The predictive value of plasma biomarkers in discharged heart failure patients: Role of troponin I/T

Minerva Cardioangiologica

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 165-180

  Perna, Eduardo R ^a   Címbaro Canella, Juan P ^a   Coronel, Maria L ^a   Macin, Stella M ^a  

^a Instituto de Cardiología de Corrientes Juana F Cabral   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Biological Markers; Heart failure; Troponin

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CREATINE KINASE MB; CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; DOBUTAMINE; GALECTIN; NESIRITIDE; SACUBITRIL PLUS VALSARTAN; SERELAXIN; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ACUTE HEART FAILURE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; FOLLOW UP; HEART FAILURE; HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVIEW; BLOOD; HOSPITALIZATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RISK ASSESSMENT;

BIOMARKERS; HEART FAILURE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

EID: 84992170500     PISSN: 00264725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et al. The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1123-33.
2. gheorghiade M, Pang PS. acute heart failure syndromes. J am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:557-73.
3. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al; on behalf of the american Heart ASsociation Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics?2014 update: A report from the american Heart association. Circulation 2014;129:e28-e292.
4. adams KF Jr., Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemtel TH, Costanzo MR, abraham WT, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (aDHERE). am Heart J 2005;149:209-16.
5. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, et al; EuroHeart Survey Investigators; Heart Failure association, European Society of Cardiology. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): A survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J 2006;22:2725-36.
6. Fang J, Mensah GA, Croft JB, Keenan NL. Heart failure-related hospitalization in the U.S., 1979 to 2004. J AM Coll Cardiol 2008;52:428-34.
7. Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, De Luca L, Burnett J. Congestion in acute heart failure syndromes: an essential target of evaluation and treatment. am J Med 2006;119:S3-S10.
8. Perna ER, Cimbaro Canella JP, Lobo Marquez LL, Poy CA, Diez F, Colque RM. Resultados finales del Registro HOSPICAL; evolucion a corto y largo plazo de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada en Argentina. Rev Fed Arg Cardiol 2007;36:152-61.
9. O'Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF, Armstrong PW, Dickstein K, Hasselblad V, et al. Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011;365:32-43.
10. Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Davison BA, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Greenberg BH, et al. Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:29-39.
11. Gheorghiade M, Bohm M, Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Lewis EF, Zannad F, et al. Effect of aliskiren on postdis-charge mortality and heart failure readmissions among patients hospitalized for heart failure: The ASTRONAUT randomized trial.et al. JAMA 2013;309:1125-35.
12. Butler J, Braunwald E, Gheorghiade M. Recognizing worsening chronic heart failure as an entity and an end point in clinical trials. JAMA 2014;312:789-90.
13. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1987;113:1333-44.
14. Katus HA, Remppis A, Looser S, Hallermeier K, Schef-fold T, Kubler W. Enzyme linked immuno assay of cardiac troponin T for the detection of acute myocardial infarction in patients. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1989;21:1349-53.
15. Missov E, Calzolari C, Pau B. Circulating cardiac tro-ponin I in severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 1997;96:2953-8.
16. Niizeki T, Takeishi Y, Arimoto T, Okuyama H, Takaba-take N, Tachibana H, et al. Serum heart-type fatty acid binding protein predicts cardiac events in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiol 2005;46:9-15.
17. Arimoto T, Takeishi Y, Shiga R, Fukui A, Tachibana H, Nozaki N, et al. Prognostic value of elevated circulating heart-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2005;11:56-60.
18. Setsuta K, Seino Y, Ogawa T, Arao M, Miyatake Y, Takano T. Use of cytosolic and myofibril markers in the detection of ongoing myocardial damage in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med 2002;113:717-22.
19. Hansen MS, Stanton EB, Gawad Y, Packer M, Pitt B, Swedberg K, et al. Relation of circulating cardiac my-osin light chain 1 isoform in stable severe congestive heart failure to survival and treatment with flosequinan. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:969-73.
20. Goto T, Takase H, Toriyama T, Sugiura T, Sato K, Ueda R, et al. Circulating concentrations of cardiac proteins indicate the severity of congestive heart failure. Heart 2003;89:1303-7.
21. Parmacek MS, Solaro RJ. Biology of the troponin complex in cardiac myocytes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004;47:159-76.
22. Jarolim P. High sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in the clinical laboratories. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015;53:635-52.
23. Wu AH, Feng YJ. Biochemical differences between cTnT and cTnl and their significance for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 1998;19 Suppl N:N25-9.
24. Apple FS. Analytical issues for cardiac troponin. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004;47:189-95.
