Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations

Security Dialogue

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 83-103

  Carpenter, R Charli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Conscription; Gender based violence; Humanitarian; Protection; Sexual violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645694102     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: 14603640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010606064139     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Aafjes, Astrid & Ann Tierney Goldstein, 1998. Gender Violence: The Hidden War Crime. Washington, DC: Women, Law and Development International.
2. African Rights, 1995a. Death, Despair and Defiance. London: African Rights.
3. African Rights, 1995b. Rwanda - Not So Innocent: When Women Become Killers. London: African Rights.
4. Allen, Beverly, 1996. Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
5. Baines, Erin, 1999. 'Gender Construction and the Protection Mandate of the UNHCR: Responses from Guatemalan Women', in Mary Meyer & Elisabeth Prugl, eds, Gender Politics and Global Governance. New York: Rowman & Littlefield (245-259).
6. Baines, Erin, 2005. Vulnerable Bodies. London: Ashgate.
7. Bassiouni, Cherif, 1994. Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780, S/ 1994/674. New York: United Nations.
8. Benjamin, Judy & Fancy Khadija, 1998. The Gender Dimensions of Internal Displacement. New York: Women's Commission on Refugee Women and Children.
9. Bennett, Olivia; Jo Bexley & Kitty Warnock, eds, 1995. Arms To Fight, Arms To Protect: Women Speak Out About Conflict. London: Panos.
10. Brownmiller, Susan, 1994. 'Making Female Bodies the Battlefield', in Alexandra Stigalmeyer, ed., Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (180-182).
11. Carpenter, Charli, 2006. 'Innocent Women and Children': Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. London: Ashgate.
12. Chalk, Frank & Kurt Johnasson, eds, 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide. New Haven, NJ: Yale University Press.
13. Chang, Iris, 1997. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York: Basic Books.
14. Chant, Sylvia & Matthew Gutmann, 2001. Mainstreaming Men into Gender and Development: Debates, Reflections and Experiences. London: OXFAM.
15. Copelon, Rhonda, 1994. 'Surfacing Gender: Reconceptualizing Crimes Against Women in Time of War', in Alexandra Stigalmeyer, ed., Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (197-218).
16. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 1997a. Report of the Economic and Social Council, A/52/3. New York: United Nations.
17. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 1997b. The Question of Conscientious Objection to Military Service, Report of the Secretary-General Prepared Pursuant to Commission Resolution 1995/83, E/CN.4/1997/99. New York: United Nations; available at http://hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-99.htm (accessed 31 January 2006).
18. Ehrenreich, Barbara, 1997. Blood Rites: The Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Metropolitan.
19. Erdem, Suna, 1994. 'Iraqi Army Deserters Go North To Escape Mutilation', Reuters World Report, 31 October.
20. Gendercide Watch, 2006. available online at http://www.gendercide.org. (accessed 10 January 2006).
21. Golberg, Elissa & Don Hubert, 2001. 'The Security Council and the Protection of Civilians', in Rob McRae & Don Hubert, eds, Human Security and the New Diplomacy. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press (223-230).
22. Goldstein, Anne Tierney, 1993. Recognizing Forced Impregnation as a War Crime. New York: Center for Reproductive Law and Policy.
23. Goldstein, Joshua, 2001. War and Gender. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
24. Grossman, David, 1995. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning To Kill in War and Society. Boston, MA: Back Bay.
25. Hagemann, Karen, 2000. 'A Valorous VolkFamily: The Nation, the Military and the Gender Order in Prussia in the Time of the Anti-Napoleonic Wars, 1806-1815', in Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann & Catherine Hall, eds, Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press (179-206).
26. Honig, Jan Willem & Norbert Both, 1997. Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime. New York: Penguin.
27. Human Rights Watch, 1998. War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law. New York: Human Rights Watch.
28. Human Rights Watch, 1999. Leave None To Tell The Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
29. Human Rights Watch, 2001. No Escape: Male Rape in US Prisons. New York: Human Rights Watch.
30. Human Rights Watch, 2002a. The War Within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in the Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch.
31. Human Rights Watch, 2002b. 'Precipice: Insecurity in Northern Afghanistan', HRW Briefing Paper. New York: Human Rights Watch.
32. Human Rights Watch, 2003. We'll Kill You If You Cry: Sexual Violence in the Sierra Leone Conflict. New York: Human Rights Watch.
33. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), 1999. 'Policy Statement for the Integration of a Gender Perspective in Humanitarian Assistance'; included in the IASC SWG Gender and Humanitarian Assistance Resource Kit, available on CD-ROM from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
34. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), 2002. Growing the Sheltering Tree: Protecting Rights Through Humanitarian Action. New York: UNICEF/ IASC.
35. Jaffer, Mobina, 2004. 'Remarks to the Security Council by Senator Mobina Jaffer', New York, 28 October; available at http://www.humansecuritynetwork.org/docs/28oct2004-e.php (accessed 30 January 2006).
