메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 142, Issue , 2017, Pages 121-135

Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: a systematic review (1981–2014)

Author keywords

Civilian; Conflict; Rape; Sexual Violence; Systematic review; War

Indexed keywords

LITERATURE REVIEW; MENTAL HEALTH; SOCIAL CONFLICT; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 84992699692     PISSN: 00333506     EISSN: 14765616     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.07.019     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (89)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 84904317081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Armed conflicts, 1946–2013
    • 1 Themnér, L., Wallensteen, P., Armed conflicts, 1946–2013. J Peace Res 51:4 (2014), 541–554, 10.1177/0022343314542076.
    • (2014) J Peace Res , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 541-554
    • Themnér, L.1    Wallensteen, P.2
  • 2
    • 84881418270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining rape during civil war: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009)
    • 2 Cohen, D.K., Explaining rape during civil war: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009). Am Polit Sci Rev 107:3 (2013), 461–477, 10.1017/s0003055413000221.
    • (2013) Am Polit Sci Rev , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 461-477
    • Cohen, D.K.1
  • 3
    • 0842346504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The war within the war: sexual violence against women and girls in Eastern Congo
    • 3 Human Rights Watch, The war within the war: sexual violence against women and girls in Eastern Congo. 2002.
    • (2002)
    • Human Rights Watch1
  • 4
    • 11144340839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the battlefield of women's bodies: an overview of the harm of war to women
    • 4 Hynes, H.P., On the battlefield of women's bodies: an overview of the harm of war to women. Womens Stud Int Forum 27:5–6 (2004), 431–445, 10.1016/j.wsif.2004.09.001.
    • (2004) Womens Stud Int Forum , vol.27 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 431-445
    • Hynes, H.P.1
  • 5
    • 85007341010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7(2), ICC Element of Crimes (n 85)
    • 5 United Nations, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7(2), ICC Element of Crimes (n 85). 1998 http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm.
    • (1998)
    • United Nations1
  • 6
    • 84857834916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution 1820
    • 6 United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1820. 2008 http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/391/44/PDF/N0839144.pdf?OpenElement.
    • (2008)
    • United Nations Security Council1
  • 7
    • 79551632339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Battles on women's bodies: war, rape and traumatisation in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 7 Trenholm, J.E., Olsson, P., Ahlberg, B.M., Battles on women's bodies: war, rape and traumatisation in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Glob Public Heal 6:2 (2011), 139–152, 10.1080/17441690903212065.
    • (2011) Glob Public Heal , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-152
    • Trenholm, J.E.1    Olsson, P.2    Ahlberg, B.M.3
  • 8
    • 44349089929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in Eastern Congo: case studies.
    • 8 Longombe AO, Claude KM, Ruminjo J. Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in Eastern Congo: case studies. Reprod Health Matters. 16(31):132–141. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med5&AN=18513615.
    • Reprod Health Matters. , vol.16 , Issue.31 , pp. 132-141
    • Longombe, A.O.1    Claude, K.M.2    Ruminjo, J.3
  • 9
    • 33645694102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations
    • 9 Carpenter, R.C., Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations. Secur Dialogue 37:1 (2006), 83–103, 10.1177/0967010606064139.
    • (2006) Secur Dialogue , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 83-103
    • Carpenter, R.C.1
  • 10
    • 84881035768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual and gender-based violence in areas of armed conflict: a systematic review of mental health and psychosocial support interventions
    • 10 Tol, W.A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M.C., Mergenthaler, C., van Ommeren, M., Garcia Moreno, C., Sexual and gender-based violence in areas of armed conflict: a systematic review of mental health and psychosocial support interventions. Confl Heal, 7(1), 2013, 16, 10.1186/1752-1505-7-16.
    • (2013) Confl Heal , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 16
    • Tol, W.A.1    Stavrou, V.2    Greene, M.C.3    Mergenthaler, C.4    van Ommeren, M.5    Garcia Moreno, C.6
  • 11
    • 65749094534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual violence against women and girls in war and its aftermath: realities, responses, and required resources
    • 11 Ward, J., Marsh, M., Sexual violence against women and girls in war and its aftermath: realities, responses, and required resources. 2006.
