computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 962-969.
23. Munson JC, Kreider M, Chen Z, et al. Factors associated with the use of corticosteroids in the initial management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19: 756-762.
24. Antoniou KM, Walsh SL, Hansell DM, et al. Smoking-related emphysema is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid lung. Respirology 2013; 18: 1191-1196.
25. Bodlet A, Maury G, Jamart J, et al. Influence of radiological emphysema on lung function test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2013; 107: 1781-1788.
26. Collard HR, Ward AJ, Lanes S, et al. Burden of illness in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Med Econ 2012; 15: 829-835.
27. Ryerson CJ, Abbritti M, Ley B, et al. Cough predicts prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2011; 16: 969-975.
28. Fernandez Perez ER, Daniels CE, Schroeder DR, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis a population-based study. Chest 2010; 137: 129-137.
29. Hwang JH, Misumi S, Sahin H, et al. Computed tomographic features of idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia: comparison with pulmonary fibrosis related to collagen vascular disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009; 33: 410-415.
30. Schmidt SL, Nambiar AM, Tayob N, et al. Pulmonary function measures predict mortality differently in IPF versus combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Eur Respir J 2011; 38: 176-183.
31. Aduen JF, Zisman DA, Mobin SI, et al. Retrospective study of pulmonary function tests in patients presenting with isolated reduction in single-breath diffusion capacity: implications for the diagnosis of combined obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 48-54.
32. Ryerson CJ, Hartman T, Elicker BM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2013; 144: 234-240.
33. Akagi T, Matsumoto T, Harada T, et al. Coexistent emphysema delays the decrease of vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2009; 103: 1209-1215.
34. Araki T, Katsura H, Sawabe M, et al. A clinical study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on autopsy studies in elderly patients. Intern Med 2003; 42: 483-489.
35. Kim YH, Kwon SS, Kim C-H, et al. The characteristics of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: Suppl., A3044.
36. Kurashima K, Takayanagi N, Tsuchiya N, et al. The effect of emphysema on lung function and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2010; 15: 843-848.
37. Cai MT, Zhu M, Ban CJ, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of 210 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chinese Med J 2014; 127: 1868-1873.
38. Sugino K, Ishida F, Kikuchi N, et al. Comparison of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema versus idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis alone. Respirology 2014; 19: 239-245.
39. Rufino RL, Lemos da Silva V, Bartholo TP, et al. Clinical phenotypes and survival of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in one group of patients in Brazil. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: Suppl., A1542.
40. Andersen CU, Mellemkjaer S, Hilberg O, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: prevalence, prognosis and 6 min walk test. Respir Med 2012; 106: 875-882.
41. Papakosta D, Pitsiou G, Daniil Z, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: correlation with physiological parameters. Lung 2011; 189: 391-399.
42. Boutou AK, Pitsiou GG, Trigonis I, et al. Exercise capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the effect of pulmonary hypertension. Respirology 2011; 16: 451-458.
43. Tomassetti S, Ryu JH, Gurioli C, et al. The effect of anticoagulant therapy on survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: Suppl., A6028.
44. Castria D, Refini RM, Bargagli E, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevalence and clinical progress. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25: 681-689.
45. Carbone R, Bottino G, Paredi P, et al. Predictors of survival in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14: 695-704.
46. Wiggins J, Strickland B, Turner-Warwick M. Combined cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and emphysema: the value of high resolution computed tomography in assessment. Respir Med 1990; 84: 365-369.
47. van der Plas MN, Wells A, Blumenthal J, et al. Exercise testing, pulmonary hypertension and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: Suppl., A1526.
48. Hyldgaard C, Hilberg O, Bendstrup E. How does comorbidity influence survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Respir Med 2014; 108: 647-653.
49. Tomassetti S, Ruy JH, Gurioli C, et al. The effect of anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in real life practice. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2013; 30: 121-127.
50. Ventetuolo CE, Kawut SM, Lederer DJ. Plasma endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels and their relationship to hemodynamics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 2012; 84: 299-305.
