Salt, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Diseases

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 5-8

  Law, Malcolm ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

blood pressure; cardiovascular diseases; salt

Indexed keywords

SODIUM;

BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SALT INTAKE;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HAPLORHINI; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; RATS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SODIUM, DIETARY; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84992889619     PISSN: 20474873     EISSN: 20474881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/204748730000700102     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Stamler J, Stamler R, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts RH. Hypertension screening of one million Americans. JAMA 1976; 235: 2299–2306.
2. Page LB, Damon A, Moellering RC. Antecedents of cardiovascular disease in six Solomon Islands societies. Circulation 1974; 49: 1132–1140.
3. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? Analysis of observational data among populations. BMJ 1991; 302: 811–815.
4. Poulter NK, Khaw KT, Hopwood BEC, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Rose G, et al. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 1990; 300: 967–972.
5. An important migration study quantifying the rise in blood pressure when a nomadic community moved to an urban environment.
6. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. BMJ 1991; 302: 819–824.
7. Authors of this article (together with [3,10]) quantify the relationship between salt and blood pressure according to age, from an analysis of all relevant published data. Estimates derived from comparisons between populations, separately analysing data for economically developed and undeveloped communities to allow for confounding, were quantitatively confirmed by the results of cross-sectional studies on salt and blood pressure and of trials on reduction of dietary intake of salt.
8. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CM, Logan AG. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure. JAMA 1996; 275: 1590–1597.
9. Graudal NA, Galløe AM, Garred P. Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride. JAMA 1998; 279: 1383–1391.
10. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, et al. Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ 1996; 312: 1249–1253.
11. Quantification of the relationship between salt and blood pressure in the large Intersalt study.
12. Law M. Evidence on salt is consistent. BMJ 1996; 312: 1284–1285.
13. Frost CD, Law MR, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? Analysis of observational data within populations. BMJ 1991; 302: 815–818.
14. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. Dietary salt and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1991; 9 (suppl 6): S37–S41.
15. Cappucio FP, Markandu ND, Carney C, Segnells CA, MacGregor GA. Double blind randomised trial of modest salt restriction in older people. Lancet 1997; 350: 850–854.
16. The most informative of all the trials on reduction of salt intake and blood pressure, showing the size of the effect on adults old enough to be at significant risk of cardiovascular disease and employing a randomized double-blind design.
17. Dahl LK. Salt and hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 1972; 25: 231–244.
18. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, Wickings EJ, Dixson A, Moisson P, et al. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nature Med 1995; 1: 1009–1016.
19. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–774.
20. An analysis of data from large cohort studies, establishing the size of the relationship between blood pressure and mortality from strokes and ischaemic heart disease after appropriate adjustment for the regression dilution bias.
21. James WPT, Ralph A, Sanchez-Castillo CP. The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent societies. Lancet 1987; 1: 426–429.
22. An accurate assessment of the proportions of the total dietary intake of salt that are added to manufactured foods, used discretionally in the household and occur naturally in foods.
23. Jacobson MF, Leibman BF. Sodium in processed foods. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 138.
24. Blais CA, Pangborn RM, Borhani NO, Ferrell MF, Prineas RJ, Laing B. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr, 1986; 44: 232–243.
25. A randomised trial showing that the perceived pleasantness of more heavily salted foods depends on habitual dietary salt.
26. Bertino M, Beauchamp GK, Engelman K. Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 1134–1144.
27. A second trial, like the one above, showing that the perceived pleasantness of more heavily salted foods depends on dietary habit.
28. Beauchamp GK, Engelman K. Modification of salt taste. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 763–769.