    • (2006)
    • Ward, J.1    Marsh, M.2
  • 12
    • 0037160560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone
    • 12 Amowitz, L.L., Reis, C., Lyons, K.H., Vann, B., Mansaray, B., Akinsulure-Smith, A.M., et al. Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone. JAMA 287:4 (2002), 513–521 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med4&AN=11798376.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , Issue.4 , pp. 513-521
    • Amowitz, L.L.1    Reis, C.2    Lyons, K.H.3    Vann, B.4    Mansaray, B.5    Akinsulure-Smith, A.M.6
  • 13
    • 85027932370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual violence and conflict in Africa: prevalence and potential impact on HIV incidence
    • 13 Watts, C.H., Foss, A.M., Hossain, M., Zimmerman, C., von Simson, R., Klot, J., Sexual violence and conflict in Africa: prevalence and potential impact on HIV incidence. Sex Transm Infect 86:Suppl. 3 (2010), iii93–iii99, 10.1136/sti.2010.044610.
    • (2010) Sex Transm Infect , vol.86 , pp. iii93-iii99
    • Watts, C.H.1    Foss, A.M.2    Hossain, M.3    Zimmerman, C.4    von Simson, R.5    Klot, J.6
  • 14
    • 77955288334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of sexual violence and human rights violations with physical and mental health in territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • 14 Johnson, K., Scott, J., Rughita, B., Kisielewski, M., Asher, J., Ong, R., et al. Association of sexual violence and human rights violations with physical and mental health in territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. JAMA 304:5 (2010), 553–562.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.304 , Issue.5 , pp. 553-562
    • Johnson, K.1    Scott, J.2    Rughita, B.3    Kisielewski, M.4    Asher, J.5    Ong, R.6
  • 15
    • 77955292245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living with fear: a population-based survey on attitudes about peace, justice, and social reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • 15 Vinck, P., Pham, P., Baldo, S., Shigekane, R., Living with fear: a population-based survey on attitudes about peace, justice, and social reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2008 http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9738b4pm.
    • (2008)
    • Vinck, P.1    Pham, P.2    Baldo, S.3    Shigekane, R.4
  • 16
    • 84872028353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographics and care-seeking behaviors of sexual violence survivors in South Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 16 Bartels, S.A., Scott, J.A., Leaning, J., Kelly, J.T., Joyce, N.R., Mukwege, D., et al. Demographics and care-seeking behaviors of sexual violence survivors in South Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 6:4 (2012), 393–401.
    • (2012) Disaster Med Public Health Prep , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 393-401
    • Bartels, S.A.1    Scott, J.A.2    Leaning, J.3    Kelly, J.T.4    Joyce, N.R.5    Mukwege, D.6
  • 18
    • 84856523919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences of female survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: a mixed-methods study
    • 18 Kelly, J.T., Betancourt, T.S., Mukwege, D., Lipton, R., Vanrooyen, M.J., Experiences of female survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: a mixed-methods study. Confl Health, 5, 2011, 25, 10.1186/1752-1505-5-25.
    • (2011) Confl Health , vol.5 , pp. 25
    • Kelly, J.T.1    Betancourt, T.S.2    Mukwege, D.3    Lipton, R.4    Vanrooyen, M.J.5
  • 19
    • 33646808463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of rape as a weapon of war in the conflict in Darfur, Sudan
    • Office of Transition Initiatives, US Agency for International Department Washington (District of Columbia)
    • 19 Gingerich, T., Leaning, J., The use of rape as a weapon of war in the conflict in Darfur, Sudan. 2004, Office of Transition Initiatives, US Agency for International Department, Washington (District of Columbia), 6–33 http://www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/the-use-of-rape-as-a-weapon.pdf.