51. Swigris JJ, Olson AL, Shlobin OA, et al. Heart rate recovery after six-minute walk test predicts pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2011; 16: 439-445.
52. Lederer DJ, Arcasoy SM, Wilt JS, et al. Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 659-664.
53. Saggar R, Khanna D, Furst DE, et al. Systemic sclerosis and bilateral lung transplantation: a single centre experience. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 893-900.
54. Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, et al. Serial development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 2008; 76: 288-294.
55. Zisman DA, Karlamangla AS, Ross DJ, et al. High-resolution chest CT findings do not predict the presence of pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 132: 773-779.
56. Mathai SC, Girgis RE, Shah A, et al. Impact of pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension on post-transplant outcomes in IPF. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29: S26.
57. Lettieri CJ, Nathan SD, Barnett SD, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2006; 129: 746-752.
58. Zisman DA, Karlamangla AS, Kawut SM, et al. Validation of a method to screen for pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2008; 133: 640-645.
59. Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary function testing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 131: 657-663.
60. Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Barnett SD, et al. Right ventricular systolic pressure by echocardiography as a predictor of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2008; 102: 1305-1310.
61. Shorr AF, Wainright JL, Cors CS, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with pulmonary fibrosis awaiting lung transplant. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 715-721.
62. Gagermeier J, Dauber J, Yousem S, et al. Abnormal vascular phenotypes in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2005; 128: Suppl. 6, 601S.
63. Modrykamien AM, Gudavalli R, McCarthy K, et al. Echocardiography, 6-minute walk distance, and distance-saturation product as predictors of pulmonary arterial hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Care 2010; 55: 584-588.
64. Minai OA, Santacruz JF, Alster JM, et al. Impact of pulmonary hemodynamics on 6-min walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2012; 106: 1613-1621.
65. Nakayama I, Palevsky HI. Pulmonary function tests do not predict the presence of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: Suppl., A5754.
66. Poor H, Arcasoy SM, Kawut SM, et al. Elevated plasma TGF-beta1 levels are associated with poor outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: Suppl., A1108.
67. Rivera-Lebron BN, Forfia PR, Kreider M, et al. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic predictors of mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2013; 144: 564-570.
68. Agarwal R, Gupta D, Verma JS, et al. Noninvasive estimation of clinically asymptomatic pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2005; 47: 267-271.
69. Hamada K, Nagai S, Tanaka S, et al. Significance of pulmonary arterial pressure and diffusion capacity of the lung as prognosticator in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 131: 650-656.
70. Song JW, Song JK, Kim DS. Echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide as prognostic indicators in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2009; 103: 180-186.
71. Alhamad EH, Al-Kassimi FA, Alboukai AA, et al. Comparison of three groups of patients with usual interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med 2012; 106: 1575-1585.
72. Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with interstitial pneumonias: comparison between idiopathic and collagen vascular disease associated interstitial pneumonias. Intern Med 2007; 46: 831-837.
73. Laz N, Ahmed Y. Clinical profiles of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2011; 140: 926A.
74. Kimura M, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, et al. Pulmonary hypertension as a prognostic indicator at the initial evaluation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 2013; 85: 456-463.
75. Sherbini N, Feteih MN, Wali SO, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical, and survival data from two tertiary care hospitals. Ann Thorac Med 2014; 9: 168-172.
76. Cottin V, Nunes H, Brillet PY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 586-593.
77. Mermigkis C, Stagaki E, Tryfon S, et al. How common is sleep-disordered breathing in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Sleep Breath 2010; 14: 387-390.
78. Lee RNC, Kelly EM, Nolan GM, et al. Comparison of sleep and exercise gas exchange in patients with stable idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: Suppl., A6520.
79. Kolilekas L, Manali E, Vlami KA, et al. Sleep oxygen desaturation predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Sleep Med 2013; 9: 593-601.
80. Lee RN, Kelly E, Nolan G, et al. Disordered breathing during sleep and exercise in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the role of biomarkers. QJM 2015; 108: 315-323.