25. Wu AH, Christenson RH. Analytical and assay issues for use of cardiac troponin testing for risk stratification in primary care. Clin Biochem 2013;46:969-78.
26. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chait-man BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1581-98.
27. Apple FS. A new season for cardiac troponin assays: it's time to keep a scorecard. Clin Chem 2009;55:1303-6.
28. Apple FS, Collinson PO. Analytical characteristics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem 2012;58:54-61.
29. Reichlin T, Hochholzer W, Bassetti S, Steuer S, Stelzig C, Hartwiger S, et al. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N Engl J Med 2009;361:858-67.
30. Twerenbold R, Jaffe A, Reichlin T, Reiter M, Mueller C. High-sensitive troponin T measurements: what do we gain and what are the challenges? Eur Heart J 2012;33:579-86.
31. Perna ER, Cimbaro Canella JP, Macin SM. Importance of myocardial damage in acute decompensated heart failure: changing the paradigm from a passive to an active process. Minerva Cardioangiol 2005;53:523-35.
32. Kociol RD, Pang PS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, O'Connor CM, Felker GM. Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1071-8.
33. OmLand T, Rosjo H, Giannitsis E, Agewall S. Troponins in heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015;443:78-84.
34. Torre M, Jarolim P. Cardiac troponin assays in the management of heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015;441:92-8.
35. Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Hasselblad V, Adams KF, Jr., Kobrin I, Gheorghiade M. Usefulness of an elevated troponin-I in predicting clinical events in patients admitted with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndrome (from the RITZ-4 trial). Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1436-7, A10.
36. Perna ER, Macin SM, Parras JI, Pantich R, Farias EF, Badaracco JR, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels are associated with poor short-and long-term prognosis in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Am Heart J 2002;143:814-20.
37. Ofran Y, Leibowitz D, Gatt M, Baras M, Boukhobza R, Weiss AT. The prognostic value of troponin T and echocardiography in acute pulmonary edema. Int J Car-diol 2005;99:247-51.
38. Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP, Alvarenga PM, Pantich RE, Rios NG, et al. High levels of tro-ponin T are associated with ventricular remodeling and adverse in-hospital outcome in heart failure. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10:CR90-5.
39. Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP, Alvarenga PM, Rios NG, Pantich R, et al. Minor myocardial damage detected by troponin T is a powerful predictor of long-term prognosis in patients with acute decompen-sated heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2005;99:253-61.
40. Peacock WF, De Marco T, Fonarow GC, Diercks D, Wynne J, Apple FS, et al. Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2117-26.
41. Pascual-Figal DA, Casas T, Ordonez-Llanos J, Man-zano-Fernandez S, Bonaque JC, Boronat M, et al. Highly sensitive troponin T for risk stratification of acutely destabilized heart failure. Am Heart J 2012;163:1002-10.
42. Horwich TB, Patel J, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemo-dynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation 2003;108:833-8.
43. La Vecchia L, Mezzena G, Ometto R, Finocchi G, Bedogni F, Soffiati G, et al. detectable serum troponin i in patients with heart failure of nonmyocardial ischemic origin. am J Cardiol 1997;80:88-90.
44. Setsuta K, Seino Y, Takahashi N, Ogawa T, Sasaki K, Harada A, et al. Clinical significance of elevated levels of cardiac troponin T in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:608-11, A9.
45. Hudson MP, O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Tasissa G, Has-selblad V, Holleman CM, et al. implications of elevated cardiac troponin T in ambulatory patients with heart failure: A prospective analysis. Am Heart J 2004;147:546-52.
46. Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP, Augier N, Garcia E, Tassano E, et al. Cardiac troponin t in outpatients with chronic heart failure: Correlation with clinical parameters of severity. Rev Argent Cardiol 2002;70:25-35.
47. Sato Y, Yamada T, Taniguchi R, Nagai K, Makiyama T, Okada H, et al. Persistently increased serum concentrations of cardiac troponin t in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy are predictive of adverse outcomes. Circulation 2001;103:369-74.
48. Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP, Augier N, Riera Stival JL, Cialzeta JR, et al. Ongoing myocardial injury in stable severe heart failure: value of cardiac troponin T monitoring for high-risk patient identification. Circulation 2004;110:2376-82.
49. Stanton EB, Hansen MS, Sole MJ, Gawad Y, Packer M, Pitt B, et al. Cardiac troponin i, a possible predictor of survival in patients with stable congestive heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2005;21:39-43.
50. latini R, Masson S, Anand iS, Missov E, Carlson M, Vago T, et al. Prognostic value of very low plasma concentrations of troponin T in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Circulation 2007;116:1242-9.
51. ishii J, Nomura M, Nakamura Y, Naruse H, Mori Y, ishikawa T, et al. Risk stratification using a combination of cardiac troponin T and brain natriuretic peptide in patients hospitalized for worsening chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:691-5.