    • (2004) , pp. 6-33
    • Gingerich, T.1    Leaning, J.2
  • 20
    • 84896517267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fistula and other adverse reproductive health outcomes among women victims of conflict-related sexual violence: a population-based cross-sectional study
    • 20 Dossa, N.I., Zunzunegui, M.V., Hatem, M., Fraser, W., Fistula and other adverse reproductive health outcomes among women victims of conflict-related sexual violence: a population-based cross-sectional study. Birth-Issues Perinat Care 41:1 (2014), 5–13, 10.1111/birt.12085.
    • (2014) Birth-Issues Perinat Care , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-13
    • Dossa, N.I.1    Zunzunegui, M.V.2    Hatem, M.3    Fraser, W.4
  • 21
    • 72549118605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health consequences in men exposed to sexual abuse during the war in Croatia and Bosnia
    • 21 Loncar, M., Henigsberg, N., Hrabac, P., Mental health consequences in men exposed to sexual abuse during the war in Croatia and Bosnia. J Interpers Violence 25:2 (2010), 191–203 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=19641182.
    • (2010) J Interpers Violence , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-203
    • Loncar, M.1    Henigsberg, N.2    Hrabac, P.3
  • 23
    • 29144481835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden prevalence of male sexual assault during war – observations on blunt trauma to the male genitals
    • 23 Carlson, E.S., The hidden prevalence of male sexual assault during war – observations on blunt trauma to the male genitals. Br J Criminol 46:1 (2006), 16–25, 10.1093/bjc/azi041.
    • (2006) Br J Criminol , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-25
    • Carlson, E.S.1
  • 24
    • 2442617107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual torture of men in Croatia and other conflict situations: an open secret.
    • 24 Oosterhoff P, Zwanikken P, Ketting E. Sexual torture of men in Croatia and other conflict situations: an open secret. Reprod Health Matters. 12(23):68–77. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med5&AN=15242212.
    • Reprod Health Matters. , vol.12 , Issue.23 , pp. 68-77
    • Oosterhoff, P.1    Zwanikken, P.2    Ketting, E.3
  • 25
    • 84902319719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • 25 Vu, A., Adam, A., Wirtz, A., Pham, K., Rubenstein, L., Glass, N., et al. The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Curr, 6, 2014, 10.1371/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7.
    • (2014) PLoS Curr , vol.6
    • Vu, A.1    Adam, A.2    Wirtz, A.3    Pham, K.4    Rubenstein, L.5    Glass, N.6
  • 26
    • 79959946755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of prevalence studies of gender-based violence in complex emergencies
    • 26 Stark, L., Ager, A., A systematic review of prevalence studies of gender-based violence in complex emergencies. Trauma Violence Abuse 12:3 (2011), 127–134, 10.1177/1524838011404252.
    • (2011) Trauma Violence Abuse , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 127-134
    • Stark, L.1    Ager, A.2
  • 27
    • 84877770265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What evidence exists for initiatives to reduce risk and incidence of sexual violence in armed conflict and other humanitarian crises? A systematic review.
    • e62600
    • 27 Spangaro J, Adogu C, Ranmuthugala G, Powell Davies G, Steinacker L, Zwi A. What evidence exists for initiatives to reduce risk and incidence of sexual violence in armed conflict and other humanitarian crises? A systematic review. PLoS One [Electronic Resour]. 8(5):e62600. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=23690945.
    • PLoS One [Electronic Resour]. , vol.8 , Issue.5
    • Spangaro, J.1    Adogu, C.2    Ranmuthugala, G.3    Powell Davies, G.4    Steinacker, L.5    Zwi, A.6
  • 28
    • 85027944908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underpinning interventions to reduce sexual violence in armed conflict: a realist-informed systematic review
    • 28 Spangaro, J., Adogu, C., Zwi, A.B., Ranmuthugala, G., Davies, G.P., Mechanisms underpinning interventions to reduce sexual violence in armed conflict: a realist-informed systematic review. Confl Health, 9, 2015, 19, 10.1186/s13031-015-0047-4.
    • (2015) Confl Health , vol.9 , pp. 19
    • Spangaro, J.1    Adogu, C.2    Zwi, A.B.3    Ranmuthugala, G.4    Davies, G.P.5
  • 29
    • 84960074951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health interventions in humanitarian crises
    • 29 Warren, E., Post, N., Hossain, M., Blanchet, K., Roberts, B., Systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health interventions in humanitarian crises. BMJ Open, 5(12), 2015, 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008226.
