Predictors and Consequences of Grade Retention:Examining Data From Manitoba, Canada

Canadian Journal of School Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 50-67

  Guèvremont, Anne ^a   Roos, Noralou P ^a   Brownell, Marni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

grade repetition; grade retention; school withdrawal; standards tests

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992850727     PISSN: 08295735     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0829573507301038     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bali, V.A., Anagnostopoulos, D., & Roberts, R. (2005). Towards a political explanation of grade retention. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27, 133-155.
2. Beebe-Frankenberger, M., Bocian, K.M., MacMillan, D.L., & Gresham, F.M. (2004). Sorting second-grade students: Differentiating those retained from those promoted. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 204-215.
3. Brownell, M., Roos, N., Fransoo, R., Guevremont, A., Frolich, N., Kozyrskyj, A., et al. (2004). Manitoba child health atlas 2004: Inequalities in child health: Assessing the roles of family, community, education, and health care. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from www.umanitoba.ca/centres/mchp/reports/child_inequalities/
4. Brownell, M., & Yogendran, M. (2001). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Manitoba children: Medical diagnosis and psychostimulant treatment rates. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 264-272.
5. Byrd, R.S., & Weitzman, M.L. (1994). Predictors of early grade retention among children in the United States. Pediatrics, 93, 481-487.
6. Cadieux, A. (2003). A 3-year longitudinal study of self-concept and classroom behavior of Grade 1 retained pupils. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 371-378.
7. Eide, E.R., & Showalter, M.H. (2001). The effect of grade retention on educational and labor market outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 20, 563-576.
8. Elam, S.M. (1990). The 22nd annual Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 41-54.
9. Ferguson, P., Jimerson, S.R., & Dalton, M.J. (2001). Sorting out successful failures: Exploratory analyses of factors associated with academic and behavioral outcomes of retained students. Psychology in the Schools, 38, 327-341.
10. Fine, J.G., & Davis, J.M. (2003). Grade retention and enrollment in post-secondary education. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 401-411.
11. Frey, N. (2005). Retention, social promotion, and academic redshirting: What do we know and need to know? Remedial and Special Education, 26, 332-346.
12. Hauser, R.M. (2000, December). Should we end social promotion? Truth and consequences. Paper presented at the Conference of the Harvard Civil Rights Project on Civil Rights and High Stakes Testing, New York, NY.
13. Heubert, J.P. (2002). Disability, race, and high-stakes testing. Wakefield, MA: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_disability.html
14. Holmes, C.T. (1989). Grade level retention effects: A meta-analysis of research studies. In L. A. Shepard & M. L. Smith (Eds.), Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention (pp. 16-33). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
15. Holmes, C.T., & Matthews, K.M. (1984). The effects of nonpromotion on elementary and junior-high school pupils: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 54, 225-236.
16. Hong, G., & Raudenbush, S.W. (2005). Effects of kindergarten retention policy on children's cognitive growth in reading and mathematics. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27, 205-224.
17. Janosz, M., LeBlanc, M., Boulerice, B., & Tremblay, R.E. (1997). Disentangling the weight of school dropout predictors: A test on two longitudinal samples. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 733-762.
18. Jimerson, S.R. (1999). On the failure of failure. Examining the association between early grade retention and education and employment outcomes during late adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 243-272.
19. Jimerson, S.R. (2001). Meta-analysis of grade retention research: Implications for practice in the 21st century. School Psychology Review, 30, 420-437.
20. Jimerson, S.R., Anderson, G.E., & Whipple, A.D. (2002). Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relation between grade retention and dropping out of high school. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 441-457.
21. Kindergarten Readiness Issues Group, Partners in Research Forum. (2003). North Carolina early grade retention in the age of accountability. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, FPG Child Development Institute.
22. Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. ( 1998). Educational update 1998. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ks4/cur/edchange98/literacy.html
23. Martens, P.J., Frohlich, N., Carriere, K.C., Derksen, S., & Brownell, M.D. (2002). Embedding child health within a framework of regional health: Population health status and sociodemographic indicators. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 93(Suppl. 2), S15-S20.
24. Massachusetts Department of Education. (2004 ). Grade retention in Massachusetts public schools: 2002-03. Malden: Massachusetts Department of Education.
25. McCoy, A.R., & Reynolds, A.J. (1999). Grade retention and school performance: An extended investigation. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 273-298.
26. Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Schmitt, J. (1999). The state of working America, 1998-1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
27. Moll, M. (2004). Part 1: Opening salvos and soundbites. In M. Moll (Ed.), Passing the test: The false promises of standardized testing (pp. 11-50). Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
28. Mustard, C.A., Derksen, S., Berthelot, J.M., & Wolfson, M. (1999). Assessing ecologic proxies for household income: A comparison of household and neighbourhood level income measures in the study of population health status. Health and Place, 5, 157-171.
29. Pouliot, L., & Potvin, P. (2000). Croyances d'enseignants de la maternelle et du primaire a l'egard du redoublement [Primary schoolteachers’ beliefs about grade retention]. Canadian Journal of Education, 25(4), 247-261.
30. Ramey, C.T., & Ramey, S.L. (2004). Early learning and school readiness: Can early intervention make a difference? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 471-491.
31. Raudenbush, A.S., & Bryk, S.W. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods: Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Roderick, M.R., & Nagaoka, J. (2005). Retention under Chicago's high-stakes testing program: Helpful, harmful, or harmless? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27, 309-340.
33. Rosado, K. (2002, April). Retention issues and policy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
34. Schwager, M.T., Mitchell, D.E., Mitchell, T.K., & Hecht, J.B. (1992). How school district policy influences grade level retention in elementary schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14, 421-438.
35. Shanahan, T., & Barr, R. (1995). A synthesis of research on reading recovery. Reading Research Quarterly, 30, 958-996.
36. Shonkoff, J.P., & Phillips, D.A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
37. Statistics Canada. (2003). 2001 census dictionary: Reference (Catalogue no. 92-378-XIE). Ottawa, Canada: Author.
38. Texas Education Agency. (2004). Grade-level retention in Texas public schools, 2001-02 (Rep. No. GE04 601 03). Austin, TX: Author.
39. U.S. Department of Education. (1999). Taking responsibility for ending social promotion: A guide for educators and state and local leaders (Educational Management Report No. EA02). Washington, DC: Author.
40. Westbury, M. (1994). The effect of elementary grade retention on subsequent school achievement and ability. Canadian Journal of Education, 19, 241-250.
41. Yuan, X., Pernici, S., & Franklin, B.J. (2001). Grade level retention rates in Louisiana public schools: 1997/98 to 2000/01. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Education.
42. Zinth, K. (2005). State notes: Promotion/retention: Student promotion/retention policies. Washington, DC: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/65/51/6551.htm