Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 10, 2016, Pages

  Derry, Sheena ^a   Stannard, Cathy ^b   Cole, Peter ^c   Wiffen, Philip J ^a   Knaggs, Roger ^d   Aldington, Dominic ^e   Moore, R Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b FRENCHAY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CHURCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL HAMPSHIRE COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FENTANYL; PLACEBO; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ANALGESIA; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; CHRONIC PAIN; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; CONSTIPATION; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG USE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EFFECTIVE DOSE (PHARMACOLOGY); HUMAN; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN INTENSITY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSDERMAL PATCH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; AGED; FEMALE; MALE; NEURALGIA; PAIN MEASUREMENT;

AGED; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; FEMALE; FENTANYL; HUMANS; MALE; NEURALGIA; PAIN MEASUREMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84990976045     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011605.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Arai T, Kashimoto Y, Ukyo Y, Tominaga Y, Imanaka K. Two placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal studies to evaluate the fentanyl 1 day patch in opioid-naïve patients with chronic pain. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2015;31(12):2207-18. [DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1092127; JNS020-JPN-N02]
2. Janssen Pharmaceutical KK (Sponsors). A confirmatory study of fentanyl in participants with post-herpetic neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome or postoperative pain syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01008553 (first received 5 November 2009). [CTG: NCT01008553]
3. Canneti A, Luzi M, Di Marco P, Cannata F, Pasqualitto F, Spinoglio A, et al. Safety and efficacy of transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl in the treatment of neuropathic pain in AIDS patients. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(8):871-83. [PUBMED: 23558760]
4. Ding Y, Yao P, Lan P, Ma J, Wang Z, Hong T. Assessment of transdermal fentanyl combined with gabapentin for malignant neuropathic pain treatment. [Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014;41:1307-11. [EMBASE ID: 2014953970]
5. Kalso E, Simpson K, Slappendel R, Dejonckheere J, Richarz U. Predicting long-term response to strong opioids in patients with low back pain: findings from a randomized, controlled trial of transdermal fentanyl and morphine. BMC Medicine 2007;5:39. [DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-5-39]
6. NCT01127100 Gabapentin versus transdermal fentanyl matrix for chronic neuropathic pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01127100 (first received 19 May 2010). [CTG: NCT01127100]
7. Park JH, Kim JH, Yun SC, Roh SW, Rhim SC, Kim CJ, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of fentanyl transdermal patch (Durogesic D-TRANS) in chronic pain. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 2011;153(1):181-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0785-4]
8. Agarwal S, Polydefkis M, Block B, Haythornthwaite J, Raja SN. Transdermal fentanyl reduces pain and improves functional activity in neuropathic pain states. Pain Medicine 2007;8(7):554-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00246.x]
9. Allan L, Hays H, Jensen NH, de Waroux BL, Bolt M, Donald R, et al. Randomised crossover trial of transdermal fentanyl and sustained release oral morphine for treating chronic non-cancer pain. BMJ 2001;322(7295):1154-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.322.7295.1154]
10. Allan L, Richarz U, Simpson K, Slappendel R. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained release oral morphine in strong-opioid naïve patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30(22):2484-90. [PUBMED: 16284584]
11. Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurology 2010;9(8):807-19. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70143-5]
12. Baron R, Wasner G, Binder A. Chronic pain: genes, plasticity, and phenotypes. Lancet Neurology 2012;11(1):19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70281-2]
13. Bouhassira D, Lantéri-Minet M, Attal N, Laurent B, Touboul C. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain 2008;136(3):380-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.013]
14. Bullingham RE, Moore RA, Symonds HW, Allen MC, Baldwin D, McQuay HJ. A novel form of dependency of hepatic extraction ratio of opioids in vivo upon the portal vein concentration of drug: comparison of morphine, diamorphine, fentanyl, methadone and buprenorphine in the chronically cannulated cow. Life Sciences 1984;34(21):2047-56.
