The establishment of national republics in Soviet Central Asia

The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-276

  Haugen, Arne ^a  

^a Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991764284     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230502840     Document Type: Book

References (204)

1. Abduvakhitov, Aboujabbar A. (1994) ''The Jadid Movement and Its Impact on Contemporary Central Asia,'' in Hafeez Malik (ed.) Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2. Abramzon, S. M. (1971) Kirgizy i ikh etnogeneticheskie i istoriko-kul'turnye sviazy. Leningrad: Nauka.
3. Acton, Edward (1990) Rethinking the Russian Revolution. London and New York: Edward Arnold.
4. Aitakov, N. (1924) ''Obrazovanie Turkmenistana,'' Narodnoe khoziaistvo Srednei Azii, nos 2-3, pp. 7-12.
5. Akbarzadeh, Shahram (1996) ''Why did nationalism fail in Tajikistan?'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1105-29.
6. Akiner, Shirin (ed.) (1991) Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia. New York: Kegan Paul International.
7. Akiner, Shirin (1995) The Formation of Kazakh Identity. From Tribe to Nation-State. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
8. Allcock, John B. (1992) Border and Territorial Disputes, 3rd edn. Harlow: Longman.
9. Allworth, Edward (ed.) (1973) The Nationality Question in Soviet Central Asia. New York: Praeger.
10. Allworth, Edward (ed.) (1989) Central Asia. 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
11. Allworth, Edward (1990) The Modern Uzbeks. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
12. Allworth, Edward (1994) ''Commensals or Parasites? Russians, Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Others in Central Asia,'' in Beatrice F. Manz (ed.) Central Asia in Historical Perspective. Boulder, CA, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press.
13. Anderson, Benedict (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
14. Anderson, John (1994) Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Annaklychev, S. (1969) Byt i kul'tura rabochikh Turkmenistana. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
16. Annanepesov, Murat A. (1989) ''Prisoedinenie Turkmenistana k Rossii: Pravda istorii,'' Voprosy istorii, no. 11, pp. 70-86.
17. Artykov, Annakul (1969) Pervye gody bor'by; vospominaniia partiinogo rabotnika o stroitel'stve sotsializma v tashauzskom okruge. Ashkhabad: Izd-vo Turkmenistan.
18. Arutiunian, I. V. (1980) ''Natsional'noe mnogoobrazie sovetskoi derevni,'' Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia, no. 3, pp. 73-81.
19. Atkin, Muriel (1994) ''Tajiks and the Persian World,'' in Beatrice F. Manz (ed.) Central Asia in Historical Perspective. Boulder, CA, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press.
20. Bacon, Elizabeth (1963) Central Asians under Russian Rule. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
21. Baialiva, Toktobiubiu Dzhunushakunova (1972) Doislamskie verovaniia i ikh perezhitki u kirgizov. Frunze: Ilim.
22. Bairamsakhatov, N. (ed.) (1977) Religioznye perezhitki i puti ikh prodoleniia v Turkmenistane. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
23. Bairamsakhatov, N. (1979) Novyi Byt i islam. Moskva: Politizdat.
24. Baldhauf, Ingeborg (1991) ''Some Thoughts on the Making the Uzbek Nation,'' Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, vol. XXXII(1), Janvier-Mars, pp. 79-96.
25. Ball, Alan M. (1987) Russia's Last Capitalists: The Nepmen 1921-1929. Berkeley: University of California Press.
26. Bartol'd, V. V. (1963) Sochineniia. Tom II, chast' 1. Moskva: Nauka.
27. Bartol'd, V. V. (1964) Sochineniia. Tom II, chast' 2. Moskva: Nauka.
28. Becker, Seymour (1968) Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Broxup, Marie (1983) The Islamic Threat to the Soviet Empire. New York: St. Martin's Press.
30. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal (1961) The Evolution of the Muslim Nationalities of the USSR and their Linguistic Problems. London: Central Asian Research Centre.
31. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal (1964) La presse et le mouvement national ches les musulmans de russie avant 1920. Paris: Mouton.
32. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal (1967) Islam in the Soviet Union. London: Pall Mall Publishing.
33. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Wimbush, S. E. (1979) Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
34. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Wimbush, S. E. (1985a) Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. London: Hurst & Co.
35. Bennigsen, Alexandre and Wimbush, S. E. (1985b) Mystics and Commissars. London: Hurst & Co.
36. Blank, Stephen (1994) The Sorcerer as Apprentice. Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917-1924. Westport, CT, London: Greenwood Press.
