When Boy Meets Girl: The ‘Feminization’ of the Military:An Introduction Also to be Read as a Postscript

Current Sociology

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 615-639

  Kümmel, Gerhard ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993711360     PISSN: 00113921     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0011392102050005002     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. ALBRECHT-HEIDE, Astrid and BUJEWSKI-CRAWFORD, Utemaria (1991) Frauen-Krieg-Militär. Images und Phantasien. Tübingen: Verein für Friedenspädagogik.
2. ALLEN, Beverly (1996) Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3. ARGYRIS, Chris and SCHÖN, Donald A. (1978) Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4. AXELROD, Robert (1997) ‘The Dissemination of Culture’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(2): 203-226.
5. BARKAWI, Tarak and DANDEKER, Christopher (1999) ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security 24(1): 181-186.
6. BECK, Ulrich (1986) Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
7. BECK, Ulrich (1997) Was ist Globalisierung? Irrtümer des Globalismus - Antworten auf Globalisierung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
8. BENOKRAITIS, Nijole V. and FEAGIN, Joe R. (1995) Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination, 2nd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9. BERKIN, Carol R., ed. (1980) Women, War and Revolution. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers.
10. BIERHOFF, Hans Werner, COHEN, Ronald L. and GREENBERG, Jerald, eds (1986) Justice in Social Relations. New York and London: Plenum Press.
11. BLANCHARD, Fletcher A. and CROSBY, Faye J., eds (1989) Affirmative Action in Perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. BOËE, Bernard (2000) ‘Post-Cold War Trends in the Civil Control of Armed Forces in the West’, in Gerhard Kümmel and Wilfried von Bredow (eds) Civil-Military Relations in an Age of Turbulence: Armed Forces and the Problem of Democratic Control, SOWI Forum International No. 21, pp. 11-31. Strausberg: SOWI.
13. BÖHNISCH, Lothar (2001) ‘Männlichkeiten und Geschlechterbeziehungen - Ein männertheoretischer Durchgang’, in Margrit Brückner and Lothar BÖhnisch (eds) Geschlechterverhältnisse. Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionen und Perspektiven ihrer Veränderung, pp. 39-118. Weinheim and Munich: Juventa.
14. CONNELL, Robert W. (1999) Der gemachte Mann. Konstruktion und Krise von Männlichkeiten. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.
15. COOKE, Miriam and WOLLACOTT, Angela, eds (1993) Gendering War Talk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. DäNIKER, Gustav (1992) Wende Golfkrieg. Vom Wesen und Gebrauch künftiger Streitkräfte. Frankfurt am Main: Huber Frauenfeld.
17. DEGROOT, Gerard J. and PENISTON-BIRD, Corinna, eds (2000) A Soldier and a Woman: Sexual Integration in the Military. Harlow: Pearson Education.
18. DUNIVIN, Karen O. (1994) ‘Military Culture: Change and Continuity’, Armed Forces and Society 20(4): 531-547.
19. ECKES, Thomas (1997) Geschlechterstereotype. Frau und Mann in sozialpsychologischer Sicht. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus.
20. ELSHTAIN, Jean Bethke (1987) Women and War. New York: Littlefield.
21. ENLOE, Cynthia (1983) Does Khaki Become You? The Militarisation of Women's Lives. London: Pluto Press.
22. ENLOE, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
23. FENNER, Lorry M. (2001) ‘Either You Need These Women or You Do Not: Informing the Debate on Military Service and Citizenship’, in Rita James Simon (ed.) Women in the Military. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers.
24. FENNER, Lorry M. and DEYOUNG, Marie E. (2001) Women in Combat: Civic Duty or Military Liability? Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
25. FINNEMORE, Martha and SIKKINK, Kathryn (1998) ‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change’, International Organization 52(4): 887-917.
26. FIRESTONE, Juanita M. and HARRIS, Richard J. (1994) ‘Sexual Harassment in the US Military: Individualized and Environmental Contexts’, Armed Forces and Society 21(1): 25-43.