15. Cachia E, Ahmedzai SH. Transdermal opioids for cancer pain. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 2011;5(1):15-9. [DOI: 10.1097/SPC.0b013e3283437a39]
16. Dellemijn PL, van Duijn H, Vanneste JA. Prolonged treatment with transdermal fentanyl in neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998;16(4):220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00070-0]
17. Derry S, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (low concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010111]
18. Derry S, Sven-Rice A, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub3]
19. Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, Quinlan J. Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2]
20. Di Franco M, Iannuccelli C, Atzeni F, Cazzola M, Salaffi F, Valesini G, et al. Pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2010;28(6 Suppl 63):S110-6.
21. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Journal of Pain 2008;9(2):105-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.005]
22. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 2015;14(2):162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0]
23. Franco ML, Jesus Berro M, Calvo I, Pezonaga L, Sulleiro R, Seoane A, et al. Usefulness of transdermal fentanyl in the management of nonmalignant chronic pain: A prospective, observational, multicenter study. Pain Clinic 2002;14(2):99-112.
24. Franklin GM, American Academy of Neurology. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2014;83(14):1277-84. [DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000839]
25. Gaskell H, Moore RA, Derry, S, Stannard C. Oxycodone for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010692.pub2]
26. Gustorff B, Dorner T, Likar R, Grisold W, Lawrence K, Schwarz F, et al. Prevalence of self-reported neuropathic pain and impact on quality of life: a prospective representative survey. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008;52(1):132-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01486.x]
27. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence - inconsistency. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(12):1294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017]
28. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66(2):151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.006]
29. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Santesso N, Helfand M, Vist G, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables-binary outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66(2):158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.012]
30. Hall GC, Carroll D, McQuay HJ. Primary care incidence and treatment of four neuropathic pain conditions: a descriptive study, 2002-2005. BMC Family Practice 2008;9:26. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-9-26]
31. Hall GC, Morant SV, Carroll D, Gabriel ZL, McQuay HJ. An observational descriptive study of the epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain in a UK general population. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:28. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-28]
32. Heiskanen T, Mätzke S, Haakana S, Gergov M, Vuori E, Kalso E. Transdermal fentanyl in cachectic cancer patients. Pain 2009;144(1-2):218-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.012]
33. Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
34. Hoffman DL, Sadosky A, Dukes EM, Alvir J. How do changes in pain severity levels correspond to changes in health status and function in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy?. Pain 2010;149(2):194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.017]
35. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17(1):1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4]
36. Jensen TS, Baron R, Haanpää M, Kalso E, Loeser JD, Rice AS, et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain 2011; Vol. 152, issue 10:2204-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.017]
37. Kalso E, Aldington DJ, Moore RA. Drugs for neuropathic pain. BMJ 2013;347:f7339. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f7339]
38. Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Epidemiology and clinical features of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: similarities and differences, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:276-81. [DOI: 10.1159/000110284]
39. Koopman JS, Dieleman JP, Huygen FJ, de Mos M, Martin CG, Sturkenboom MC. Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009;147(1-3):122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.023]
40. L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107:224-33.
41. Lange B, Kuperwasser B, Okamoto A, Steup A, Häufel T, Ashworth J, et al. Efficacy and safety of tapentadol prolonged release for chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Advances in Therapy 2010;27(6):381-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12325-010-0036-3]
42. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3]
43. Lötsch J, Walter C, Parnham MJ, Oertel BG, Geisslinger G. Pharmacokinetics of non-intravenous formulations of fentanyl. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2013;52(1):23-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-012-0016-7]
44. McNicol ED, Midbari A, Eisenberg E. Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006146.pub2]
45. McQuay HJ, Moore RA, Paterson GM, Adams AP. Plasma fentanyl concentrations and clinical observations during and after operation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1979;51(6):543-50.