37. Bohr, Annette (1996) ''Turkmenistan and the Turkmen,'' in Graham Smith (ed.) The Nationalities Question in the post-Soviet States. London and New York: Longman.
38. Botiakov, I. M. (1995) ''Nekotorye aspekty traditsionnoi politicheskoi kul'tury turkmen (XIX-XX vv.),'' in V. V. Bocharov (ed.) Etnicheskie aspekty vlasti: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg: Iazykovskii tsentr.
39. Bouchet, Bertrand (1991) ''Tribus d'autrefois, kolkhozes d'aujourd'hui,'' Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranee, vols 59-60, nos 1-2, pp. 55-69.
40. Branthwaite, Alan (1993) ''The Psychological Basis of Independent Statehood,'' in Robert H. Jackson and Alan James (eds.) States in a Changing World. A Contemporary Analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
41. Bremmer, Ian and Taras, Ray (eds.) (1993) Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Bremmer, Ian and Taras, Ray (eds.) (1997) New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Brower, Daniel R. and Lazzerini, Edward J. (eds.) (1997) Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
44. Brubaker, Rogers (1996) Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Carlisle, Donald S. (1994) ''Soviet Uzbekistan: State and Nation in Historical Perspective,'' in Beatrice F. Manz (ed.) Central Asia in Historical Perspective. Boulder, CA, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press.
46. Carr, Edward Hallett (1950) The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, vol. I. London: Macmillan.
47. Carr, Edward Hallett (1952) The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, vol. II. London: Macmillan.
48. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1988) Islam and the Russian Empire. Reform and Revolution in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
49. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1989a) ''Systematic Conquest, 1865 to 1884,'' in Edward Allworth (ed.) Central Asia. 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
50. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1989b) ''Organizing and Colonizing the Conquered Territories,'' in Edward Allworth (ed.) Central Asia. 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
51. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1989c) ''The National Republics Lose Their Independence,'' in Edward Allworth (ed.) Central Asia. 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
52. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1992) The Great Challenge. New York: Holmes and Meier.
53. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1993) The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations. New York: Basic Books.
54. Chokay-Ogly, Mustafa (1993) Turkestan pod vlast'iu sovietov (k kharakterisitke diktauru proletariata). Alma-Ata: Aykap.
55. Chotonov, U. (ed.) (1998) Istoriia Kyrgyzstana: XX vek. Uchebnik dl'a vuzov. Bishkek: Kyrgyzstan.
56. Choukourov, Charif and Choukourov, Roustam (1994) Peuples d'Asie Centrale. Paris: Syros.
57. Chuev, Felix and Resis, Albert (1993) Molotov Remembers. Inside Kremlin Politics. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee.
58. Cohen, Stephen F. (1980) Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution. A Political Biography, 1888-1938. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
59. Connor, Walker (1984) The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
60. Connor, Walker (1992) ''The Soviet Prototype,'' in Rachel Denber (ed.) The Soviet Nationality Reader. The Disintegration in Context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
61. Conquest, Robert (1970) The Nation Killers. The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities. London: Macmillan.
62. Cornell, Svante E. (1999) ''The Devaluation of the Concept of Autonomy: National Minorities in the Former Soviet Union,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 185-96.
63. Cox, Michael (ed.) (1998) Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia. London: Pinter.
64. Critchlow, James (1991) Nationalism in Uzbekistan. Oxford: Westview Press.
65. Daniels, Robert V. (1993) The End of the Communist Revolution. London: Routledge.
66. Daniels, Robert V. (1998) ''Soviet Society and American Sovietologists,'' in Michael Cox (ed.) Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia. London: Pinter.
67. Demidov, Sergei (1976) Turkmenskie ovliady. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
68. Demidov, Sergei (1978) Sufizm v Turkmenii. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
69. Duncan, Peter (1988) ''Ideology and the National Question: Marxism-Leninism and the Nationalities Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,'' in Stephen White and Alex Pravda (eds.) Ideology and Soviet Politics. London: Macmillan.
70. Durdyev, Tagan (1981) Velikii Oktiabr' i pervye kul'turnye preobrazovaniia v Turkmenistane: 1917-1920 gg. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
71. Dzhikiev, A. D. (1991) Ocherki proiskhozhdeniia i formirovaniia turkmenskogo naroda v epokhu srednevekov'ia. Askhabad: Turkmenistan.
72. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (1999) ''The Creation of Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924- 1938.'' Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
73. Eminov, M. M. (1978) ''The Development of Soviet Nationality Policy and Current Soviet Perspectives on Ethnicity.'' Ph.D. dissertation. Indiana University.
74. Esenova, Saulesh (1998) '' 'Tribalism' and Identity in Contemporary Circumstances: The Case of Kazakstan,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 443-63.
75. Etnicheskie protsessy u natsional'nykh grupp Srednej Azii i Kazakhstana (1979) Moskva: Nauka.
76. Fedorov, E. (1926) ''O vosstanii 1916 g. v Turkestane,'' Kommunisticheskaia mysl', Kn. II.
77. Feldman, Walter (1992) ''Interpreting the Poetry of Maktumkuli,'' in Jo-Ann Gross (ed.) Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
78. Fierman, William (ed.) (1991) Soviet Central Asia-The Failed Transformation. Oxford: Westview Press.
79. Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1999) Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
80. Foltz, Richard (1996) ''The Tajiks of Uzbeistan,'' Central Asia Survey, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 213-16.
81. Formirovanie i razvitie kirgizskoi sotsialisticheskoi natsii (1957) Frunze: Kirgizskoi gosudarstvennoi izd-vo.
82. Fragner, Bert G. (1989) ''Probleme der Nationswerdung der Usbeken und Tadshiken,'' in Andreas Kappeler, Gerhard Simon and Georg Brunner (eds.) Die Muslime in der Sowjetunion und in der Jugoslawien: Identität, Politik, Widerstand. Köln: Markus.
83. Gellner, E. (1983) Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
84. Getty, J. A. (1998) ''Afraid of Their Own Shadows: The Bolshevik Recourse to Terror, 1932-1938,'' in Manfred Hildermeier and Elisabeth Müller-Luckner Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: neue Wege der Forschung. München: Oldenbourg.
85. Getty, J. A. and Naumov, Oleg V. (1999) The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self- Destruction of the Bolsheviks 1932-1939. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.
86. Gilsenan, Michael (1992) Recognizing Islam. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.
87. Glenn, John (1999) The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia. New York: St. Martin's Press.
88. Goble, Paul (1995) ''Stalin Draws the Borders. A Research Note,'' Central Asia Monitor, no. 2 On-Line Supplement www.chalidze.com/cam/52,2,5.htm
89. Gordienko, A. A. (1959) Sozdanie sovetskoi natsional'noi gosudarstvennosti v Srednei Azii. Moskva: Gosiurizdat.
90. Gross, Jo-Ann (ed.) (1992) Muslims in Central Asia. Expressions of Identity and Change. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
91. Hayit, Baymirza (1963) Some Problems of Modern Turkistan History. An Analysis of Soviet Attacks on the Alleged Falsifiers of the History of Turkistan. Düsseldorf: East European Research Institute.
92. Hazard, John N. (1990) ''Codification of Soviet Nationality Policies,'' in Henry R. Huttenbach (ed.) Ruling Ethnic Groups in the USSR. London: Mansell.
93. Hildermeier, Manfred (1998) Geschichte der Sowjetunion 1917-1991. München: C. H. Beck.
94. Hirsch, Francine (1997) ''The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress: Ethnographers and the Category 'Nationality' in the 1926, 1937, and 1939 Censuses,'' Slavic Review, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 251-78.
95. Hirsch, Francine (2000) ''Towards an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of 'Soviet' National Identities,'' The Russian Review, vol. 59, no. 2 (April), pp. 201-26.
96. Hobsbawm, Eric (1992) Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Horowitz, Donald L. (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
98. Iazlyev, Chary (1992) Turkmenskaia sel'skaia obshchina. Ashgabat: Ylym.
99. International Crisis Group (2001) Uzbekistan at Ten: Repression and Instability. Asia Report no. 21, August 21. Osh/Brussels.
100. Iomudskii, N. Khan (1910) ''O neobkhodimosti sobiraniia materialov po Turkestanskomu kraiiu i svedenii ego v sistematicheskii sbornik,'' Sredn'aia Aziia, Kn. I, pp. 139-41.
