Seeking convergence on the key concepts in ‘no net loss’ policy

Journal of Applied Ecology

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1686-1693

  Bull, Joseph W ^a   Gordon, Ascelin ^b   Watson, James E M ^c,d   Maron, Martine ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^d WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

biodiversity offset; compensation; conservation; counterfactual; frame of reference; mitigation hierarchy; multiplier; no net loss; policy terminology

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMPENSATION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION PLANNING; DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; POLICY MAKING; PSYCHOLOGY; STAKEHOLDER; STANDARD (REFERENCE); TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 84992154520     PISSN: 00218901     EISSN: 13652664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12726     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Apostolopoulou, E. & Adams, W.M. (2015) Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it. Oryx, doi:10.1017/S0030605315000782.
2. BBOP (Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme) (2012) Standard on Biodiversity Offsets. BBOP, Washington, DC, USA.
3. Bull, J.W. & Brownlie, S. (2015) The transition from No Net Loss to a Net Gain of biodiversity is far from trivial. Oryx, doi:10.1017/S0030605315000861.
4. Bull, J.W., Suttle, K.B., Gordon, A., Singh, N.J. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2013) Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice. Oryx, 47, 369–380.
5. Bull, J.W., Gordon, A., Law, E., Suttle, K.B. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2014a) The importance of baseline specification in evaluating conservation interventions and achieving no net loss of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 28, 799–809.
6. Bull, J.W., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Suttle, K.B. & Singh, N.J. (2014b) Comparing biodiversity offset calculation methods with a case study in Uzbekistan. Biological Conservation, 178, 2–10.
7. Bull, J.W., Hardy, M.J., Moilanen, A. & Gordon, A. (2015) Categories of flexibility in biodiversity offsetting, and the implications of out-of-kind ecological compensation. Biological Conservation, 192, 522–532.
8. Calvet, C., Guillaume, O. & Claude, N. (2015) Tracking the origins and development of biodiversity offsetting in academic research and its implications for conservation: a review. Biological Conservation, 192, 492–503.
9. CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2015) Article 2: Use of Terms. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-02 (accessed December 2015).
10. Curran, M., Hellweg, S. & Beck, J. (2015) The jury is still out on biodiversity offsets: reply to Quétier et al. Ecological Applications, 25, 1741–1746.
11. Ekstrom, J., Bennun, L. & Mitchell, R. (2015) A cross sector guide for implementing the mitigation hierarchy. Cross Sector Biodiversity Initiative. Available at: http://www.ipieca.org/publication/cross-sector-guide-implementing-mitigation-hierarchy.
12. Ferraro, P.J. & Pattanayak, S.K. (2006) Money for nothing? A call for empirical evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments. PLoS Biology, 4, 482–488.
13. Gardner, T.A., von Hase, A., Brownlie, S., Ekstrom, J.M.M., Pilgrim, J.D., Savy, C.E. et al. (2013) Biodiversity offsets and the challenge of achieving no net loss. Conservation Biology, 27, 1254–1264.
14. Gibbons, P., Evans, M., Maron, M., Gordon, A., Le Roux, D., von Hase, A., Lindenmayer, D. & Possingham, H.P. (2015) A loss-gain calculator for biodiversity offsets and the circumstances in which no net loss is feasible. Conservation Letters, doi:10.1111/conl.12206.
15. Gordon, A., Langford, W.T., Todd, J.A., White, M.D., Mullerworth, D.W. & Bekessy, S.A. (2011) Assessing the impacts of biodiversity offset policies. Environmental Modelling and Software, 26, 1481–1488.
16. Gordon, A., Bull, J.W., Wilcox, C. & Maron, M. (2015) Perverse incentives risk undermining biodiversity offset policies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 532–537.
17. Habib, T.J., Farr, D.R., Schneider, R.R. & Boutin, S. (2013) Economic and ecological outcomes of flexible biodiversity offset systems. Conservation Biology, 27, 1313–1323.