27. FRANCKE, Linda Bird (1997) Ground Zero: The Gender Wars in the Military. New York: Simon and Schuster.
28. GIDDENS, Anthony (1994) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
29. GOLDMAN, Nancy, ed. (1982) Female Soldiers - Combatants or Noncombatants? Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
30. GOLDSTEIN, Joshua S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. GUENTER-SCHLESINGER, Susan (1999) ‘Persistence of Sexual Harassment: The Impact of Military Culture on Policy Implementation’, in Mary Feinsod Katzenstein and Judith Reppy (eds) Beyond Zero Tolerance: Discrimination in Military Culture, pp. 195-212. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
32. GUTMANN, Stephanie (2000) The Kinder, Gentler Military: Can America's Gender-Neutral Fighting Force Still Win Wars? New York: Scribner.
33. HALFORD, Susan, SAVAGE, Mike and WITZ, Anne (1997) Gender, Careers and Organisations: Current Developments in Banking, Nursing and Local Government. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.
34. HEINTZ, Bettina, NADAI, Eva, FISCHER, Regula and UMMEL, Hannes (1997) Ungleich unter Gleichen. Studien zur geschlechtsspezifischen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes. Frankfurt am Main and New York: Campus.
35. HICKS, George (1994) The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War. New York: W.W. Norton.
36. HOIBERG, Anne (1991) ‘Military Psychology and Women's Role in the Military’, in Reuven Gal and A. D. Mangelsdorff (eds) Handbook of Military Psychology. Brighton: John Wiley.
37. HOWES, Ruth and STEVENSON, Michael, eds (1993) Women and the Use of Military Force. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
38. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (1996) Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch.
39. HURNI, Johanna et al., eds (1992) Frauen in den Streitkräften. Brugg: Verlag Effingerhof.
40. INGLEHART, Ronald (1977) The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
41. INGLEHART, Ronald (1989) Kultureller Umbruch. Wertwandel in der westlichen Welt. Frankfurt am Main and New York: Campus.
42. ISAKSSON, Eva, ed. (1988) Women and the Military System. New York: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
43. JACKMAN, Mary R. (1999) ‘Gender, Violence, and Harassment’, in Janet Saltzman Chafetz (ed.) Handbook of the Sociology of Gender, pp. 275-317. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
44. JONES, David E. (1997) Woman Warriors: A History. London: Brassey's.
45. JURCZYK, Karin (2001) ‘Individualisierung und Zusammenhalt. Neuformierungen von Geschlechterverhältnissen in Erwerbsarbeit und Familie’, in Margrit Brückner and Lothar BÖhnisch (eds) Geschlechterverhältnisse. Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionen und Perspektiven ihrer Veränderung, pp. 11-37. Weinheim and Munich: Juventa.
46. KANTER, Rosabeth Moss (1981) ‘Women and the Structure of Organizations: Explorations in Theory and Behavior’, in Oscar Grusky and George A. Miller (eds) The Sociology of Organizations: Basic Studies, 2nd edn. New York and London: Free Press.
47. KEOHANE, Robert O. and NYE, Joseph S. (1977) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston, MA and Toronto: Little, Brown and Co.
48. KIER, Elizabeth (1998) ‘Homosexuals in the US Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness’, International Security 23(2): 5-39.
49. KIER, Elizabeth (1999) ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security 24(1): 194-201.
50. KLEIN, Uta (2000) Militär und Geschlecht in Israel. Frankfurt am Main and New York: Campus.
51. KüMMEL, Gerhard (2002a) ‘Complete Access: Women in the Bundeswehr and Male Ambivalence’, Armed Forces and Society 28(4): 547-565.
52. KüMMEL, Gerhard (2002b) ‘Die Quadratur des Kreises? Geschlechtliche Gewalt und ihre Verhinderung im Militär’, unpublished manuscript.
53. KüMMEL, Gerhard and BIEHL, Heiko (2001) Warum nicht? Die ambivalente Sicht männlicher Soldaten auf die weitere Öffnung der Bundeswehr für Frauen, SOWI Report No. 71. Strausberg: SOWI.
54. KüMMEL, Gerhard and KLEIN, Paul (in press) ‘Violence Within the Military’, in Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan (eds) Handbook of Research on Violence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
55. KÜMMEL, Gerhard and PRÜFERT, Andreas, eds (2000) Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
56. KüMMEL, Gerhard, KLEIN, Paul and LOHMANN, Klaus (2000) Zwischen Differenz und Gleichheit: Die Öffnung der Bundeswehr für Frauen, SOWI Report No. 69. Strausberg: SOWI. (Also published in Steinkamm, Armin A., ed. (2001) Frauen im militärischen Waffendienst. Baden-Baden: Nomos.)
