State of the art and perspectives on neotropical fern and lycophyte systematics

Journal of Systematics and Evolution

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 679-690

  Almeida, Thaís Elias ^a   Salino, Alexandre ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO OESTE DO PARÁ   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

biogeography; collections; phylogeny; pteridophytes; taxonomy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990876705     PISSN: 16744918     EISSN: 17596831     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jse.12223     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Ahrends A, Rahbek C, Bulling MT, Burgess ND, Platts PJ, Lovett JC, Kindemba VW, Owen N, Sallu AN, Marshall AR, Mhoro BE, Fanning E, Marchant R. 2011. Conservation and the botanist effect. Botanical Conservation 144: 131–140.
2. Almeida TE, Hennequin S, Schneider H, Smith AR, Batista Jan, Ramalho AJ, Proite K, Salino A. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 688–700.
3. Almeida TE, Salino A. 2015. Thirteen new records of ferns from Brazil. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e4421.
4. Arbeláez AL. 1995. Two new species and new records for Pteris (Pteridaceae) from Colombia. Brittonia 47: 175–181.
5. Assis FC, Almeida TE, Russell ST, Schneider H, Salino A. 2016. Molecular phylogeny and recircumscription of the fern genus Pecluma (Polypodiaceae-Polypodiopsida). Phytotaxa 247: 235–246.
6. Assis Lcs, Carvalho MR, Wheeler QD. 2011. Homoplasy: From detecting pattern to determining process in evolution, but with a secondary role for morphology? Zootaxa 2984: 67–68.
7. Avise JC. 2004. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. 2nd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
8. Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood Jri, Wortley AG, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson Nkb, Scotland RW. 2010. Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107: 22169–22171.
9. Beck JB, Windham MD, Yatskievych G, Pryer KM. 2010. A diploids-first approach to species delimitation and interpreting polyploid evolution in the fern genus Astrolepis (Pteridaceae). Systematic Botany 35: 223–234.
10. Bernal R, Gradstein SR, Celis M. 2016. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá [online]. Available from www.catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co [accessed 07 July 2016].
11. The Brazil Flora Group (BFG). 2015. Growing knowledge: An overview of seed plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1085–1113.
12. Bystriakova N, Ansell JW, Russell SJ, Grundmann M, Vogel JC, Schneider H. 2013. Present, past and future of the European rock fern Asplenium fontanum: Combining distribution modelling and population genetics to study the effect of climate change on geographic range and genetic diversity. Annals of Botany 113: 453–465.
13. Bystriakova N, Peregrym M, Erkens Rhj, Bezsmertna O, Schneider H. 2012. Sampling bias in geographic and environmental space and its effect on the predictive power of species distribution models. Systematics and Biodiversity 10: 305–315.
14. Caluff MG, Sánchez CV, Shelton G. 2008. Helechos y plantas afines (Pteridophyta) de Cuba. I. Fitogeografía. Revista del Jardin Botánico Nacional, Universidad de la Habana 29: 21–49.
15. Cárdenas GG, Tuomisto H, Lehtonen S. 2016. Newly discovered diversity in the tropical fern genus Metaxya based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Kew Bulletin 71: 5.
16. Carvalho FA, Filer D, Renner SS. 2015. Taxonomy in the electronic age and an e-monograph of the papaya family (Caricaceae) as an example. Cladistics 31: 321–329.
17. Carvalho FA, Salino A, Zartman CE. 2012. New country and regional records from the Brazilian side of Neblina Massif. American Fern Journal 102: 228–232.
18. Christenhusz Mjm, Jones M, Lehtonen S. 2013. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic fern genus Dracoglossum. American Fern Journal 103: 131–138.
19. Christenhusz Mjm, Tuomisto H, Metzgar JS, Pryer KM. 2008. Evolutionary relationships within the Neotropical, eusporangiate fern genus Danaea (Marattiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 34–48.
20. Christenhusz Mjm, Zhang X-C, Schneider H. 2011. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7–54.
21. Cincotta RP, Wisnewski J, Engelman R. 2000. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 404: 990–992.
22. Cochran AT, Prado J, Schuettpelz E. 2014. Tryonia, a new taenitidoid fern genus segregated from Jamesonia and Eriosorus (Pteridaceae). PhytoKeys 35: 23–43.
23. Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB). 2010. COP 10 Decision X/17: Consolidated update of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011–2020 [online]. Available from www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=12283 [accessed 04 January 2016].
24. Costa DP, Peralta DF. 2015. Bryophytes diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1063–1071.
25. Cox CB. 2001. The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography 28: 511–523.
26. Crane EH, Farrar DR, Wendel JF. 1995. Phylogeny of Vittariaceae: Convergent simplification leads to a polyphyletic Vittaria. American Fern Journal 85: 283–305.