    • (2015) BMJ Open , vol.5 , Issue.12
    • Warren, E.1    Post, N.2    Hossain, M.3    Blanchet, K.4    Roberts, B.5
  • 30
    • 84878589331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence during armed conflict: a systematic review
    • 30 Tol, W.A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M.C., Mergenthaler, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., van Ommeren, M., Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence during armed conflict: a systematic review. World Psychiatry 12:2 (2013), 179–180, 10.1002/wps.20054.
    • (2013) World Psychiatry , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-180
    • Tol, W.A.1    Stavrou, V.2    Greene, M.C.3    Mergenthaler, C.4    Garcia-Moreno, C.5    van Ommeren, M.6
  • 31
    • 84906527315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of prevention and management strategies for the consequences of gender-based violence in refugee settings
    • 31 Asgary, R., Emery, E., Wong, M., Systematic review of prevention and management strategies for the consequences of gender-based violence in refugee settings. Int Health 5:2 (2013), 85–91, 10.1093/inthealth/iht009.
    • (2013) Int Health , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 85-91
    • Asgary, R.1    Emery, E.2    Wong, M.3
  • 32
    • 85007313862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traumatic gynecologic fistula as a result of sexual violence
    • New York, USA
    • 32 Acquire Project, Traumatic gynecologic fistula as a result of sexual violence. New York, USA, 2006.
    • (2006)
    • Acquire Project1
  • 33
    • 68049122102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement
    • 33 Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., The, P.G., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7), 2009, e1000097, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
    • (2009) PLoS Med , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. e1000097
    • Moher, D.1    Liberati, A.2    Tetzlaff, J.3    Altman, D.G.4    The, P.G.5
  • 34
    • 85007384390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ortmann JCN-UO in WR (Not borrowable) 2001. 9. 316. Sexual torture and the treatment of its consequences
    • M. Basoglu Cambridge University Press Cambridge
    • 34 Lunde, I., Ortmann JCN-UO in WR (Not borrowable) 2001. 9. 316. Sexual torture and the treatment of its consequences. Basoglu, M., (eds.) Torture and its consequences : current treatment approaches, xxiii, 1998, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 527.
    • (1998) Torture and its consequences : current treatment approaches , vol.23 , pp. 527
    • Lunde, I.1
  • 35
    • 84886705258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic
    • 35 Sharp, P.M., Hahn, B.H., Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 1:1 (2011), 1–22, 10.1101/cshperspect.a006841.
    • (2011) Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-22
    • Sharp, P.M.1    Hahn, B.H.2
  • 36
    • 85007303287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of UCDP data
    • 36 UCDP, Overview of UCDP data. 2014.
    • (2014)
    • UCDP1
  • 37
    • 85007374749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta XL. Barendregt JJ, Doi SA (eds) 2014;Version 2.
    • 37 EpiGear. Meta XL. Barendregt JJ, Doi SA (eds) 2014;Version 2.
    • EpiGear.
  • 38
    • 84857851070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposal: a mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews
    • 38 Pluye, P., Robert, E., Cargo, M., Bartlett, G., O'Cathain, A., Griffiths, F., et al. Proposal: a mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews. 2011 http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com.
    • (2011)
    • Pluye, P.1    Robert, E.2    Cargo, M.3    Bartlett, G.4    O'Cathain, A.5    Griffiths, F.6
  • 39
    • 77956610525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: reports from survivors presenting to Panzi hospital in 2006
    • 39 Bartels, S., Scott, J., Mukwege, D., Lipton, R., VanRooyen, M., Leaning, J., Patterns of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: reports from survivors presenting to Panzi hospital in 2006. Confl Health, 4(1), 2010, 9 http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/4/1/9.