101. Irons, William (1975) The Yomut Turkmen. Michigan: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
102. Isayev, M. I. (1977) National Languages in the USSR: Problems and Solutions. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
103. Istoriia Bukharskoi i Khorezmskoi narodnykh Sovetskikh respublik (1971) Moscow: Nauka.
104. Istoriia Karakalpakskoi ASSR v dvukh tomakh (1974) Tashkent: Fan.
105. Istoriia Turkmenskoi SSR (1957) Ashkhabad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk Turkmenskoi SSR.
106. Kadyrov, Shokhrat (1986) Narodonaselenie Turkmenistana. Ashkhabad: Ylym.
107. Kangas, Roger David (1992) ''Faizullah Khojaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Soviet Uzbekistan, 1896-1938.'' Ph.D. dissertation. Indiana University.
108. Kappeler, Andreas (1992) Rubland als Vielvölekerreich. München: Verlag C. H. Beck.
109. Kappeler, Andreas; Simon, Gerhard and Brunner, Georg (eds.) (1989) Die Muslime in der Sowjetunion und in der Jugoslawien: Identität, Politik, Widerstand. Köln: Markus.
110. Khalid, Adeeb (1998) The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
111. Khodorov, I. (1925) ''Natsional'noe razmezhevanie Srednei Azii,'' Novy Vostok, nos 8/9, pp. 65-81.
112. Khodzhaev, Faizulla (1926) ''O mlado-bukhartsakh,'' Istorik-marksist no. 1, pp. 123-41.
113. Khodzhaev, Faizulla (1932) K istorii revoliutsii v Bukhare i natsional'nogo razmezhevaniia Srednei Azii. Tashkent: Gosizdat UzSSR.
114. Khoroshin, A. (1874) ''Narody Srednei Azii,'' in Materialy dl'a statistiki Turkestanskogo kraia. Vypusk III. Sankt-Peterburg: Turkestanskoe statisticheskoe upravlenie, pp. 303-30.
115. King, Charles (1994) ''Moldovan Identity and the Politics of Pan-Romanianism,'' Slavic Review, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 346-68.
116. Kolstoe, Paul (1995) Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. London: Hurst & Co.
117. Kolstoe, Paul (2000) Political Construction Sites: Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
118. Kommisrud, Arne (1996) Stat, nasjon, imperium: Habsburgmonarkiet, Tsar-Russland og Sovjetunionen: et historisk sosiologisk perspektiv. Oslo: Spartacus.
119. Kostiukova, Irina (1994) ''The Towns of Kyrgyzstan Change their Faces: Rural- Urban Migrants in Bishkek,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 428-49.
120. Kotz, David and Weir, Fred (1997) Revolution From Above: The Demise of the Soviet System. London: Routledge.
121. Krader, Lawrence (1963) The Peoples of Central Asia. Indiana: Indiana University Publications.
122. Kuz'min, N. (1926) ''O marksistskom ponimanii vosstaniia 1916 g.,' Kommunisticheskaia mysl', Kn. II.
123. Lallukka, Seppo (1990) The East Finnic Minorities in the Soviet Union: An Appraisal of the Erosive Trends. Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.
124. Lapidus, Gail W. and Zaslavsky, Victor (1992) From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
125. Lazzerini, Edward J. (1992) ''Beyond Renewal. The Jadid Response to Pressure for Change in the Modern Age,'' in Jo-Ann Gross (ed.) Muslims in Central Asia. Expressions of Identity and Change. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
126. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal (1985) ''From Tribe to Umma,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 15-26.
127. Lewin, Moshe (1985) The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia. London: Methuen.
128. Lewin, Moshe (1995) Russia/USSR/Russia: The Drive and Drift of a Superstate. New York: New Press.
129. Lomakin, A. (1993) Obychnoe pravo turkmen (adat). Ashgabat: Ylym.
130. Malik, Hafeez (1994) Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. New York: St. Martin's Press.
131. Martin, Terry (1996) ''An Affirmative Action Empire. Ethnicity and the Soviet State, 1923-1938.'' Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago.
132. Martin, Virginia (1997) ''Barïmta: Nomadic Custom, Imperial Crime,'' in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini (eds.) Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
133. Masanov, Nurbulat (1996) ''Natsional'no-gosudarstvennoe stroitel'stvo v Kazakhstane: analiz i prognoz,'' in Rossiia i musul'manskii mir, no. 7 (49). Moscow: Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk.
134. Masov, Rakhim (1991) Istoriia topornogo razdelenniia. Dushanbe: Irfon.
135. Masov, Rakhim (1995) Tadzhiki: istoriia s grifom ''sovershenno sekretno''. Dushanbe: Irfon.
136. Menges, Karl H. (1989) ''People, Languages, and Migrations,'' in Edward Allworth (ed.) Central Asia. 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
137. Menitskii, I. (1926) ''O kharakteristike sobytii 1916 g. v Turkestane,'' Kommunisticheskaia mysl', Kn. II.
138. Motyl, Alexander (1990) Sovietology, Rationality, Nationality. Coming to Grips with Nationalism in the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press.