57. LLOYD, Genevieve (1987) ‘Selfhood, War and Masculinity’, in Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Gross (eds) Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory, pp. 63-76. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
58. MEUSER, Michael (1998) Geschlecht und Männlichkeit. Soziologische Theorie und kulturelle Deutungsmuster. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.
59. MEUSER, Michael (2000) ‘Entgrenzte Geschlechterverhältnisse? Enttraditionalisierung und habituelle Rahmen’, in Robert Hettlage and Ludgera Vogt (eds) Identitäten in der modernen Welt, pp. 217-238. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
60. MILLER, Laura L. (1998) ‘Feminism and the Exclusion of Army Women from Combat’, Gender Issues 16(3): 33-64.
61. MITCHELL, Brian (1989) Weak Link: The Feminization of the American Military. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
62. MITCHELL, Brian (1998) Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
63. MITSCHERLICH, Margarete (1987) Die friedfertige Frau. Eine psychoanalytische Untersuchung zur Aggression der Geschlechter. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.
64. MOON, Katherine H. S. (1997) Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in US-Korea Relations. New York: Columbia University Press.
65. MORGAN, David H. J. (1994) ‘Theater of War: Combat, the Military, and Masculinities’, in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman (eds) Theorizing Masculinities, pp. 165-182. Thousand Oaks, CA, London and New Delhi: Sage.
66. MORRIS, Madeleine (1999) ‘In War and Peace: Incidence and Implications of Rape by Military Personnel’, in Mary Feinsod Katzenstein and Judity Reppy (eds) Beyond Zero Tolerance: Discrimination in Military Culture, pp. 163-194. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
67. MOSKOS, Charles C. (1985) ‘Female GIs in the Field’, Armed Forces and Society 22(6): 28-33.
68. MOSKOS, Charles C. (1992) ‘Armed Forces in a Warless Society’, in Jürgen Kuhlmann and Christopher Dandeker (eds) Armed Forces After the Cold War, SOWI Forum International No. 13, pp. 1-10. Munich: SOWI.
69. MOSKOS, Charles C. (2000) ‘Towards a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm’, in Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams and David R. Segal (eds) The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War, pp. 14-31. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (1993) The Tailhook Report: The Official Inquiry into the Events of Tailhook '91. New York: St Martin's Press.
71. OFFICE ON WOMEN IN THE NATO FORCES (2000) Women in the NATO Armed Forces: Year-In-Review 1999-2000. Brussels: NATO.
72. PADAVIC, Irene (1991) ‘The Re-Creation of Gender in a Male Workplace’, Symbolic Interaction 14(3): 279-294.
73. POLLOCK STURDEVANT, Sandra and STOLTZFUS, Brenda (1993) Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the US Military in Asia. New York: The New Press.
74. QUESTER, George H. (1977) ‘Women in Combat’, International Security 2(4): 80-91.
75. RASTETTER, Daniela (1994) Sexualität und Herrschaft in Organisationen. Eine geschlechtervergleichende Analyse. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
76. REARDON, Betty (1985) Sexism and the War System. New York: Columbia University Press.
77. RESKIN, Barbara F., ROOS, Patricia A., DONATO, Katharine M., PHIPPS, Polly A., THOMAS, Barbara J., BIRD, Chloe E., DETMAN, Linda A. and STEIGER, Thomas (1990) Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
78. RIEGRAF, Birgit (2000) ‘Organisationswandel, Organisationslernen und das Geschlechterverhältnis’, in Ilse Lenz, Hildegard Maria Nickel and Birgit Riegraf (eds) Geschlecht - Arbeit - Zukunft, pp. 150-177. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.
79. ROSEN, Leora N., BLIESE, Paul D., WRIGHT, Kathleen A. and GIFFORD, Robert K. (1999) ‘Gender Composition and Group Cohesion in US Army Units: A Comparison across Five Studies’, Armed Forces and Society 25(3): 365-386.
80. RUDDICK, Sara (1983) ‘Pacifying the Forces: Drafting Women in the Interests of Peace’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8(3): 471-489.
81. RUDDICK, Sara (1989) Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace. London: Women's Press.
82. SCHIMMELFENNIG, Frank (1994) ‘Internationale Sozialisation neuer Staaten. Heuristische Überlegungen zu einem Forschungsdesiderat’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 1(2): 335-355.