    • (2010) Confl Health , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 9
    • Bartels, S.1    Scott, J.2    Mukwege, D.3    Lipton, R.4    VanRooyen, M.5    Leaning, J.6
  • 40
    • 74049090485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rape with extreme violence: the new pathology in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 40 Mukwege, D.M., Nangini, C., Rape with extreme violence: the new pathology in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Med/Public Libr Sci, 6(12), 2009, e1000204 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med5&AN=20027215.
    • (2009) PLoS Med/Public Libr Sci , vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp. e1000204
    • Mukwege, D.M.1    Nangini, C.2
  • 41
    • 49249087286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in postconflict Liberia
    • 41 Johnson, K., Asher, J., Rosborough, S., Raja, A., Panjabi, R., Beadling, C., et al. Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in postconflict Liberia. JAMA 300:6 (2008), 676–690 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med5&AN=18698066.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , Issue.6 , pp. 676-690
    • Johnson, K.1    Asher, J.2    Rosborough, S.3    Raja, A.4    Panjabi, R.5    Beadling, C.6
  • 42
    • 79953800909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female dissociative responding to extreme sexual violence in a chronic crisis setting: the case of eastern Congo
    • 42 Schalinski, I., Elbert, T., Schauer, M., Female dissociative responding to extreme sexual violence in a chronic crisis setting: the case of eastern Congo. J Trauma Stress 24:2 (2011), 235–238, 10.1002/jts.20631.
    • (2011) J Trauma Stress , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 235-238
    • Schalinski, I.1    Elbert, T.2    Schauer, M.3
  • 44
    • 78149263557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • War related sexual violence and it's medical and psychological consequences as seen in Kitgum, Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study
    • 44 Kinyanda, E., Musisi, S., Biryabarema, C., Ezati, I., Oboke, H., Ojiambo-Ochieng, R., et al. War related sexual violence and it's medical and psychological consequences as seen in Kitgum, Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Int Health Hum Rights, 2010, 10, 10.1186/1472-698x-10-28.
    • (2010) BMC Int Health Hum Rights , pp. 10
    • Kinyanda, E.1    Musisi, S.2    Biryabarema, C.3    Ezati, I.4    Oboke, H.5    Ojiambo-Ochieng, R.6
  • 45
    • 84868523111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric disorders and psychosocial correlates of high HIV risk sexual behaviour in war-affected Eastern Uganda
    • 45 Kinyanda, E., Weiss, H.A., Mungherera, M., Onyango-Mangen, P., Ngabirano, E., Kajungu, R., et al. Psychiatric disorders and psychosocial correlates of high HIV risk sexual behaviour in war-affected Eastern Uganda. AIDS Care 24:11 (2012), 1323–1332 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=22272693.
    • (2012) AIDS Care , vol.24 , Issue.11 , pp. 1323-1332
    • Kinyanda, E.1    Weiss, H.A.2    Mungherera, M.3    Onyango-Mangen, P.4    Ngabirano, E.5    Kajungu, R.6
  • 46
    • 33644661088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991–1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • 46 Loncar, M., Medved, V., Jovanovic, N., Hotujac, L., Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991–1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croat Med J 47:1 (2006), 67–75 http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med5&AN=16489699.
    • (2006) Croat Med J , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-75
    • Loncar, M.1    Medved, V.2    Jovanovic, N.3    Hotujac, L.4
  • 47
    • 85007288190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ituri “civilians still the first victims” permanence of sexual violence and impact of military operations
    • Médecins Sans Frontières Geneva
    • 47 Médecins Sans Frontières, Ituri “civilians still the first victims” permanence of sexual violence and impact of military operations. 2007, Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva.
    • (2007)
    • Médecins Sans Frontières1
  • 48
    • 70350020788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual violence in the protracted conflict of DRC programming for rape survivors in South Kivu
    • 48 Steiner, B., Benner, M.T., Sondorp, E., Schimitz, K.P., Mesmer, U., Rosenberger, S., Sexual violence in the protracted conflict of DRC programming for rape survivors in South Kivu. Confl Health, 3(3), 2009.