27. Des Marais DL, Smith AR, Britton DM, Pryer KM. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of extant horsetails, Equisetum, based on chloroplast DNA sequence data (rbcL and trnL-F). International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 737–751.
28. Dubuisson J-Y, Hennequin S, Douzery Ejp, Cranfill RB, Smith AR, Pryer KM. 2003. rbcL phylogeny of the fern genus Trichomanes (Hymenophyllaceae), with special reference to neotropical taxa. International Journal of Plants Science 164: 753–761.
29. Duno de Stefano R, Stauffer F, Riina R, Huber O, Aymard G, Hokche O, Berry PE, Meier W. 2009. Assessment of vascular plant diversity and endemism in Venezuela. Candollea 64: 203–212.
30. Dyer RJ, Savolainen V, Schneider H. 2012. Apomixis and reticulate evolution in the Asplenium monanthes fern complex. Annals of Botany 110: 1515–1529.
31. Ebihara A, Nitta JH, Lorence D, Dubuisson J-Y. 2009. New records of Polyphlebium borbonicum, an African filmy fern, in the New World and Polynesia. American Fern Journal 99: 200–206.
32. Ereshefsky M. 2009. Homology: Integrating phylogeny and development. Biological Theory 4: 225–229.
33. Field AR, Testo W, Bostock PD, Holtum Jam, Waycott M. 2016. Molecular phylogenetics and the morphology of the Lycopodiaceae subfamily Huperzioideae supports three genera: Huperzia, Phlegmariurus and Phylloglossum. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 635–657.
34. Geiger Jmo, Korall P, Ranker TA, Kleist AC, Nelson CL. 2013. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Cibotium and origin of the Hawaiian endemics. American Fern Journal 103: 141–152.
35. Giacomin LL, Kamino Lhy, Stehmann JR. 2014. Speeding up the discovery of unknown plants: A case study of Solanum (Solanaceae) endemics from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão 35: 121–135.
36. Godfray HCJ. 2002. Challenges for taxonomy. Nature 417: 17–19.
37. Godfray HCJ. 2007. Linnaeus in the information age. Nature 446: 259–260.
38. Goodwin ZA, Harris DJ, Filer D, Wood Jri, Scotland RW. 2015. Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. Current Biology 25: R1057–R1069.
39. Grusz AL, Windham MD. 2013. Towards a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae). PhytoKeys 32: 49–64.
40. Harrison N, Kidner CA. 2011. Next-generation sequencing and systematics: What can a billion base pairs of DNA sequence data do for you. Taxon 60: 1552–1566.
41. Hasebe M, Omori T, Nakazawa M, Sano T, Kato M, Iwatsuki K. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 5730–5734.
42. Hasebe M, Wolf PG, Pryer KM, Ueda K, Ito M, Sano R, Gastony GJ, Yokoyama J, Manhart JR, Murakami N, Crane EH, Haufler CH, Hauk WD. 1995. Fern phylogeny on rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 134–181.
43. Haufler CH. 1979. Biosystematic revision of Bommeria. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 60: 445–476.
44. Hauk WD, Parks CR, Chase MW. 2003. Phylogenetic studies of Ophioglossaceae: Evidence from rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 131–151.
45. Hennequin S, Ebihara A, Ito M, Iwatsuki K, Dubuisson J-Y. 2003. Molecular systematics of the fern genus Hymenophyllum s.l. (Hymenophyllaceae) based on chloroplastic coding and non-coding regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 283–301.
46. Hennequin S, Hovenkamp P, Christenhusz Mjm, Schneider H. 2010. Phylogenetics and biogeography of Nephrolepis – A tale of old settlers and young tramps. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 113–127.
47. Hirai RY, Rouhan G, Labiak PH, Ranker TA, Prado J. 2011. Moranopteris: A new Neotropical genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Asian Micropolypodium. Taxon 60: 1123–1137.
48. Hooper EA, Haufler CH. 1997. Genetic diversity and breeding system in a group of neotropical epiphytic ferns (Pleopeltis; Polypodiaceae). American Journal of Botany 84: 1664–1674.
49. Hoot SB, Taylor WC, Napier NS. 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of Isoetes (Isoetaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Systematic Botany 31: 449–460.
50. Iucn Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (IUCN). 2016. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in September 2013 [online]. Avaliable from http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [accessed 04 April 2016].
51. Jiménez A, Holderegger R, Csencsics D, Quintanilha LG. 2010. Microsatellites reveal substantial among-population genetic differentiation and strong inbreeding in the relict fern Dryopteris aemula. Annals of Botany 106: 149–155.
52. Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Myers N, Pimm SL. 2011. Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108: 13171–13176.
