Mean population salt consumption in India: A systematic review

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 3-9

  Johnson, Claire ^a,b   Praveen, Devarsetty ^a   Pope, Alun ^b   Raj, Thout S ^a   Pillai, Rakesh N ^c   Land, Mary Anne ^a   Neal, Bruce ^a,b,d,e  

^a GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c Okhla Industrial Area   (India)

^d IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Hypertension; India; Meta analysis; Salt; Sodium; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

SODIUM; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SALT INTAKE;

DATA ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INDIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SALT INTAKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADULT; DIET; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; MALE; META ANALYSIS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; DIET; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; MALE; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84991506054     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: 14735598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001141     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013; 380:2224-2260.
2. Gupta R. Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Hum Hyper-tens 2004; 18:73-78.
3. Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Engell RE, et al. Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:624-634.
4. World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting, 5-7 October 2006. Paris, France; Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2007.
5. Asaria P, Chisholm D, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Beaglehole R. Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. Lancet 2007; 370:2044-2053.
6. Institute of Medicine Committee on Public Health Priorities to Reduce and Control Hypertension. Population-based policy and systems change approach to prevent and control hypertension. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
7. Campbell N, Neal B, MacGregor G. Interested in developing a national programme to reduce dietary salt & quest. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25:705-710.
8. World Health Organisation. Draft comprehensive global monitoring framework and targets for the prevention and control of noncommu-nicable diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.
9. Misra A, Singhal N, Sivakumar B, Bhagat N, Jaiswal A, Khurana L. Nutrition transition in India: secular trends in dietary intake and their relationship to diet-related noncommunicable diseases. J Diabetes 2011; 3:278-292.
10. World Health Organisation. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.
11. Young LR, Nestle M. Reducing portion sizes to prevent obesity: a call to action. Am J Prev Med 2012; 43:565-568.
12. NSSO. National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 66th round Nutritional Intake in India. Government of India; 2014.
13. Mittal R, Dasgupta J, Mukherjee A, Saxena BN. Salt consumption pattern in India: an ICMR task force study. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 1996.
14. (NIN), N.I.o.N., National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) report 2006. Indian Council of Medical Research; 2006.
15. Biswas M, Manna CK. Prevalence of hypertension and sociodemographic factors within the scheduled caste community of the district Nadia, West Bengal, India. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2011; 18:179-185.
16. Pandey RM, Agrawal A, Misra A, Vikram NK, Misra P, Dey S, et al. Population-based intervention for cardiovascular diseases related knowledge and behaviours in Asian Indian women. Indian Heart J 2013; 65:40-47.
17. Singh R, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Rastogi V, Raghuvanshi RS, Moshiri M. Epidemiological study of magnesium status and risk of hypertension in a rural population of north India. Magnes Res 1996; 9:173-181.
18. Agarwal R. Resistant hypertension and the neglected antihypertensive: sodium restriction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:4041-4045.
19. Agrawal V, Bhalwar R, Basannar D. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in a rural community. Med J Armed Forces India 2008; 64:21-25.
20. Singh RB, Fedacko J, Pella D, Macejova Z, Ghosh S, de Amit K, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension in five Indian cities. Acta Cardiol 2011; 66:29.
21. Singh RB, Anjum B, Takahashi T, Shastun S. Poverty is not the absolute cause of deaths due to non-communicable diseases. World Heart J 2012; 4:221.
22. Ram RV, Trivedi AV. Behavioral risk factors of coronary artery disease: a paired matched case control study. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2012; 3:212-217.
23. Kumar SG, Sundaram ND. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among bank employees in urban Puducherry, India. Int J Occup Environ Med 2014; 5:94-100.
24. Capra S. Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand: including recommended dietary intakes. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth; 2006.