    • (2009) Confl Health , vol.3 , Issue.3
    • Steiner, B.1    Benner, M.T.2    Sondorp, E.3    Schimitz, K.P.4    Mesmer, U.5    Rosenberger, S.6
  • 49
    • 84870727643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field evaluation and treatment of short-term psycho-medical trauma after sexual assault in the Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 49 Mankuta, D., Aziz-Suleyman, A., Yochai, L., Allon, M., Field evaluation and treatment of short-term psycho-medical trauma after sexual assault in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Isr Med Assoc J 14:11 (2012), 653–657.
    • (2012) Isr Med Assoc J , vol.14 , Issue.11 , pp. 653-657
    • Mankuta, D.1    Aziz-Suleyman, A.2    Yochai, L.3    Allon, M.4
  • 50
    • 84868557837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Congolese community-based health program for survivors of sexual violence
    • 50 Kohli, A., Makambo, M.T., Ramazani, P., Zahiga, I., Mbika, B., Safari, O., et al. A Congolese community-based health program for survivors of sexual violence. Confl Health, 6(1), 2012, 6, 10.1186/1752-1505-6-6.
    • (2012) Confl Health , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 6
    • Kohli, A.1    Makambo, M.T.2    Ramazani, P.3    Zahiga, I.4    Mbika, B.5    Safari, O.6
  • 51
    • 70350686461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of psychological support for victims of sexual violence in a conflict setting: results from Brazzaville, Congo
    • 51 Hustache, S., Moro, M.-R., Roptin, J., Souza, R., Gansou, G.M., Mbemba, A., et al. Evaluation of psychological support for victims of sexual violence in a conflict setting: results from Brazzaville, Congo. Int J Ment Health Syst, 3(1), 2009, 7, 10.1186/1752-4458-3-7.
    • (2009) Int J Ment Health Syst , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 7
    • Hustache, S.1    Moro, M.-R.2    Roptin, J.3    Souza, R.4    Gansou, G.M.5    Mbemba, A.6
  • 52
    • 79958294827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facing medical care problems of victims of sexual violence in Goma/Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • 52 Baelani, I., Dünser, M.W., Facing medical care problems of victims of sexual violence in Goma/Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Confl Health, 5, 2011, 2, 10.1186/1752-1505-5-2.
    • (2011) Confl Health , vol.5 , pp. 2
    • Baelani, I.1    Dünser, M.W.2
  • 53
    • 0007000657 scopus 로고
    • War crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina
    • 53 Human Rights Watch, War crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina. 1993.
    • (1993)
    • Human Rights Watch1
  • 54
    • 0029076091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rape, torture, and traumatization of Bosnian and Croatian women: psychological sequelae.
    • 54 Kozaric-Kovacic D, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Skrinjaric J, Szajnberg NM, Marusic A. Rape, torture, and traumatization of Bosnian and Croatian women: psychological sequelae. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 65(3):428–433. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med3&AN=7485428.
    • Am J Orthopsychiatry. , vol.65 , Issue.3 , pp. 428-433
    • Kozaric-Kovacic, D.1    Folnegovic-Smalc, V.2    Skrinjaric, J.3    Szajnberg, N.M.4    Marusic, A.5
  • 55
    • 0030944141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gynecological complaints and war traumas. A study from Zenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina during the war.
    • 55 Frljak A, Cengic S, Hauser M, Schei B. Gynecological complaints and war traumas. A study from Zenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina during the war. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 76(4):350–354. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med4&AN=9174430.
    • Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 350-354
    • Frljak, A.1    Cengic, S.2    Hauser, M.3    Schei, B.4
  • 56
    • 0004178466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repercussions psychiatriques et psychologiques immediates
    • 56 Lebigot, F., Repercussions psychiatriques et psychologiques immediates. Les traumatismes psychiques, 2001, 93–102.
    • (2001) Les traumatismes psychiques , pp. 93-102
    • Lebigot, F.1
  • 57
    • 2442589023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers
    • 57 McKay, S., Wessells, M.G., Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363(9421), 2004, 1646, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16211-9.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , Issue.9421 , pp. 1646
    • McKay, S.1    Wessells, M.G.2
  • 58
    • 84993848642 scopus 로고
    • Victim readjustment following assault
    • 58 Sales, E., Baum, M., Shore, B., Victim readjustment following assault. J Soc Issues 40:1 (1984), 117–136, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01085.x.
