Why did nationalism fail in Tajikistan?

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 1105-1129

  Akbarzadeh, Shahram ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL WAR; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; GEOPOLITICAL STUDY; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL TRANSITION;

TAJIKISTAN;

EID: 0030321881     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139608412402     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Babakhshan is the more familiar, but russified, version of this name. In this article the author has opted for the Tajik spelling of names, hence: Leninobod not Leninabad; Kulob not Kulyab; Mahkamov not Makhkamov; Rahmonov not Rakhmonov.
2. This phenomenon has been a subject of study for over 30 years. G. P. Snesarov, a member of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, published his findings on the clan structure of Khorezm kolkhozy in Sovetskaya Etnografiya, 1957, 2; for more detail see Alexandre Bennigsen & Chantal Lemercier-Quelqejay, Islam in the Soviet Union (London, 1967), pp. 184-186.
3. This phenomenon has been a subject of study for over 30 years. G. P. Snesarov, a member of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, published his findings on the clan structure of Khorezm kolkhozy in Sovetskaya Etnografiya, 1957, 2; for more detail see Alexandre Bennigsen & Chantal Lemercier-Quelqejay, Islam in the Soviet Union (London, 1967), pp. 184-186.
4. See Boris Rumer, Soviet Central Asia, 'A Tragic Experience' (London, 1989), pp. 36-42.
5. International Monetary Fund, Economic Review. Tajikistan (Washington, 1992).
6. 'Za dva shaga do bezrabotitsy', Narodnaya gazeta, 24 December 1991, p. 2.
7. Ann Sheehy, 'Tajik Party First Secretary Addresses Concerns of Local Intelligentsia', Report on the USSR, 20 January 1989, p. 22.
8. Qanuni Zaboni Jumhurii Tajikiston (Dushanbe, 1993).
9. Bess Brown, 'Limits to Glasnost' in Tajikistan', Radio Liberty Research, 11 April 1988.
10. Ibid.
11. Ann Sheehy, 'Tajiks Question Republican Frontiers', Radio Liberty Research, 11 August 1988.
12. Zakon Tadzhikskoi sovetskoi sotsialisticheskoi respubliki ob obshchestvennykh ob"edineniyakh v Tadzhikskoi SSR', Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 28 December 1990, p. 3.
13. Narodnaya gazeta, 13 September 1991, p. 1.
14. Bess Brown, 'Setback for Conservatives in Tajikistan', Report on the USSR, 4 October 1991, p. 20.
15. Ibid.
16. Narodnaya gazeta, 24 September 1991, p. 1.
17. Narodnaya gazeta, 3 December 1991, p. 1.
18. Shodmon Yusuf, Tajikistan, Bahaye Azadi (Tehran, 1994), p. 138.
19. 'Soyuz nado sokhranit' ', Pravda, 12 December 1991, p. 1.
20. Narodnaya gazeta, 28 March 1992, p. 1.
21. Personal interview with Oinahol Bobonazarova, member of the Presidium of the DPT, Dushanbe, 19 August 1995; see also anecdotal accounts in Yusuf, p. 158.
22. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 27 March 1992, p. 3.
23. Narodnaya gazeta, 24 April 1992, p. 1.
24. A. Lukin & A. Kanelin, 'Podpol'nyi obkom deistvuet', Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 23 March 1991, p. 2; my thanks are due to Keith Martin for bringing this source to my attention.
25. Narodnaya gazeta, 9 April 1992, p. 1.
26. Sergei Gretsky, 'Profile: Qazi Akbar Turajonzoda', Central Asian Monitor, 1994, 1, p. 22.
27. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 March 1992, p. 3.
28. 'Press-konferentsiya oppozitsii', Narodnaya gazeta, 28 April 1992, p. 1.
29. Igor Rotar', 'Rezhim prezidenta Nabieva pal', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 May 1992, p. 1.
30. Yusuf, p. 204.
31. Narodnaya gazeta, 1 July 1992, p. 1.
32. Narodnaya gazeta, 22 September 1992, p. 1.
33. Narodnava gazeta, 28 November 1992, p. 1.
34. Keith Martin 'Tajikistan: Civil War without End?', RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 33, 20 August 1993, p. 23.
35. B. Brown, 'Tajik Opposition to Be Banned', RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 14, 2 April 1993, p. 11.
36. ITAR-TASS, 25 March 1993; my thanks are due to Bruce Pannier for bringing this source to my attention.
37. Rashid Rakhimov et al., Republic of Tajikistan, Human Development Report 1995 (Istanbul, 1995), p. 51.
38. UNHCR estimate reported in OMRI Daily Digest, 3 May 1995.
39. Russian Information Agency, 27 April 1993.
40. Irina Shkarnikova, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 April 1995, p. 1; Turkmenistan had refused to join this force. Turkmen authorities refused permission for the use of Mary air field by Russian fighter planes involved in a bombing raid on opposition camps in Afghan territory. Igor Zhukov, 'Turkmeru'ya ne narushit printsip "pozitivnogo neitraliteta" ', Segodnya, 6 August 1993, p. 5.
