Persistent Disparities between Recent Rates of Habitat Conversion and Protection and Implications for Future Global Conservation Targets

Conservation Letters

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 413-421

  Watson, James E M ^a,b   Jones, Kendall R ^a   Fuller, Richard A ^a   Marco, Moreno Di ^a   Segan, Daniel B ^a   Butchart, Stuart H M ^c,d   Allan, James R ^a   McDonald Madden, Eve ^a   Venter, Oscar ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^c BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aichi targets; conservation; conservation effectiveness; Convention on Biological Diversity; habitat fragmentation; habitat loss; Protected areas

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992327134     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1755263X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/conl.12295     Document Type: Letter

References (38)

1. Bianchi, C.A. & Haig, S.M. (2013). Deforestation trends of tropical dry forests in Central Brazil. Biotropica, 45, 395-400.
2. Bruner, A.G., Gullison, R.E., Rice, R.E. & Fonseca, G.A.B. (2001). Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291, 125-128.
3. Brunnschweiler, C.N. (2008). Cursing the blessings? Natural resource abundance, institutions, and economic growth. World Dev., 36, 399-419.
4. Butchart, S.H.M., Clarke, M., Smith, R.J. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conserv. Lett., 8, 329-337.
5. Butchart, S.H.M., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Evans, M.I. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One, 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.
6. Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A. et al. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 59-67.
7. CBD. (2011). COP decision X/2: strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020.
8. Di Marco, M., Brooks, T., Cuttelod, A. et al. (2015). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of important bird and biodiversity areas. Conserv. Biol., 30, 392-402.
9. Di Marco, M., Rondinini, C., Boitani, L. & Murray, K.A. (2013). Comparing multiple species distribution proxies and different quantifications of the human footprint map, implications for conservation. Biol. Cons., 165, 203-211.
10. Dirzo, R., Young, H.S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N.J.B. & Collen, B. (2014). Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science, 345, 401-406.
11. Ellis, E.C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D. & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 19, 589-606.
12. Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 16, 265-280.
13. Funk, S.M. & Fa, J.E. (2010). Ecoregion prioritization suggests an armoury not a silver bullet for conservation planning. PLoS One, 5, e8923.
14. Gaston, K.J., Jackson, S.F., Cantu-Salazar, L. & Cruz-Pinon, G. (2008). The ecological performance of protected areas. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 39, 93-113.
15. Groves, C.R. & Game, E.T. (2015). Conservation planning: informed decisions for a healthier planet. 1st edition. Roberts and Company Publishers, Greenwood Village, Colorado.
16. Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Moore, R. et al. (2013). High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342, 850-853.
17. He, F. & Hubbell, S.P. (2011). Species–area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Nature, 473, 368-371.
18. Hoekstra, J.M., Boucher, T.M., Ricketts, T.H. & Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol. Lett., 8, 23-29.
19. Hoffmann, M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Angulo, A. et al. (2010). The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science, 330, 1503-1509.
20. Jenkins, C.N. & Joppa, L. (2009). Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biol. Conserv., 142, 2166-2174.
21. Juffe-Bignoli, D., Burgess, N., Bingham, H. et al. (2014). Protected planet report 2014. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
22. Maxwell, S.L., Fuller, R.A., Brooks, T.M. & Watson, J.E.M. (2016). The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature, 536:143-145.
23. Olson, D.M. & Dinerstein, E. (2002). priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 89, 199-224.
24. Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D. et al. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. BioScience, 51, 933-938.
25. Parr, C.L., Lehmann, C.E.R., Bond, W.J., Hoffmann, W.A. & Andersen, A.N. (2014). Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat. Trends Ecol. Evol., 29, 205-213.
26. Pressey, R.L., Visconti, P. Ferraro, P.J. (2015). Making parks make a difference: poor alignment of policy, planning and management with protected-area impact, and ways forward. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 370, 20140280. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0280.
27. Rodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman, S.J., Bakarr, M.I. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428, 640-643.
28. Sanderson, E.W., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M.A., Redford, K.H., Wannebo, A.V. & Woolmer, G. (2002). The human footprint and the last of the wild. Bioscience, 52, 891-904.
29. Segan, D.B., Murray, K.A. & Watson, J.E.M. (2016). A global assessment of current and future biodiversity vulnerability to habitat loss–climate change interactions. Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 5, 12-21.
30. Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O. & Ludwig, C. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. Anthr. Rev., 2(1), 81-98.
31. Tulloch, A.I.T., Barnes, M.D., Ringma, J., Fuller, R.A. & Watson, J.E.M. (2016). Understanding the importance of small patches of habitat for conservation. J. Appl. Ecol., 53, 418-429.
32. UNEP-WCMC. (2014). World database on protected areas. http://www.wdpa.org (Downloaded April 2014).
33. Venter, O., Brodeur, N.N., Nemiroff, L., Belland, B., Dolinsek, I.J. & Grant, J.W.A. (2006). Threats to endangered species in Canada. BioScience, 56, 903-910.
34. Venter, O., Fuller, R.A., Segan, D.B. et al. (2014). Targeting global protected area expansion for imperiled biodiversity. PLoS Biol., 12, e1001891.
35. Venter, O., Sanderson, E.W., Magrach, A. et al. (2016). Changes in the global human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat. Comun., 7, 12558. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12558.
36. Visconti, P., Bakkenes, M., Smith, R.J., Joppa, L. & Sykes, R.E. (2015). Socio-economic and ecological impacts of global protected area expansion plans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 370, 20140284.
37. Watson, J.E.M., Darling, E.S., Venter, O. et al. (2016). Bolder science needed now for protected areas. Conserv. Biol., 30, 243-248.
38. Watson, J.E.M., Dudley, N., Segan, D.B. & Hockings, M. (2014). The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515, 67-73.