46. McQuay H, Moore R. An Evidence-Based Resource for Pain Relief. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 1998. [ISBN: 0-19-263048-2]
47. McQuay HJ, Smith LA, Moore RA. Chronic pain. In: Stevens A, Raftery J, Mant J, Simpson S editor(s). Health Care Needs Assessment, 3rd Series. Oxford (UK): Radcliffe Publishing, 2007:519-99. [ISBN: 978-1-84619-063-6]
48. Milligan K, Lanteri-Minet M, Borchert K, Helmers H, Donald R, Kress HG, et al. Evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. Journal of Pain 2001;2(4):197-204. [DOI: 10.1054/jpai.2001.25352]
49. Mitra F, Chowdhury S, Williams G, Shelley M. Comparison of transdermal fentanyl and buprenorphine on clinical outcomes, acceptability and side-effects on prospective one-year follow-up of long-term persistent pain patients. Australian Pain Society Conference. DArwin, NT Australia: Australian Society of Anaesthetists, 2011; Vol. 39 (4):747-8.
50. Moisset X, Bouhassira D. Brain imaging of neuropathic pain. Neuroimaging 2007;37(Suppl 1):S80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.054]
51. Moore RA, Gavaghan D, Tramèr MR, Collins SL, McQuay HJ. Size is everything - large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects. Pain 1998;78(3):209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00140-7]
52. Moore RA, Barden J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Managing potential publication bias. In: McQuay HJ, Kalso E, Moore RA editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Pain Research: Methodology Refined. Seattle (WA): IASP Press, 2008:15-24. [ISBN: 978-0-931092-69-5]
53. Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub2]
54. Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, Wiffen P, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. "Evidence" in chronic pain - establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain 2010;150(3):386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.011]
55. Moore RA, Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Chronic low back pain analgesic studies - a methodological minefield. Pain 2010;149(3):431-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.032]
56. Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Phillips CJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Fibromyalgia: moderate and substantial pain intensity reduction predicts improvement in other outcomes and substantial quality of life gain. Pain 2010;149(2):360-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.039]
57. Moore RA, Smugar SS, Wang H, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni A. Numbers-needed-to-treat analyses - do timing, dropouts, and outcome matter? Pooled analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled chronic low back pain trials. Pain 2010;151(3):592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.013]
58. Moore RA, Moore OA, Derry S, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni AR, Wang H. Responder analysis for pain relief and numbers needed to treat in a meta-analysis of etoricoxib osteoarthritis trials: bridging a gap between clinical trials and clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010;69(2):374-9. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.107805]
59. Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Minimum efficacy criteria for comparisons between treatments using individual patient meta-analysis of acute pain trials: examples of etoricoxib, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen/paracetamol combinations after third molar extraction. Pain 2011;152(5):982-9.
60. Moore RA, Mhuircheartaigh RJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Mean analgesic consumption is inappropriate for testing analgesic efficacy in post-operative pain: analysis and alternative suggestion. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(6):427-32. [DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328343c569]
61. Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub2]
62. Moore RA, Straube S, Eccleston C, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen P, et al. Estimate at your peril: imputation methods for patient withdrawal can bias efficacy outcomes in chronic pain trials using responder analyses. Pain 2012;153(2):265-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.004]
63. Moore RA, Straube S, Aldington D. Pain measures and cut-offs - 'no worse than mild pain' as a simple, universal outcome. Anaesthesia 2013;68(4):400-12. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12148]
64. Moore A, Derry S, Eccleston C, Kalso E. Expect analgesic failure; pursue analgesic success. BMJ 2013;346:f2690. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2690]
65. Moore RA, Derry S, Taylor RS, Straube S, Phillips CJ. The costs and consequences of adequately managed chronic non-cancer pain and chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Practice 2014;14(1):79-94. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12050]
66. Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub3]
67. Moore RA, Cai N, Skljarevski V, Tölle TR. Duloxetine use in chronic painful conditions - individual patient data responder analysis. European Journal of Pain 2014;18(1):67-75. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00341.x]
68. Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Eccleston C, Derry S, Baron R, Bell RF, et al. Systematic review of enriched enrolment, randomised withdrawal trial designs in chronic pain: a new framework for design and reporting. Pain 2015;156(8):1382-95. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000088]
69. Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Tsilika E, Mavromati A, Smyrniotis V, Georgaki S, et al. Long-term management of noncancer pain with transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl. Journal of Pain 2003;4(6):298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/S1526-5900(03)00632-1]
70. Nelson L, Schwaner R. Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Medical Toxicology 2009;5(4):230-41.
71. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Neuropathic pain - pharmacological management: the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain in adults in non-specialist settings, 2013. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg173 (accessed 6 October 2016).