52. Taniguchi R, Sato Y, Yamada T, Ooba M, Higuchi H, Matsumori A, et al. Combined measurements of cardiac troponin T and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure. Circ J 2004;68:1160-4.
53. Fonarow GC Peacock WF, Horwich TB, Phillips CO, Givertz MM, Lopatin M, et al. Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin levels to predict in-hospital mortality from ADHERE. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:231-237.
54. Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP, Szyszko A, Franciosi V, Vargas Morales W, et al. importance of early combined N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T measurements for long-term risk stratification of patients with decompensated heart failure. J Heart lung Transplant 2006;25:1230-40.
55. goto T, Takase H, Toriyama T, Sugiura T, Sato K, Ueda R, et al. Circulating concentrations of cardiac proteins indicate the severity of congestive heart failure. Heart 2003;89:1303-1307
56. Bayes-Genis A, Santalo-Bel M, Zapico-Muniz E, Lopez L, Cotes C, Bellido J, et al. N-terminal probrain natriu-retic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the emergency diagnosis and in-hospital monitoring of patients with dyspnoea and ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:301-8.
57. Bettencourt P, Azevedo A, Pimenta J, Frioes F, Ferreira S, Ferreira A. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients. Circulation 2004;110:2168-74.
58. ishii J, Cui W, Kitagawa F, Kuno T, Nakamura Y, Na-ruse H, et al. Prognostic value of combination of cardiac troponin T and B-type natriuretic peptide after initiation of treatment in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Chem 2003;49:2020-6.
59. Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Pfisterer M, Eurlings LW, Erntell H, et al. Effect of B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment of chronic heart failure on total mortality and hospitalization: an individual patient meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2014 Jun 14;35:1559-67.
60. Miller WL, Hartman KA, Burritt MF, grill DE, Rode-heffer RJ, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Serial biomarker measurements in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure: The importance of change over time. Circulation 2007;116:249-57.
61. Masson S, Anand i, Favero C, Barlera S, Vago T, Ber-tocchi F, et al. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin T using a highly sensitive assay in patients with chronic heart failure: data from 2 large randomized clinical trials. Circulation 2012;125:280-8.
62. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-e239.
63. van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL Jr. Emerging biomark-ers in heart failure. Clin Chem 2012;58:127-38.
64. Gaggin HK, Januzzi JLWhat is the Role of Serial High-Sensitivity Troponin Measurements in Chronic Heart Failure? Clin Chem 2012;58:1079-81.
65. Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Vaduganathan M, Khan SS, Butler J, Gheorghiade M. The vulnerable phase after hospitalization for heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015;12: 220-9.
66. Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Tasissa g, Christenson RH, Binanay C, O'Connor CM, et al. Rapid assay brain natriuretic peptide and troponin i in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure (from the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness Trial). Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1427-33.
67. Negi S, Sawano M, Kohsaka S, inohara T, Shiraishi Y, Kohno T, et al. Prognostic implication of physical signs of congestion in acute heart failure patients and its association with steady-state biomarker levels. PLoS ONE 2014;9: e96325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096325
68. Huynh QL, Saito M, Blizzard CL, Eskandari M, Johnson B, Adabi g, et al. MARATHON investigators. Roles of nonclinical and clinical data in prediction of 30-day re-hospitalization or death among heart failure patients. J Card Fail 2015;21:374-81.
69. Del Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC, Cassaro-Strunz C, Latorre Mdo R, Ramires JA. Serial measure of cardiac troponin T levels for prediction of clinical events in de-compensated heart failure. J Card Fail 2004;10:43-8.
70. Gheorghiade M Gattis SW, Adams KF, Jaffe AS, Hasselblad V, O'Connor CM. The Pilot Randomized Study of Nesiritide Versus Dobutamine in Heart Failure (PRE-SERVD-HF). Am J Cardiol 2005;96:18G-25G.
71. Metra M, Nodari S, Parrinello g, Specchia C, Brentana L, Rocca P, et al. The role of plasma biomarkers in acute heart failure. Serial changes and independent prognostic value of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin-T. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:776-86.
72. O'Connor CM, Fiuzat M, Lombardi C, Fujita K, Jia G, Davison BA, et al. impact of Serial Troponin Release on outcomes in Patients With Acute Heart Failure Analysis From the PROTECT Pilot Study. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4:724-32.
73. Ferreira JP, Santos M, Almeida S, Marques i, Betten-court P, Carvalho H. High-sensitivity troponin T: A biomarker for diuretic response in decompensated heart failure patients. Cardiol Res Pract. 2014;2014:269604.
74. Metra M, Cotter G, Davison BA, Felker GM, Filip-patos G, Greenberg BH, et al. Effect of serelaxin on cardiac, renal, and hepatic biomarkers in the Relaxin in Acute Heart Failure (RELAX-AHF) Development Program. Correlation with outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:196-206.
75. Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1750-7.
