Sorting second-grade students: Differentiating those retained from those promoted

Journal of Educational Psychology

Volumn 96, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 204-215

  Beebe Frankenberger, Margaret ^a   Bocian, Kathleen M ^b   MacMillan, Donald L ^b   Gresham, Frank M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942616463     PISSN: 00220663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.204     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Alexander, K., Entwisle, D., & Dauber, S. (1994). On the success of failure: A measurement of the effects of primary grade retention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Balow, I. H. (1990). Retention in grade: a failed procedure. Riverside: California Educational Research Cooperative, University of California, Riverside.
4. Bloom, B. S. (1984). The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Leadership, 41(8), 4-17.
5. Bocian, K. M., Beebe, M. E., MacMillan, D. L., & Gresham, F. M. (1999). Competing paradigms in learning disabilities classification by schools and the variations in meaning of discrepant achievement. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 14, 1-14.
6. Byrnes, D. A., & Yamamoto, K. (1985). Academic retention of elementary pupils: An inside look. Education, 106, 208-214.
7. Cairns, R., & Cairns, B. (1994). Lifelines and risks: Pathways of youth in our time. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
8. Catterall, J. (1987). On the social costs of dropping out of school. High School Journal, 71, 19-30.
9. Center for Study of Social Policy. (1994). Kids count data: State profiles of child well-being. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
10. Clinton, W. (1997). State of the Union address (1997). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
11. Clinton, W. (1998). State of the Union address (1998). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
12. Clinton, W. (1999). State of the Union address (1999). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
13. Dawson, P. (1998). A primer on student grade retention: What the research says. Communique, 26, 28-30.
14. Denning, C. B., Chamberlain, J. A., & Polloway, E. A. (2000). An evaluation of state guidelines for mental retardation: Focus on definition and classification practices. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 35, 226-232.
15. Gerber, M., & Semmel, M. (1984). Teacher as imperfect test: Reconceptualizing the referral process. Educational Psychologist, 19, 137-148.
16. Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-T), Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
17. Gresham, F. M., MacMillan, D. L., & Bocian, K. (1997). Teachers as "tests": Differential validity of teacher judgments in identifying students at-risk for learning difficulties. School Psychology Review, 26, 47-60.
18. Gresham, F. M., Reschly, D. J., & Carey, M. (1987). Teachers as "tests": Classification accuracy and concurrent validation in the identification of learning disabled children. School Psychology Review, 16, 543-563.
19. Grissom, J., & Shepard, L. A. (1991). Repeating and dropping out of school. In L. A. Shepard & M. L. Smith (Eds.), Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention (pp. 16-33). London: Falmer Press.
20. Gurewitz, S., & Kramer, J. (1995). Retention across elementary schools in a midwestern school district. Research in the Schools, 2, 15-21.
21. Harcourt Brace Educational Measurement. (2000). Technical data report: Stanford Achievement Test series (9th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.
22. Heber, R. (1959). A manual on terminology and classification in mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 56(Monograph Suppl.).
23. Heber, R. (1961). Modifications in the manual on terminology and classification in mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 65, 499-500.
24. Heubert, J. P., & Hauser, R. M. (Eds.). (1999). High stakes: Testing for tracking, promotion, and graduation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
25. Hinshaw, S. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic under-achievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127-155.
26. Holmes, C. T. (1989). Grade-level retention effects: A meta-analysis of research studies. In L. A. Shepard & M. L. Smith (Eds.), Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention (16-33). London: Falmer Press.
27. Holmes, C. T., & Matthews, K. M. (1984). The effects of nonpromotion on elementary and junior high school pupils: A meta-analysis. Reviews of Educational Research, 54, 225-236.
28. Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §1400 et seq. (1990).
29. Jimerson, S. R. (1999). On the failure of failure: Examining the association between early grade retention and education and employment outcomes during late adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 243-272.
30. Jimerson, S. R. (2001). Meta-analysis of grade retention research: Implications for practice in the 21st century. School Psychology Review, 30, 420-437.
31. Jimerson, S. R., Anderson, G., & Whipple, A. (2002). Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relationship between grade retention and dropping out of high school. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 441-457.
32. Jimerson, S. R., Carlson, E., Rotert, M., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). A prospective longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of early grade retention. Review of Educational Research, 45, 613-635.
33. Juel, C. (1988). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 437-447.
34. Lane, K. L. (1999). Young students at risk for antisocial behavior: The utility of academic and social skills interventions. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 7, 211-223.
35. MacMillan, D. L., Gresham, F. M., Bocian, K. M., & Siperstein, G. N. (1997). The role of assessment in qualifying students as eligible for special education: What is and what's supposed to be? Focus on Exceptional Children, 30(2), 1-18.
36. McGrew, K. S., & Woodcock, R. W. (2001). Technical manual: Woodcock-Johnson-III. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.
37. Mercer, C. D., Jordan, L., Allsopp, D. H., & Mercer, A. R. (1996). Learning disabilities definitions and criteria used by state education departments. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 217-232.
38. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).
39. Rumberger, R. W. (1995). Dropping out of middle school: A multilevel analysis of students and schools. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 583-625.
40. Sandoval, J. (1984). Repeating the first grade: How the decision is made. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 457-462.
41. Shepard, L. A., & Smith, M. L. (1990). Synthesis of research on grade retention. Educational Leadership, 47, 84-88.
42. Smith, S. S. (1997). A longitudinal study: The literacy development of 57 children. In C. Kinzinger, K. A. Hutchinson, & D. J. Lau (Eds.), Inquiries in literacy theory and practice (pp 250-264). Chicago: National Reading Conference.
43. Swanson, J. (1992). School-based assessments and interventions for ADD students. Irvine, CA: KC Publishing.
44. Swanson, J., Lerner, M., March, J., & Gresham, F. (1999). Assessment and intervention for attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder in schools: Lessons from the MTA study. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 46, 993-1009.
45. U.S. Department of Education. (1999). Taking responsibility for ending social promotion: A guide for educators and state and local leaders. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
46. Walker, H. M., Block-Pedego, A., Todis, B., & Severson, H. (1991). School archival records search. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
47. Walker, H. M. & Severson, H. (1992). Systematic screening for behavior disorders: Technical manual (2nd ed.). Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
48. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
49. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsier Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
50. Zill, N., Loomis, L., & West, J. (1997). The elementary school performance and adjustment of children who enter kindergarten late or repeat kindergarten: Findings from national surveys. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.