81. Mermigkis C, Chapman J, Golish J, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung 2007; 185: 173-178.
82. Le Jeune I, Gribbin J, West J, et al. The incidence of cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Respir Med 2007; 101: 2534-2540.
83. Hubbard R, Venn A, Lewis S, et al. Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 5-8.
84. Xu Y, Zhong W, Zhang L, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in China. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3: 156-161.
85. Ozawa Y, Suda T, Naito T, et al. Cumulative incidence of and predictive factors for lung cancer in IPF. Respirology 2009; 14: 723-728.
86. Nagai A, Chiyotani A, Nakadate T, et al. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Tohoku J Exp Med 1992; 167: 231-237.
87. Qunn L, Takemura T, Ikushima S, et al. Hyperplastic epithelial foci in honeycomb lesions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Virchows Archiv 2002; 441: 271-278.
88. Matsushita H, Tanaka S, Saiki Y, et al. Lung cancer associated with usual interstitial pneumonia. Pathol Int 1995; 45: 925-932.
89. Lee KJ, Chung MP, Kim YW, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and survival of lung cancer in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3: 150-155.
90. Park J, Kim DS, Shim TS, et al. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 1216-1219.
91. Lee HJ, Im JG, Ahn JM, et al. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20: 979-982.
92. Kim ES, Choi SM, Lee J, et al. Validation of the GAP score in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2015; 147: 430-437.
93. Aubry MC, Myers JL, Douglas WW, et al. Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 763-770.
94. Watanabe N, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, et al. Efficacy of chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 2013; 85: 326-331.
95. Fujimoto T, Okazaki T, Matsukura T, et al. Operation for lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: surgical contraindication? Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1674-1678.
96. Saito Y, Kawai Y, Takahashi N, et al. Survival after surgery for pathologic stage IA non-small cell lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92: 1812-1817.
97. Watanabe A, Higami T, Ohori S, et al. Is lung cancer resection indicated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136: 1357-1363.
98. Goto T, Maeshima A, Oyamada Y, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2014; 19: 266-273.
99. Kawasaki H, Nagai K, Yoshida J, et al. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Surg Oncol 2002; 81: 33-37.
100. Saydain G, Islam A, Afessa B, et al. Outcome of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis admitted to the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 839-842.
101. Salvioli B, Belmonte G, Stanghellini V, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and interstitial lung disease. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 879-884.
102. Gribbin J, Hubbard R, Smith C. Role of diabetes mellitus and gastro-oesophageal reflux in the aetiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2009; 103: 927-931.
103. Corte TJ, Copley SJ, Desai SR, et al. Significance of connective tissue disease features in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 661-668.
104. Fahim A, Dettmar PW, Morice AH, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2011; 47: 200-205.
105. D'Ovidio F, Singer LG, Hadjiliadis D, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in end-stage lung disease candidates for lung transplant. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 1254-1260.
106. Garcia-Sancho C, Buendia-Roldan I, Fernandez-Plata MR, et al. Familial pulmonary fibrosis is the strongest risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2011; 105: 1902-1907.
107. Soares RV, Forsythe A, Hogarth K, et al. Interstitial lung disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: key role of esophageal function tests in the diagnosis and treatment. Arq Gastroenterol 2011; 48: 91-97.
108. Lamas DJ, Kawut SM, Bagiella E, et al. Delayed access and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 842-847.
109. Vij R, Noth I, Strek ME. Autoimmune-featured interstitial lung disease: a distinct entity. Chest 2011; 140: 1292-1299.
110. Patti MG, Tedesco P, Golden J, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiopathic? J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 1053-1056.
111. Sweet MP, Patti MG, Leard LE, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis referred for lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133: 1078-1084.
112. Tobin RW, Pope Ii CE, Pellegrini CA, et al. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1804-1808.
113. Bandeira CD, Rubin AS, Cardoso PF, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35: 1182-1189.
114. Lozo Vukovac E, Lozo M, Mise K, et al. Bronchoalveolar pH and inflammatory biomarkers in newly diagnosed IPF and GERD patients: a case-control study. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20: 255-261.