83. SCHMITTER, Philippe C. (1996) ‘The Influence of the International Context upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo-Democracies’, in Lawrence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimension of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, pp. 26-55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
84. SEGAL, Mady Wechsler (1995) ‘Women's Military Roles Cross-Nationally: Past, Present, and Future’, Gender and Society 9(6): 757-775.
85. SEGAL, Mady Wechsler (1999) ‘Gender and the Military’, in Janet Saltzman Chafetz (ed.) Handbook of the Sociology of Gender, pp. 563-581. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
86. SEIDLER, Franz W. (1998) Frauen zu den Waffen? Marketenderinnen, Helferinnen, Soldatinnen, 2nd edn. Bonn: Bernard and Graefe.
87. SEIFERT, Ruth (1996) Militär, Kultur, Identität. Individualisierung, Geschlechterverhältnisse und die soziale Konstruktion des Soldaten. Bremen: Edition Temmen.
88. SEIFERT, Ruth (1999) ‘Militär und Geschlechterverhältnisse. Entwicklungslinien einer ambivalenten Debatte’, in Christine Eifler and Ruth Seifert (eds) Soziale Konstruktionen - Militär und Geschlechterverhältnis, pp. 40-70. Münster: West-fälisches Dampfboot.
89. SHAW, Martin (1991) Post-Military Society: Militarism, Demilitarization and War at the End of the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
90. SKAINE, Rosemarie (1999) Women at War: Gender Issues of Americans in Combat. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co.
91. SKJELSBAEK, Inger (2001) ‘Sexual Violence and War: Mapping Out a Complex Relationship’, European Journal of International Relations 7(2): 211-237.
92. STANLEY, Sandra and SEGAL, Mady Wechsler (1980) ‘Military Women in NATO: An Update’, Armed Forces and Society 14(4): 559-585.
93. STARR, Harvey (1991) ‘Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 35(2): 356-381.
94. STIEHM, Judith Hicks (1982) ‘The Protected, the Protector, the Defender’, Women's Studies International Forum 5(3/4): 367-376.
95. STIEHM, Judith H., ed. (1996) It's Our Military, Too! Women and the US Military. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
96. STIGLMAYER, Alexandra (1994) Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
97. SWIM, Janet K. and COHEN, Laurie L. (1997) ‘Overt, Covert, and Subtle Sexism: A Comparison between the Attitudes toward Women and Modern Sexism Scales’, Psychology of Women Quarterly 21: 103-118.
98. TITUNIK, Regina F. (2000) ‘The First Wave: Gender Integration and Military Culture’, Armed Forces and Society 26(2): 229-257.
99. TOUGAS, Francine, BROWN, Rupert, BEATON, Ann M. and JOLY, Stéphane (1995) ‘Neosexism: Plus Ça Change, Plus C'est Pareil’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21(8): 842-849.
100. TRUBY, J. David (1977) Women at War: A Deadly Species. Boulder, CO: Paladin.
101. VAN CREVELD, Martin (2001) Frauen und Krieg. Munich: Gerling Akademie Verlag.
102. VICKERS, Jeanne (1993) Women and War. London: Zed Books.
103. VON BREDOW, Wilfried and KÜMMEL, Gerhard (2000) ‘New Roles for the Armed Forces and the Concept of Democratic Control’, in Gerhard Kümmel and Wilfried von Bredow (eds) Civil-Military Relations in an Age of Turbulence: Armed Forces and the Problem of Democratic Control, SOWI Forum International No. 21, pp. 109-131. Strausberg: SOWI.
104. WATERS, Malcolm (1996) Globalization, 2nd edn. London and New York: Routledge.
105. WEINSTEIN, Laurie and WHITE, Christie, eds (1997) Wives and Warriors. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
106. WHEELWRIGHT, Julie (1989) Amazons and Military Maids: Women Who Dressed as Men in the Pursuit of Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. London: Pandora.
107. WILZ, Sylvia M. (2001) ‘ “Gendered Organizations”: Neuere Beiträge zum Verhältnis von Organisationen und Geschlecht’, Berliner Journal für Soziologie 11(1): 97-107.
108. ZIRNGAST, Waltraud (1997) ‘Frauen zum Militär - ein feministisches Dilemma?’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 26(2): 129-139.