36. Joachim, Jutta, 2003. 'Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The U.N, NGOs and Women's Rights', International Studies Quarterly 47 (2): 247-274.
37. Jones, Adam, 2000. 'Gendercide and Genocide' Journal of Genocide Studies 2 (2): 185-212.
38. Jones, Adam, 2002. 'Gendercide and Genocide in Rwanda', Journal of Genocide Studies 4 (1): 65-94.
39. Jones, Adam, 2004. 'Case Study: Military Conscription/Impressment', Gendercide Watch; available at http://www.gendercide.org/case_conscription.html (accessed 2 February 2006).
40. Jones, Adam & Augusta del Zotto, 2002. 'Male-on-Male Sexual Violence in Wartime: Human Rights' Last Taboo?', paper presented to the International Studies Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, 24-27 March.
41. Kidron, Michael & Dan Smith, 1991. The New State of War and Peace Atlas. New York: Grafton.
42. Kuper, Leo, 1981. Genocide and Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. London: Penguin.
43. Lang, James, 2002. 'Introduction', in James Lang, ed., Partners in Change: Working with Men To End Gender-Based Violence. Santo Domingo: INSTRAW (1-9).
44. Lentin, Ronit, 1997. 'Introduction: Engendering Genocides', in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe. London: Zed (2-17).
45. Lindner, Evelin Gerda, 2004. 'Gendercide and Humiliation in Honor and Human-Rights Societies', in Adam Jones, ed., Gendercide and Genocide. Nashville, TX: Vanderbilt University Press (39-61).
46. Lindsey, Charlotte, 2001. Women Facing War. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
47. Liu Institute, 2005. Human Security Report 2005. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
48. MacKinnon, Catherine, 1994. 'Rape, Genocide and Women's Human Rights', in Alexandra Stigalmeyer, ed., Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (183-196).
49. Mertus, Julie, 2001. War's Offensive on Women. San Francisco, CA: Kumarian.
50. Niarchos, Catherine, 1995. 'Women, War and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia', Human Rights Quarterly 17 (4): 649-690.
51. Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna, 2000. 'Sexual Violence', in Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic, ed., Women, Violence and War: Wartime Victimization of Refugees in the Balkans. Budapest: Central European University Press (41-78).
52. Nordstrom, Carolyn, 1999. 'Girls and War Zones: Troubling Questions', in Doreen Indra, Engendering Forced Migration. New York: Berghahn (63-82).
53. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 1993. The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Article 18) CCPR General Comment 22; available at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/ 9a30112c27d1167cc12563ed004d8f15?Opendocument (accessed 9 February 2006).
54. Penhaul, Karl, 2001. 'Colombia's Communist Guerrillas Take on Feminine Face', Boston Globe, 7 January.
55. Physicians for Human Rights. 1999. 'A Population-Based Assessment of Human Rights Violations of Kosovar Albanians by Serb Forces'; available online at http://www.phrusa.org/past_news/kexec.html (accessed 6 February 2006).
56. Robson, Angela, 1993. 'Rape: Weapons of War', New Internationalist 244-244; available at http://www.newint.org/issue244/rape.htm (accessed 9 February 2006).
57. Rummel, R. J., 1994. Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
58. Sharatt, Sara, 1999. 'The Foca Indictment', in Sara Sharatt & Ellyn Kaschak, eds, Assault on the Soul. New York: Haworth Press (1-6).
59. Smith, Steve, 2005. 'The Contested Concept of Security', in Ken Booth, ed., Critical Security Studies and World Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (27-62).
60. Steans, Jill, 1998. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
61. Sudetic, Chuck, 1998. Blood and Vengeance. New York: W. W. Norton.
62. Tickner, Ann, 2001. Gendering World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
63. United Nations, 1993. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, General Assembly Resolution 48/104, A/RES/48/104. New York: United Nations.
64. United Nations, 1999. Report of the Secretary General Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 53/35: The Fall of Srebrenica, A/54/549. New York: United Nations.
65. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2001. Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Refugee Situations. Geneva: UNHCR.
66. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2002. Protecting Refugees: Questions and Answers. Geneva: UNCHR, 2002.
67. United States Committee for Refugees (USCR), 1992. Yugoslavia Torn Asunder: Lessons for Protecting Refugees from Civil War. Washington, DC: USCR.
68. Waever, Ole, 1995. 'Securitization and Desecuritization', in Ronnie Lipschutz, ed., On Security. New York: Columbia University Press (46-87).
69. War Resisters International, 2003. Conscientious Objection to Military Service in Israel. London: War Resisters International; available at http://www.wri-irg.org/pdf/co-isr-03.pdf (accessed 31 January 2006).
70. Ward, Jeanne, 2002. If Not Now, When: Addressing Gender-Based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced, and Post-Conflict Settings. NY: Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium.
71. Wilmer, Franke, 2002. The Social Construction of Man, the State and War: Identity, Conflict and Violence in the Former Yugoslavia. London: Routledge.
72. Wing, Adrien Katherine & Sylke Merchan, 1993. 'Rape, Ethnicity and Culture: Spirit Injury from Bosnia to Black America', Columbia Human Rights Law Review 25 (1): 1-48.
73. Yuval-Davis, Nira, 2004. 'Gender, the Nationalist Imagination, War and Peace', in Genona Wiles & Jennifer Hyndman, eds, Sites of Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (170-192).
74. Zarkov, Dubravka, 1997. 'War Rapes in Bosnia: On Masculinity, Femininity and the Power of Rape Victim Identity', Tijschrift voor Criminologie 39 (2): 140-151.