115. Savarino E, Carbone R, Marabotto E, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1322-1331.
116. Permut I, Satti A, Lautensack K, et al. Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients requiring hospitalization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: Suppl., A1539.
117. Hubbard RB, Smith C, Le Jeune I, et al. The association between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and vascular disease: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 1257-1261.
118. Daniels CE, Yi ES, Ryu JH. Autopsy findings in 42 consecutive patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 170-174.
119. Rusanov V, Kramer MR, Raviv Y, et al. The significance of elevated tumor markers among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis before and after lung transplantation. Chest 2012; 141: 1047-1054.
120. Rangappa P, Moran JL. Outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Crit Care Resusc 2009; 11: 102-109.
121. Nathan SD, Basavaraj A, Reichner C, et al. Prevalence and impact of coronary artery disease in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2010; 104: 1035-1041.
122. Nathan SD, Weir N, Shlobin OA, et al. The value of computed tomography scanning for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2011; 16: 481-486.
123. Swigris JJ, Swick J, Wamboldt FS, et al. Heart rate recovery after 6-min walk test predicts survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2009; 136: 841-848.
124. Weir N, Sheridan MJ, Ahmad S, et al. Can pulmonologists accurately score coronary calcification in IPF. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: Suppl., A2372.
125. Izbicki G, Ben-Dor I, Shitrit D, et al. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in end-stage pulmonary disease: is pulmonary fibrosis a risk factor? Respir Med 2009; 103: 1346-1349.
126. Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Yokoyama T, et al. Case-control study of medical history and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan. Respirology 2005; 10: 504-509.
127. Schomberg LEE, Draper A, Vlahos I, et al. High prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in patients meeting clinico-radiological profile for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thorax 2011; 66: Suppl. 4, A61-A62.
128. Ponnuswamy A, Manikandan R, Sabetpour A, et al. Association between ischaemic heart disease and interstitial lung disease: a case-control study. Respir Med 2009; 103: 503-507.
129. Park J, Song JW, Kim DK, et al. Prevalence of ischemic heart disease among the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: Suppl., A2962.
130. Alhamad EH, Masood M, Shaik SA, et al. Clinical and functional outcomes in Middle Eastern patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Respir J 2008; 2: 220-226.
131. Kim WY, Mok Y, Kim GW, et al. Association between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and coronary artery disease: a case-control study and cohort analysis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2015; 31: 289-296.
132. Navaratnam V, Fogarty AW, McKeever T, et al. Presence of a prothrombotic state in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a population-based case-control study. Thorax 2014; 69: 207-215.
133. Lederer DJ, Arcasoy SM, Barr RG, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a UNOS/OPTN database analysis. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 2436-2442.
134. Enomoto T, Usuki J, Azuma A, et al. Diabetes mellitus may increase risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2003; 123: 2007-2011.
135. Kim YJ, Park JW, Sun YK, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Tuberc Respir Dis 2009; 67: 113-120.
136. Garcia-Sancho Figueroa MC, Carrillo G, Perez-Padilla R, et al. Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Mexican population. A case-control studyj.| Respir Med 2010; 104: 305-309.
137. Alakhras M, Decker PA, Nadrous HF, et al. Body mass index and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 131: 1448-1453.
138. Raghu G, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ambrisentan: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 641-649.
139. The Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network. A controlled trial of sildenafil in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 620-628.
140. Han MK, Bach DS, Hagan PG, et al. Sildenafil preserves exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and right-sided ventricular dysfunction. Chest 2013; 143: 1699-1708.
141. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009-2010. NCHS Data Brief 82. Hyattsville, National Center for Health Statistics, 2012.
142. King TE, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S, et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2083-2092.
143. Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2071-2082.
144. Karimi-Shah BA, Chowdhury BA. Forced vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - FDA review of pirfenidone and nintedanib. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1189-1191.
145. Raghu G, Selman M. Nintedanib and pirfenidone. New antifibrotic treatments indicated for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis offer hopes and raises questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 252-254.
146. Raghu G. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: new evidence and an improved standard of care in 2012. Lancet 2012; 380: 699-701.