25. Thrift A, Evans RG, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Fitzgerald SM, Srikanth V. Gender-specific effects of caste and salt on hypertension in poverty: a population-based study. J Hypertens 2011; 29:443-450.
26. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988; 297:319-328.
27. Dash S, Sundaram K, Swain P. Blood pressure profile, urinary sodium and body weight in the 'Oraon' rural and urban tribal community. J Assoc Physicians India 1994; 42:878-880.
28. Beegom R, Singh R. Association of higher saturated fat intake with higher risk of hypertension in an urban population of Trivandrum in South India. Int J Cardiol 1997; 58:63-70.
29. Rajput C, Makhijani K, Norboo T, Afrin F, Sharma M, Pasha ST, Pasha M.A. CYP11B2 gene polymorphisms and hypertension in highlanders accustomed to high salt intake. J Hypertens 2005; 23:79-86.
30. Raghunath R, Makhijani K, Norboo T, Afrin F, Sharma M, Pasha ST, Pasha M.A. Dietary intake of metals by Mumbai adult population. Sci Total Environ 2006; 356:62-68.
31. Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban South Indian Population-[CURES-53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.
32. Mahanta T, Ahmed FU, Mahanta BN, Barua A. Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in a tea garden community of Dibrugarh District, Assam. Indian J Public Health 2008; 52:45.
33. Mir M, Mir F, Khosla T, Newcombe R. The relationship of salt intake and arterial blood pressure in salted-tea drinking Kashmiris. Int J Cardiol 1986; 13:279-288.
34. Mir M, Newcombe R. The relationship of dietary salt and blood pressure in three farming communities in Kashmir. J Hum Hypertens 1988; 2:241-246.
35. Chidambaram N, Sethupathy S, Saravanan N, Mori M, Yamori Y, Garg AK, Chockalingam A. Relationship of sodium and magnesium intakes to hypertension proven by 24-hour urianalysis in a South Indian Population. J Clin Hypertens 2014; 16:581-586.
36. Alam S, Connell MA, Levendig BJ, Gear JS, Milne FJ. A comparative study of urinary sodium excretion in hypertensive and normotensive patients. J Intern Med India 2001; 4:167-170.
37. Chadha S, Gopinath N, Shekhawat S. Urban-rural differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Delhi. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75:31.
38. Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L, Kinra S, Bharathi AV, Prabhakaran D, et al. Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets-the Indian Migration Study (IMS). Nutr J 2014; 13:55.
39. Saha S, Gupta K, Kumar S. Cardiovascular health among healthy population of Northeast region of India: a cross-sectional study comparing urban-tribal difference. J Indian Med Assoc 2013; 111:810-814; 816.
40. Kumar R. Anthropometric and behavioral risk factor for noncommu-nicable diseases: a cluster survey from rural Wardha. Indian J Public Health 2015; 59:61.
41. Singh R, Sircar AR, Rastogi SS, Singh R. Dietary modulators of blood pressure in hypertension. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990; 44:319-327.
42. Singh R, Sharma VK, Rastogi SS, Singh NK. In patients with mild hypertension, does exercise and a gradual rather than abrupt increase in fatty acid and salt intake cause less rise in cardiovascular risk factors? Clin Nutr 1992; 11:309-314.
43. Jan RA, Shah S, Saleem SM, Waheed A, Mufti S, Lone MA, Ashraf M. Sodium and potassium excretion in normotensive and hypertensive population in Kashmir. JAPI 2006; 54:22-26.
44. He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, Markandu ND, Anand V, Dalton RN, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2009; 54:482-488.
45. Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, Hooper L, Ebrahim S. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 7:CD009217.
46. Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Tikhonoff V, Seidlerová J, Richart T, et al. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA 2011; 305:1777-1785.
47. World Health Organization. The World health report: 2002: reducing the risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2002.
48. Dhelma S, Varma K. Salt Intake in India-an alarming situation. Int J Food Agric Vet Sci 2015; 5:1-10.
49. McLean RM. Measuring population sodium intake: a review of methods. Nutrients 2014; 6:4651-4662.
50. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009; 339:b4567.
51. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007; 334:885.
52. He F, MacGregor G. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:761-770.
53. Mohan S, Prabhakaran D, Krishnan A. Promoting populationwide salt reduction in the South-East Asia Region: current status and future directions. Regional Health Forum. New Delhi: World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2013.
54. Johnson C, Mohan C, Praveen S, Woodward D, Maulik M, Shivashankar PK, et al. Protocol for developing the evidence base for a national salt reduction programme for India. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006629.