139. Motyl, Alexander (ed.) (1992) Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities. New York: Columbia University Press.
140. Mukhammetberdiev, O. B. (1992) Natsional'noe samosoznanie (sotsio-psikhologicheskii analiz). Moskva: Rossiiskia Akademiia Upravleniia.
141. Mukhitdinov, A. (1928) ''Tadzhiki ili uzbeki nasel'aiut gorod Bukharu i ego okrestnosti,'' Za partiiu, no. 9, pp. 67-70.
142. Naby, Eden (1993) ''Ethnicity and Islam in Central Asia,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 2.
143. Nahaylo, Bohdan and Swoboda, Victor (1990) Soviet Disunion. A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR. London: Hamish Hamilton.
144. Nemchenko, M. A. (1925) Natsional'noe razmezhevanie Srednei Azii. Moskva: NKID.
145. Nissman, David (1993) ''Turkmenistan: Searching for a National Identity,'' in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds.) Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
146. Nissman, David (1997) ''Turkmenistan: Just Like Old Times,'' in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds.) New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
147. Nurmukhamedov, M. K.; Zhdanko, T. A. and Kamalov, S. K. (1971) Karakalpaki (kratkii ocherk istorii s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei). Tashkent: Fan.
148. Olcott, Martha Brill (1994) ''Ceremony and Substance: The Illusion of Unity in Central Asia,'' in Michael Mandelbaum (ed.) Central Asia and the World. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, pp. 17-46.
149. Olcott, Martha Brill (1995) The Kazakhs, 2nd edn. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
150. Olimov, Muzaffar and Olimova, Saodat (1998) ''Khudzhand: mezhdu Ferganoi i Tadzhikistanom,'' Vestnik Evrazii, nos. 1-2 (4-5), pp. 203-20.
151. Paksoy, H. B (1994) Central Asia Reader. The Rediscovery of History. New York and London: M. E. Sharpe.
152. Parkinson, Fred (1993) ''Ethnicity and Independent Statehood,'' in Robert H. Jackson and Alan James (eds.) States in a Changing World. A Contemporary Analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
153. Pipes, Richard (1995) Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage.
154. Pipes, Richard (1997) The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923, revised edn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
155. Poliakov, Sergey (1992) Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
156. Polonskaia, Ludmila and Malashenko, Alexei (1994) Islam in Central Asia. Reading: Ithaca Press.
157. Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa (1970) Russia and Nationalism in Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan. Baltimore, MD: Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies; George Washington University; Johns Hopkins Press.
158. Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa (1994) ''Soviet Legacies,'' Central Asia Monitor, no. 3, pp. 23-34.
159. Redzhepov, Ata Redzhepovich (1975) Istoricheskaia vekha v stanovlenii i razvitii natsional'noi sovetskoi gosudarstvennosti v Turkmenistane: natsional'no-gosudarstvennoe razmezhevanie Srednei Azii i obrazovanie Turkmenskoi SSR. Ashkhabad: Turkmenistan.
160. Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.) (1985) The USSR and the Muslim World. London: George Allen & Unwin.
161. Ro'i, Yaacov (1990) ''The Islamic Influence on Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia,'' Problems of Communism, vol. XXXIX, no. 4, pp. 49-64.
162. Ro'i, Yaacov (1991) ''The Soviet and Russian Context of the Development of Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia,'' Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, vol. XXXII(1), Janvier-Mars, pp. 123-42.
163. Rosenberg, W. (1990) Bolshevik Visions. First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. Part 1: The Culture of a New Society: Ethics, Gender, the Family, Law, and Problems of Tradition. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
164. Roy, Olivier (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. London: I. B. Tauris.
165. Sabol, Steven (1995) ''The Creation of Soviet Central Asia: The 1924 National Delimitation,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 225-41.
166. Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
167. Samoilovich, A. (1910) ''K voprosu a sartakh,'' Zhivaia strarina, Kn. 75, vyp. III, god XIX, pp. 265-9.
168. Saray, Mehmet (1989) The Turkmens in the Age of Imperialism: A Study of the Turkmen People and Their Incorporation into the Russian Empire. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House.