    • (1984) J Soc Issues , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 117-136
    • Sales, E.1    Baum, M.2    Shore, B.3
  • 59
    • 0019138351 scopus 로고
    • Initial response to rape: the impact of factors within the rape situation
    • 59 Frank, E., Turner, S., Stewart, B., Initial response to rape: the impact of factors within the rape situation. J Behav Assess 2:1 (1980), 39–53, 10.1007/BF01321431.
    • (1980) J Behav Assess , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-53
    • Frank, E.1    Turner, S.2    Stewart, B.3
  • 61
    • 0026097896 scopus 로고
    • Assault characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims
    • 61 Bownes, I.T., O'Gorman, E.C., Sayers, A., Assault characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83:1 (1991), 27–30.
    • (1991) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-30
    • Bownes, I.T.1    O'Gorman, E.C.2    Sayers, A.3
  • 62
    • 84969746121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation mediates the association between intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress among treatment-seeking incarcerated women
    • February
    • 62 DeCou, C.R., Lynch, S.M., Cole, T.T., Kaplan, S.P., Dissociation mediates the association between intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress among treatment-seeking incarcerated women. J Trauma Dissociation, 17(4), February 2016, 10.1080/15299732.2016.1141148.
    • (2016) J Trauma Dissociation , vol.17 , Issue.4
    • DeCou, C.R.1    Lynch, S.M.2    Cole, T.T.3    Kaplan, S.P.4
  • 63
    • 84899005996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and persistent dissociation among ex-prisoners of war: a longitudinal study
    • 63 Zerach, G., Greene, T., Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., The relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and persistent dissociation among ex-prisoners of war: a longitudinal study. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy, 6(2), 2014, 99.
    • (2014) Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 99
    • Zerach, G.1    Greene, T.2    Ginzburg, K.3    Solomon, Z.4
  • 64
    • 12944331139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees
    • 64 Neuner, F., Shauer, M., Karunakara, U., Klaschik, C., Robert, C., Elbert, T., Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 2004, 34.
    • (2004) BMC Psychiatry , vol.4 , pp. 34
    • Neuner, F.1    Shauer, M.2    Karunakara, U.3    Klaschik, C.4    Robert, C.5    Elbert, T.6
  • 66
    • 79955115788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 66 Duroch, F., McRae, M., Grais, R.F., Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Int Health Hum Rights, 2011, 11, 10.1186/1472-698x-11-5.
    • (2011) BMC Int Health Hum Rights , pp. 11
    • Duroch, F.1    McRae, M.2    Grais, R.F.3
  • 67
    • 55949102259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual violence-related fistulas in the Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 67 Onsrud, M., Sjoveian, S., Luhiriri, R., Mukwege, D., Sexual violence-related fistulas in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 103:3 (2008), 265–269, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.07.018.
    • (2008) Int J Gynaecol Obstet , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-269
    • Onsrud, M.1    Sjoveian, S.2    Luhiriri, R.3    Mukwege, D.4
  • 68
    • 0034756337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims.
    • 68 Henigsberg N, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Moro L. Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims. Croat Med J. 42(5):543–550. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med4&AN=11596171.
    • Croat Med J. , vol.42 , Issue.5 , pp. 543-550
    • Henigsberg, N.1    Folnegovic-Smalc, V.2    Moro, L.3
  • 70
    • 0032012947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embodiment of terror: gendered violence in peacetime and wartime in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
    • 70 Olujic MB. Embodiment of terror: gendered violence in peacetime and wartime in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Med Anthropol Q. 12(1):31–50. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med4&AN=9527973.
    • Med Anthropol Q. , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-50
    • Olujic, M.B.1
  • 71
    • 84857081968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of sexual violence on children in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
    • 71 Nelson, B.D., Collins, L., VanRooyen, M.J., Joyce, N., Mukwege, D., Bartels, S., Impact of sexual violence on children in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Med Confl Surviv 27:4 (2011), 211–225.