41. Irina Shkarnikova, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 April 1995, p. 1; Turkmenistan had refused to join this force. Turkmen authorities refused permission for the use of Mary air field by Russian fighter planes involved in a bombing raid on opposition camps in Afghan territory. Igor Zhukov, 'Turkmeru'ya ne narushit printsip "pozitivnogo neitraliteta" ', Segodnya, 6 August 1993, p. 5.
42. Narodnaya gazeta, 5 October 1994. p. 1.
43. 'Vstrecha u prezidenta Uzbekistana', Pravda vostoka, 4 April 1995, p. 1.
44. 'Brifing v mide', Pravda vostoka, 7 April 1995, p. 1.
45. 'Zayavlenie glav gosudarstv Kazakhstana, Kyrgyzstana i Uzbekistana po Tadzhikistanu', Pravda vostoka, 15 April 1995, p. 1.
46. OMRI Daily Digest, 6 June 1995.
47. OMRI Daily Digest, 19 May 1995.
48. Oleg Panfilov, 'Dmitrii Ryurikov priekhal v Dushanbe', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1995, p. 3.
49. Oleg Panfilov, 'Peregovory v Ashkhabade priostanovleny', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 2 December 1995. p. 3.
50. RFE/RL Daily Digest, 10 November 1994.
51. Oleg Panfilov, 'Cherez chetyre dnya v respublike budet izbran novyi parlament', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 22 February 1995, p. 2.
52. Oleg Panfilov, 'Novyi Prem'er vryad li sumeet chto-libo izmenit' v ekonomike strany', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 December 1993, p. 3.
53. Oleg Panfilov, 'Stolknovenie militsii s Rossiiskimi voennymi v Kulyabe', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 October 1994, p. 3.
54. Oleg Panfilov, 'Sostoyalis' ocherednye "Demokraticheskie" vybory', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 February 1995, p. 1.
55. Oleg Panfilov, 'Madzhlisi oli vybral sebe rukovoditelei', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 12 April 1995, p. 2.
56. Panfilov, 'Novyi Prem'er ...'.
57. Oleg Panfilov, 'Emomali Rakhmonov stal vremennym diktatorom', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 December 1994, p. 3.
58. Olivier Roy, The Civil War in Tajikistan: Causes and Implications (Washington, 1993).
59. Oleg Panfilov, 'V Khodzhande razrazilsya skandal', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 30 January 1994, p. 3.
60. Personal observation in Khojand. The Tajik ruble was introduced in May 1995.
61. Oleg Panfilov, 'Pyatyi raund peregovorov mozhet sostoyat'sya', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 16 November 1995, p. 3.
62. S. Shoimov, 'Emomali Rakhmonov - nomzadi arzanda', Sadoi Mardum, 17 September 1994, p. 1.
63. Sadoi Mardum, 21 September 1994, p. 1.
64. Itogi vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda, Vol. 6, Part 2, Table 22.
65. See a speech by V. Petkel, Chairman of the Tajik KGB, in December 1987, recorded in Marie Broxup, 'Political Trends in Soviet Islam after the Afghanistan War', in Edward Allworth (ed.), Muslim Communities Reemerge (London, 1994), pp. 315-317.
66. Personal interview with Mullo Ibadullo Kalonzoda, Khojand, 18 July 1995.
67. Komsomol 'skaya Pravda, 8 December 1990, p. 1.
68. Personal interview with Haji Muzafar Saedzoda, member of the IRP and representative of the opposition movement in Dushanbe, Dushanbe, 20 August 1995.
69. V. Vyzhutovich, 'Krasnoe znamya kommunizma ili zelenoe znamya islama?', Izvestiya, 5 October 1991, p. 2.
70. 'Press-konferentsiya oppozitsii', Narodnaya gazeta, 28 April 1992, p. 1.
71. Aleksei Malashenko, 'Islam kak faktor vosstanovleniya SSSR', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 August 1993, p. 3.
72. A. Karpov, 'Dushanbe khochet sotrudnichat' s Amerikoi', Izvestiya, 12 February 1992, p. 4.
73. Shodmon Yusupov, 'Chego zhe khochet Rossiiskoe pravitel'stvo v Tadzhikistane?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 25 August 1993, pp.1, 3.
74. Igor Rotar', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 July 1993, p. 1.
75. See Pravda, 20 July 1993; 12 March 1994 and 23 May 1995.
76. Andrei Kozyrev, 'Chego khochet Rossiya v Tadzhikistane', Izvestiya, 4 August 1993, p. 4.
77. Yusuf, p. 325.
78. 'Suverennost', kotoraya ob'edinyaet', Vek, 11, 22 October 1992, p. 3.
79. An eyewitness account.
80. Oleg Panfilov, 'Rossiiskie pogranichniki otkazalis' vypolnyat' soglashenie o peremirii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 February 1995, p. 2.
81. Oleg Panfilov, Oppozitsiya ne doveryaet Moskve', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1995, p. 2.
82. Oleg Panfilov, 'Russkie uzhe ne znayut, na kogo nadeyat'sya', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 11 November 1995, p. 3.
83. Oleg Panfilov, 'Glava missii OON uprekaet Rossiiskikh pogranichnikov', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 24 October 1995, p. 3.
84. 'Maromi Mo', Rastokhez, 1990, 1 (May), p. 1.
85. Interview with President Islam Karimov, 'Suverennost', kotoraya ob"edinyaet', Vek, 11, 22 October 1992, p. 3.