169. Sayeed, Iftekher (2000) ''Central Asia's Great Game: Dream and Reality,'' Independent, July 28.
170. Schatz, Edward (1997) ''Subethnicity, Ethnicity and Nation-Building: Nested and Contested Identities in Kazakstan.'' Paper presented at the Association for the Study of Nationalities Convention, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, April 24-27.
171. Schatz, Edward (2000) '' 'Tribes' and 'Clans' in Modern Power: The State-Led Production of Subethnic Politics in Kazakhstan.'' Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
172. Schoeberlein-Engel, John S. (1994) ''Identity in Central Asia: Construction and Contention in the Conceptions of 'Özbek,' 'Tâjik,' 'Muslim,' 'Samarquandi,' and Other Groups.'' Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University.
173. Schoeberlein-Engel, John S. (1996) ''The Prospects for Uzbek National Identity,'' Central Asia Monitor, no. 2, pp. 12-20.
174. Sharani, M. (1985) ''From Tribe to Umma: Comments on the Dynamics of Identity in Muslim Soviet Central Asia,'' Central Asian Survey, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 27-38.
175. Shikhmuradov, O. (1958) Torzhestvo leninskoi natsional'noi politiki v Turkmenistane. Ashkhabad: Turkmenskoe gos. izd-vo.
176. Siegelbaum, Lewis (1992) Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions: 1918-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
177. Simon, Gerhard (1991) Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
178. Slezkine, Yuri (1994) ''The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,'' Slavic Review, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 414-52.
179. Smith, Anthony D. (1986) The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
180. Smith, Anthony D. (1991) National Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
181. Smith, Jeremy (1999) The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917-23. London: Macmillan.
182. Stroitel'stvo sotsializma v tashauzskom okruge (1969) Ashkhabad: Izd-vo Turkmenistan.
183. Sultangalieva, A. K. (1994) ''Islam v Kazakhstane,'' Vostok, no. 3, pp. 72-80.
184. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1992) ''State, Civil Society, and Ethnic Cultural Consolidation in the USSR-Roots of the National Question,'' in Gail W. Lapidus and Victor Zaslavsky (eds) From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
185. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993) The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. California: Stanford University Press.
186. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1998) The Soviet Experiment. Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States. New York: Oxford University Press.
187. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1990) ''Islam and Nationality in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union,'' in Henry R. Huttenbach (ed.) Ruling Ethnic Groups in the USSR. London: Mansell.
188. Tarasov, I. (1951) ''O kharaktere dvizheniia 1916 g. v Turkmenii,'' Voprosy istorii, no. 9, pp. 111-17.
189. Tillett, Lowell (1969) The Great Friendship. Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
190. Tucker, Robert C. (ed.) (1977) Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York: Norton.
191. Tumanovich, O. (1926) Turkmenistan i turkmeny. Ashkhabad: Turkmenskoe gosizdat.
192. Turgunbekov, R. (1969) Stanovlenie i razvitie suverennogo gosudarstva kirgizskogo naroda. Frunze: Ilim.
193. Tursunov, K. (1971) Natsional'naia politika kommunisticheskoi partii v Turkestane (1917-1924gg). Tashkent: Uzbekistan.
194. Vaidyanath, R. (1967) The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republics: A Study in Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1917-1936. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
195. Vakhabov, Mavlian Gaforovich (1961) Formirovanie uzbekskoi sotsialisticheskoi natsii. Tashkent: Gosizdat UzSSR.
196. Vareikis, I. and Zelenskii, I. (1924) Natsional'no-gosudarstvennoe razmezhevanie Sredne Azii. Tashkent: SredAz gosizdat.
197. Voll, John Obert (1994) Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World, 2nd edn. New York: Syracuse University Press.
198. Werth, Nicholas (1999) ''A State Against its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union,'' in Stéphane Courtois et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
199. Wheeler, Geoffrey (1966) The Peoples of Central Asia. London: Bodley Head.
200. Wheeler, Geoffrey (1964) The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
201. Yapp, M. E. (1987) The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792-1923. London: Longman.
202. Yaroshevski, D. (1985) ''The Central Government and Peripheral Opposition in Khiva 1910-24,'' in Yaacov Ro'i (ed.) The USSR and the Muslim World. London: George Allen & Unwin.
203. Zaslavsky, Victor (1997) ''The Soviet Union,'' in Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen (eds) After Empire. Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building. The Soviet Union and Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
204. Zevelev, A. I.; Poliakov, I. A. and Chugunov, A. I. (1981) Basmachestvo: vozniknovenie, sushchnost', krakh. Moskva: Nauka.