18. IFC (International Finance Corporation) (2012) Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. IFC, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA.
19. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) (2016) IUCN policy on biodiversity offsets. Available at: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_biodiversity_offsets_policy_jan_29_2016.pdf.
20. ten Kate, K. & Crowe, M.L.A. (2014). Biodiversity Offsets: Policy options for governments. An input paper for the IUCN Technical Study Group on Biodiversity Offsets. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 91 pp.
21. Laitila, J., Moilanen, A. & Pouzols, F.M. (2014) A method for calculating minimum biodiversity offset multipliers accounting for time discounting, additionality and permanence. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 1247–1254.
22. Madsen, B., Carroll, N., Kandy, D. & Bennett, G. (2011) State of Biodiversity Markets Report: Offset and Compensation Programs Worldwide. Forest Trends, Washington, DC, USA.
23. Maron, M., Hobbs, R.J., Moilanen, A., Matthews, J.W., Christie, K., Gardner, T.A., Keith, D.A., Lindenmayer, D.B & McAlpine, C.A. (2012) Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation, 155, 141–148.
24. Maron, M., Bull, J.W., Evans, M.C. & Gordon, A. (2015) Locking in loss: baselines of decline in Australian biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation, 192, 504–512.
25. Maron, M., Ives, C., Kujala, H., Bull, J.W., Maseky, F.J.F., Bekessy, S. et al. (2016) Taming a wicked problem: resolving controversies in biodiversity offsetting. BioScience, 66, 489–498.
26. McCarthy, M.A., Parris, K.M., van der Ree, R., McDonnell, M.J., Burgman, M.A., Williams, N.S.G. et al. (2004) The habitat hectares approach to vegetation assessment: an evaluation and suggestions for improvement. Ecological Management & Restoration, 5, 24–27.
27. Miller, K.L., Trezise, J.A., Kraus, S., Dripps, K., Evans, M.C., Gibbons, P., Possingham, H.P. & Maron, M. (2015) The development of the Australian environmental offsets policy: from theory to practice. Environmental Conservation, 42, 306–314.
28. Pickett, E.J., Stockwell, M.P., Bower, D.S., Garnham, J.I., Pollard, C.J., Clulow, J. & Mahony, M.J. (2013) Achieving no net loss in habitat offset of a threatened frog required high offset ratio and intensive monitoring. Biological Conservation, 157, 156–162.
29. Quétier, F. & Lavorel, S. (2012) Assessing ecological equivalence in biodiversity offset schemes: key issues and solutions. Biological Conservation, 144, 2991–2999.
30. Quigley, J.T. & Harper, D.J. (2006) Effectiveness of fish habitat compensation in Canada in achieving no net loss. Environmental Management, 37, 351–366.
31. Rainey, H.J., Pollard, E.H.B., Dutson, G., Ekstrom, J.M.M., Livingstone, S.R., Temple, H.J. & Pilgrim, J.D. (2014) A review of corporate goals of no net loss and net positive impact on biodiversity. Oryx, 49, 232–238.
32. Salzman, J. & Ruhl, J.B. (2000) Currencies and the commodification of environmental law. Stanford Law Review, 53, 607–694.
33. SER (Society for Ecological Restoration) (2004) Primer on Ecological Restoration. SER, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://www.ser.org/resources/resources-detail-view/ser-international-primer-on-ecological-restoration.
34. Sochi, K. & Kiesecker, J. (2016) Optimizing regulatory requirements to aid in the implementation of compensatory mitigation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53, 317–322.
35. TBC & FFI (2012) Oyu Tolgoi Net Positive Impact Forecast. Unpublished draft report of The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd and Fauna & Flora International. Available at: http://ot.mn/media/ot/content/page_content/commitments/ESIA/1_ESIA/Biodiversity_Appendices/ESIA_BA5_Net_Positive_Impact_Forecast_for_the_Oyu_Tolgoi_Project.pdf.
36. Tucker, G., Allen, B., Conway, M., Dickie, I., Hart, K., Rayment, M., Schulp, C. & van Teeffelen, A.J.A. (2014) Policy Options for an EU No Net Loss Initiative. Report to the European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London.
37. Weston, M.A., Ehmke, G.C. & Maguire, G.S. (2011) Nest return times in response to static versus mobile human disturbance. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 75, 252–255.