    • (2011) Med Confl Surviv , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 211-225
    • Nelson, B.D.1    Collins, L.2    VanRooyen, M.J.3    Joyce, N.4    Mukwege, D.5    Bartels, S.6
  • 72
    • 84899976559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood trauma and the risk of violence in adulthood in a population with a psychotic illness
    • 72 Bosqui, T.J., Shannon, C., Tiernan, B., Beattie, N., Ferguson, J., Mulholland, C., Childhood trauma and the risk of violence in adulthood in a population with a psychotic illness. J Psychiatr Res 54 (2014), 121–125, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.011.
    • (2014) J Psychiatr Res , vol.54 , pp. 121-125
    • Bosqui, T.J.1    Shannon, C.2    Tiernan, B.3    Beattie, N.4    Ferguson, J.5    Mulholland, C.6
  • 73
    • 0003435845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state of the worlds's refugees. A Humanitarian Agenda. Women in war-torn societies
    • Box 4.3
    • 73 United Nations High Commission for Refugees, The state of the worlds's refugees. A Humanitarian Agenda. Women in war-torn societies. 1997 Box 4.3.
    • (1997)
    • United Nations High Commission for Refugees1
  • 74
    • 33750043144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sudan, Darfur: rape as a weapon of war – sexual violence and its consequences
    • 74 Amnesty International, Sudan, Darfur: rape as a weapon of war – sexual violence and its consequences. 2004 http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR54/076/2004.
    • (2004)
    • Amnesty International1
  • 75
    • 79952464782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in aid to rape victims: the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • 75 Bosmans, M., Challenges in aid to rape victims: the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Essex Hum Rights Rev 4:1 (2007), 1–12.
    • (2007) Essex Hum Rights Rev , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-12
    • Bosmans, M.1
  • 77
    • 84897886894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women and girls bearing children through rape in goma, eastern Congo: stigma, health and justice responses
    • 77 Liebling, H., Slegh, H., Ruratotoye, B., Women and girls bearing children through rape in goma, eastern Congo: stigma, health and justice responses. Itupale Online J Afr Stud, 4, 2012, 18.
    • (2012) Itupale Online J Afr Stud , vol.4 , pp. 18
    • Liebling, H.1    Slegh, H.2    Ruratotoye, B.3
  • 78
    • 77956616169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rape as a strategy of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • 78 Mukwege, D.M., Mohamed-Ahmed, O., Fitchett, J.R., Rape as a strategy of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int Health 2:3 (2010), 163–164, 10.1016/j.inhe.2010.06.003.
    • (2010) Int Health , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-164
    • Mukwege, D.M.1    Mohamed-Ahmed, O.2    Fitchett, J.R.3
  • 79
    • 84875395247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two decades later: The resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua girls and adolescents in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict.
    • 79 Suarez EB. Two decades later: The resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua girls and adolescents in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict. Child Abuse Negl. 37(2–3):200–210. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=23260118.
    • Child Abuse Negl. , vol.37 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 200-210
    • Suarez, E.B.1
  • 80
    • 84894266017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon
    • 80 Masterson, A.R., Usta, J., Gupta, J., Ettinger, A.S., Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon. Bmc Womens Heal, 2014, 14, 10.1186/1472-6874-14-25.
    • (2014) Bmc Womens Heal , pp. 14
    • Masterson, A.R.1    Usta, J.2    Gupta, J.3    Ettinger, A.S.4
  • 81
    • 77953491580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Gender differences in victims of war torture: types of torture and psychological consequences].
    • 81 Spiric Z, Opacic G, Jovic V, Samardzic R, Knezevic G, Mandic-Gajic G, et al [Gender differences in victims of war torture: types of torture and psychological consequences]. Vojnosanit Pregl. 67(5):411–418. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=20499736.
    • Vojnosanit Pregl. , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 411-418
    • Spiric, Z.1    Opacic, G.2    Jovic, V.3    Samardzic, R.4    Knezevic, G.5    Mandic-Gajic, G.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.