72. O'Brien EM, Staud RM, Hassinger AD, McCulloch RC, Craggs JG, Atchison JW, et al. Patient-centered perspective on treatment outcomes in chronic pain. Pain Medicine 2010;11(1):6-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00685]
73. O'Connor, AB, Dworkin RH. Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelines. American Journal of Medicine 2009;122(10 Suppl):S22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.007]
74. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (PaPaS) author and referee guidance. papas.cochrane.org/papas-documents (accessed 6 October 2016).
75. Park JH, Kim JH, Yun SC, Roh SW, Rhim SC, Kim CJ, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of fentanyl transdermal patch (Durogesic D-TRANS) in chronic pain. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 2011;153(1):181-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0785-4]
76. Prescribing and Medicines Team, Health and Social Care Information Centre. Prescription Cost Analysis, England 2014. content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB17274/pres-cost-anal-eng-2014-rep.pdf (accessed 6 October 2016):119-21. [ISBN: 978-1-78386-365-5]
77. Rappaport ZH, Devor M. Trigeminal neuralgia: the role of self-sustaining discharge in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain 1994;56:127-38.
78. Raptis E, Vadalouca A, Stavropoulou E, Argyra E, Melemeni A, Siafaka I. Pregabalin vs. opioids for the treatment of neuropathic cancer pain: a prospective, head-to-head, randomized, open-label study. Pain Practice 2014;14(1):32-42. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12045]
79. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
80. Soni A, Batra R, Gwilym S, Spector T, Hart D, Arden N, et al. Neuropathic features of joint pain: a community-based study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2013;65(7):1942-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37962]
81. Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Enriched enrolment: definition and effects of enrichment and dose in trials of pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain. A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008;66(2):266-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03200]
82. Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA, Paine J, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin in fibromyalgia - responder analysis from individual patient data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:150. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-150]
83. Sultan A, Gaskell H, Derry S, Moore RA. Duloxetine for painful diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia pain: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Neurology 2008;8:29. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-8-9]
84. Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. Journal of Pain 2006;7(4):281-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.11.008]
85. Tracey I. Can neuroimaging studies identify pain endophenotypes in humans?. Nature Reviews Neurology 2011;7(3):173-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.4]
86. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008;70(18):1630-5. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59]
87. Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H. Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician 2008;11:S133-53.
88. van Hecke O, Austin SK, Khan RA, Smith BH, Torrance N. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain 2014;155(4):654-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.11.013]
89. Vo T, Rice AS, Dworkin RH. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for neuropathic pain: how do we explain continued widespread use?. Pain 2009;143(3):169-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.03.013]
90. von Hehn CA, Baron R, Woolf CJ. Deconstructing the neuropathic pain phenotype to reveal neural mechanisms. Neuron 2012;73(4):638-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.008]
91. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2163-96. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2]
92. Weisberg DF, Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Stannard C. Prescription opioid misuse in the United States and the United Kingdom: cautionary lessons. International Journal on Drug Policy 2014;25(6):1124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.009]
93. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Aldington D, Cole P, Rice ASC, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia - an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010567.pub2]
94. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Stannard C, Aldington D, Cole P, et al. Buprenorphine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011603.pub2]
95. Zin CS, Chen LC, Knaggs RD. Changes in trends and pattern of strong opioid prescribing in primary care. European Journal of Pain 2014;18(9):1343-51. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.496.x]