How the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen films change during solar irradiation

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry

Volumn 333, Issue , 2017, Pages 186-199

  Binks, Bernard P ^a   Fletcher, Paul D I ^a   Johnson, Andrew J ^a,b   Marinopoulos, Ioannis ^a   Crowther, Jonathan ^b   Thompson, Michael A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^b GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^c GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Avobenzone; Emulsions; p methoxycinnamate; Photochemistry; Sun protection factor; Sunscreen

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993960951     PISSN: 10106030     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.10.027     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. [1] Diffey, B.L., Robson, J., A new substrate to measure sunscreen protection factors throughout the ultraviolet spectrum. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 40 (1989), 127–133.
2. [2] Diffey, B.L., Tanner, P.R., Matts, P.J., Nash, F.J., In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43 (2000), 1024–1035.
3. [3] Osterwalder, U., Herzog, B., Sun protection factors: world-wide confusion. Br. J. Dermatol. 161 (2009), 13–24.
4. [4] Schmalwieser, A.W., Wallisch, S., Diffey, B., A library of action spectra for erythema and pigmentation. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 11 (2012), 251–268.
5. [5] Moyal, D., Alard, V., Bertin, C., Boyer, F., Brown, M.W., Kolbe, L., Matts, P., Pissavini, M., The revised COLIPA in vitro UVA method. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 35 (2013), 35–40.
6. [6] Beyer, D.M., Faurschou, A., Philipsen, P.A., Hoedersdal, M., Wulf, H.C., Sun protection factor persistence on human skin during a day without physical activity or ultraviolet exposure. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 26 (2010), 22–27.
7. [7] Binks, B.P., Brown, J., Fletcher, P.D.I., Johnson, A.J., Marinopoulos, I., Crowther, J.M., Thompson, M.A., Evaporation of sunscreen films: how the UV protection properties change. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016), 13270–13281.
8. [8] Binks, B.P., Fletcher, P.D.I., Johnson, A.J., Marinopoulos, I., Crowther, J., Thompson, M., Evaporation of particle-stabilised emulsion sunscreen films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016), 21201–21213.
9. [9] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Guidance for Industry, Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use-Small Entity Compliance Guide, December, 2012.
10. [10] Herzog, B., Wehrle, M., Quass, K., Photostability of UV absorber systems in sunscreens. Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), 869–878.
11. [11] Stanfield, J., Osterwalder, U., Herzog, B., In vitro measurements of sunscreen protection. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 9 (2010), 489–494.
12. [12] Hojerova, J., Medovcikova, A., Mikula, M., Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight. Int. J. Pharm. 408 (2011), 27–38.
13. [13] Kockler, J., Oelgemoller, M., Robertson, S., Glass, B.D., Photostability of sunscreens. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 13 (2012), 91–110.
14. [14] Shaath, N.A., Ultraviolet filters. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 9 (2010), 464–469.
15. [15] Stiefel, C., Schwack, W., Nguyen, Y.T., Photostability of cosmetic UV filters on mammalian skin under UV exposure. Photochem. Photobiol. 91 (2015), 84–91.
16. [16] Bohren, C.F., Huffman, D.R., Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. 2004, Wiley VCH, Weinheim.
17. [17] Noyes, W.A., The Photochemistry of Gases. 1941, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York.
18. [18] Calvert, J.G., Pitts, J.N. Jr., Photochemistry. 1966, Wiley and Sons, New York.
19. [19] Kuhn, H.J., Braslavsky, S.E., Schmidt, R., Chemical actinometry (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 76 (2004), 2105–2146.
20. [20] Adick, H.J., Schmidt, R., Brauer, H.D., Two wavelength-independent chemical actinometers which together cover the range 334–500 nm. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 45 (1988), 89–96.