76. Shah AM, Claggett B, Sweitzer NK, Shah SJ. Anand IS, Liu L, et al. The prognostic importance of impaired systolic function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the impact of spironolacton. Circulation 2015;132:402-14.
77. Fonarow GC, Gattis Stough W, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. Characteristics, Treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure. A report from the OPTIMIZE-HF Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:768-77.
78. Macin SM, Perna ER, Cimbaro Canella JP, Augier N, Riera Stival JL, Cialzeta J, et al. Increased levels of cardiac troponin-T in outpatients with heart failure and preserved systolic function are related to adverse clinical findings and outcome. Coron Artery Dis 2006;17:685-91.
79. Perna ER, Aspromonte N, Cimbaro Canella JP, Di Tano G, Macin SM, Feola M, et al. Minor myocardial damage is a prevalent condition in patients with acute heart failure syndromes and preserved systolic function with long-term prognostic implications: A report from the CIAST-HF (Collaborative Italo-Argentinean Study on cardiac Troponin T in Heart Failure) study. J Card Fail 2012;18:822-30.
80. Jhund PS, Claggett BL, Voors AA, Zile MR, Packer M, Pieske BM, et al. Elevation in high-sensitivity troponin T in heart failure and preserved ejection fraction and influence of treatment with the angiotensin receptor nepri-lysin inhibitor LCZ696. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:953-9.
81. Filippatos G, Teerlink JR, Farmakis D, Cotter G, Davi-son BA, Felker GM, et al. Serelaxin in acute heart failure patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: results from the RELAX-AHF trial. Eur Heart J 2014:35:1041-50.
82. Ricchiuti V ZJ, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin I and T alterations in hearts with severe left ventricular remodeling. Clin Chem 1997;43:990-5.
83. Colucci WS SD, Singh K, Communal C. Adrenergic overload and apoptosis in heart failure: Implications for therapy. J Card Fail 2000;6(Suppl 1):1-7.
84. Francis GS. Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure. Am J Med 2001;110 Suppl 7A:37S-46S.
85. Kelley WE, Januzzi JL, Christenson RH. Increases of cardiac troponin in conditions other than acute coronary syndrome and heart failure. Clin Chem 2009;55:2098-112.
86. Drexler B, Heinisch C, Balmelli C, Lassus J, Siirila-Waris K, Arenja N, et al. Quantifying cardiac hemody-namic stress and cardiomyocyte damage in ischemic and nonischemic acute heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:17-24.
87. Kupari M ES, Turto H, Lommi J, Pettersson K. Leakage of cardiac troponin I in aortic valve stenosis. J Intern Med 2005;258:231-7.
88. Sato Y, Kataoka K, Matsumori A, Sasayama S, Yamada T, Ito H, et al. Measuring serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide, 7S domain of type IV collagen, and cardiac troponin T in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and secondary cardiomyopathy. Heart 1997;78:505-8.
89. Unverferth DV MR, Lewis RP, Leier CV. The role of subendocardial ischemia in perpetuating myocardial failure in patients with nonischemic congestive cardio-myopathy. Am Heart J 1983;105:176-9.
90. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Narrative review: alternative causes for elevated cardiac troponin levels when acute coronary syndromes are excluded. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:786-91.
91. Pastormerlo LE, Agazio A, Benelli E, Gabutti A, Poletti R, Prontera C, et al. Usefulness of high-sensitive tro-ponin elevation after effort stress to unveil vulnerable myocardium in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2015;116:567-72.
92. Perna ER, Macin SM, Pozzer DL, Reyes I, Szyszko AE, Fontana MP, et al. Ventricular dyssychrony in heart failure: Clincial profile, ongoing myocardial damage and long-term prognosis. (abstract). J Card Fail 2002;8(Suppl):S46.
93. Lowbeer C, Gustafsson SA, Seeberger A, Bouvier F, Hulting J. Serum cardiac troponin T in patients hospitalized with heart failure is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2004;64:667-76.
94. Santhanakrishnan R, Chong JP, Ng TP, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KT, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15, ST2, high-sensitivity troponin T, and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:1338-47.
95. Januzzi JL, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, Gheorghiade M. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Global Task Force: Heart Failure Section. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2265-71.
96. Shah RV, Chen-Tournoux AA, Picard MH, Januzzi JL. Association between troponin T and impaired left ventricular relaxation in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved systolic function. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:765-8.
97. Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, Danchin N, Fitzmaurice D, Galie N, et al; Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2014;35:3033-69.
98. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Thompson CR, Levin A. Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease: A meta-analysis. Circulation 2005;112:3088-96.
99. Landesberg G, Vesselov Y, Einav S, Goodman S, Sprung CL, Weissman C. Myocardial ischemia, cardiac troponin, and long-term survival of high-cardiac risk critically ill intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1281-7.
100. van der Laarse A. Hypothesis: troponin degradation is one of the factors responsible for deterioration of left ventricular function in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;56:8-14.