21. [21] Schwack, W., Rudolph, T., Photochemistry of dibenzoyl methane UVA filters. Part 1. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 28 (1995), 229–234.
22. [22] Dubois, M., Gilard, P., Tiercet, P., Deflandre, A., Lefebvre, M.A., J. Chim. Phys. 95 (1998), 388–394.
23. [23] Tarras-Wahlberg, N., Stenhagen, G., Larko, O., Rosen, A., Wennberg, A.-M., Wennerstrom, O., Changes in ultraviolet absorption of sunscreen after ultraviolet irradiation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113 (1999), 547–553.
24. [24] Chatelain, E., Gabard, B., Photostabilization of butly methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter. Photochem. Photobiol. 74 (2001), 401–406.
25. [25] Cantrell, A., McGarvey, D.J., Photochemical studies of 4-tert-butyl-4’-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM-DBM). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 64 (2001), 117–122.
26. [26] Aspee, A., Allaga, C., Scaiano, J.C., Transient enol isomers of dibenzoylmethane and avobenzone as efficient hydrogen donors towards a nitroxide pre-fluorescent probe. Photochem. Photobiol. 83 (2007), 481–485.
27. [27] Mturi, G.J., Matincigh, B.S., Photostability of the sunscreening agent 4-tert-butyl-4’methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) in solvents of different polarity and proticity. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 200 (2008), 410–420.
28. [28] Paris, C., Lhiaubet-Vallet, V., Jiminez, O., Trullas, C., Mirnada, M.A., A blocked diketo form of avobenzone: photostability: photosentizing properties and triplet quenching by a triazine-derived UVB filter. Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), 178–184.
29. [29] Herzog, B., Wehrle, M., Quass, K., Photostability of UV absorber systems in sunscreens. Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), 869–878.
30. [30] Lhiaubet-Vallet, V., Marin, M., Jiminez, O., Gorchs, O., Trullas, C., Miranda, M.A., Filter-filter interactions. Photostabilization: triplet quenching and reactivity with singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 9 (2010), 552–558.
31. [31] Vallejo, J.J., Meas, M., Gallardo, C., Evaluation of the avobenzone photostability in solvents used in cosmetic formulations. Vitae Rev. Fac. Quim. Farm. 18 (2011), 63–71.
32. [32] Zawadiak, J., Mrzyczek, M., Influence of substituent on UV absorption and keto-enol tautomerism equilibrium of dibenzoylmethane derivatives. Spectrochim. Acta A 96 (2012), 815–819.
33. [33] Yamaji, M., Kida, M., Photothermal tautomerism of a UV sunscreen (4-tert-butyl-4’-methoxydibenzoylmethane) in acetonitrile studied by flash photolysis. J. Phys. Chem. A 117 (2013), 1946–1951.
34. [34] Morliere, P., Avice, O., Melo, T.S.E., Dubertret, L., Giraud, M., Santus, R., A study of the photochemical properties of some cinnamate sunscreens by steady state and laser flash photolysis. Photochem. Photobiol. 36 (1982), 395–399.
35. [35] Pattanaargson, S., Munhapol, T., Hirunsupachot, P., Luangthongaram, P., Photoisomerization of octyl methoxycinnamate. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 161 (2004), 269–274.
36. [36] Huong, S.P., Andrieu, V., Reynier, J.-P., Rocher, E., Fourneron, J.-D., The photosimerization of the sunscreen ethylhexyl p-methoxy cinnamate and its influence on the sun protection factor. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 186 (2007), 65–70.
37. [37] Karpkird, T.M., Wanichweachharungruang, S., Albinsson, B., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 8 (2009), 1455–1460.
38. [38] MacManus-Spencer, L.A., Tse, M.L., Klein, J.L., Kracunas, A.E., Aqueous photolysis of the organic ultraviolet filter chemical octyl methoxycinnamate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 3931–3937.
39. [39] Hanson, K.M., Narayanan, S., Nichols, V.M., Bardeen, C.J., Photochemical degradation of the UV filter octyl methoxycinnamate in solution and in aggregates. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 14 (2015), 1607–1616.
40. [40] MiePlot version 4.5.01 downloaded from http://www.philiplaven.com/mieplot.htm.
41. [41] Herzog, B., Sengün, F., Scattering particles increase absorbance of dyes-a model study with relevance for sunscreens. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 14 (2015), 2054–2063.