53. Kessler M, Smith AR. 2006. Megalastrum (Dryopteridacae – Pteridophyta) in Bolivia, with description of six new species. American Fern Journal 96: 31–44.
54. Kier G, Mutke J, Dinerstein E, Ricketts TH, Küper W, Kref H, Barthlott W. 2005. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1–10.
55. Kirkpatrick REB. 2007. Investigating the monophyly of Pellaea (Pteridaceae) in the context of a phylogenetic analysis of cheilanthoid ferns. Systematic Botany 32: 504–518.
56. Korall P, Conant DS, Metzgar JS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns. American Journal of Botany 94: 873–886.
57. Korall P, Kenrick P. 2004. The phylogenetic history of Selaginellaceae based on DNA sequences from the plastid and nucleus: Extreme substitution rates and rate heterogeneity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 852–864.
58. Korall P, Kenrick P, Therrien JP. 1999. Phylogeny of Selaginellaceae: Evaluation of generic/subgeneric relationships based on rbcL gene sequences. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 585–594.
59. Korall P, Pryer KM. 2014. Global biogeography of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae): Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance and limited transoceanic dispersal. Journal of Biogeography 41: 402–413.
60. Korall P, Pryer KM, Metzgar J, Schneider H, Conant DS. 2006. Tree ferns: Monophyletic groups and their relationships as revealed by four protein-coding plastid loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 830–845.
61. Kramer KU, Green PS. 1990. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. In: Kubitzki K ed. Families and genera of vascular plants. version 1. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1–404.
62. Kreier H-P, Rex M, Weising K, Kessler M, Smith AR, Schneider H. 2008. Inferring the diversification of the epiphytic fern genus Serpocaulon (Polypodiaceae) in South America using chloroplast sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Plant Systematics and Evolution 274: 1–16.
63. Kreier H-P, Schneider H. 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae: Polypodiidae). American Journal of Botany 93: 217–225.
64. Krömer T, Carvajal-Hernández C, Acebey AR, Smith AR. 2015. A decade of new pteridophyte records for the State of Veracruz, Mexico. American Fern Journal 105: 162–175.
65. Labiak PH, Mickel JT, Hanks JG. 2015. Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of Anemiaceae (Schizaeales). Taxon 64: 1141–1158.
66. Labiak PH, Prado, J. 2007. New records of pteridophytes from Bolivia and Brazil. American Fern Journal 97: 113–123.
67. Labiak PH, Rouhan G, Sundue M. 2010a. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Leucotrichum (Polypodiaceae): A new genus of grammitid ferns from the Neotropics. Taxon 59: 911–921.
68. Labiak PH, Sundue M, Rouhan G. 2010b. Molecular phylogeny, character evolution, and biogeography of the grammitid fern genus Lellingeria (Polypodiaceae). American Journal of Botany 97: 1354–1364.
69. Labiak PH, Sundue M, Rouhan G, Hanks JG, Mickel JT, Moran RC. 2014. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the lastreopsid ferns. American Journal of Botany 101: 1207–1228.
70. Laubichler MD. 2000. Homology in development and the development of the homology concept. American Zoologist 40: 777–788.
71. Lehnert, M. 2006. New species and records of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Pteridophyta) from the northern Andes. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 6: 321–322.
72. Lehnert M, Kessler M, Schmidt-Lebuhn AN, Klimas SA, Fehlber SD, Ranker TA. 2009. Phylogeny of the fern genus Melpomene (Polypodiaceae) inferred from morphology and chloroplast DNA analysis. Systematic Botany 34: 17–27.
73. Lehtonen S, Tuomisto H, Rouhan G, Christenhusz MJM. 2010. Phylogenetics and classification of the pantropical fern family Lindsaeaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 305–359.
74. Li F-W, Pryer KM, Windham MD. 2012. Gaga, a new fern genus segregated from Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae). Systematic Botany 37: 845–860.
75. Liu H-M, Zhang X-C, Wang M-P, Shang H, Zhou S-L, Yan Y-H, Wei X-P, Xu W-B, Schneider H. 2016. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic fern genus Trichoneuron informs on the infra-familial relationship of Dryopteridaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 319–332.
76. Link-Pérez M, Watson LE, Hickey RJ. 2011. Redefinition of Adiantopsis Fée (Pteridaceae): Systematics, diversification, and biogeography. Taxon 60: 1255–1268.
77. Little DP, Barrington DS. 2003. Major evolutionary events in the origin and diversification of the fern genus Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae). American Journal of Botany 90: 508–514.
78. Lomolino MV. 2004. Conservation biogeography. In: Lomolino MV, Heaney LR eds. Frontiers of biogeography: New directions in the geography of nature. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. 293–296.
79. Lóriga J, Vasco A, Regalado L, Heinrichs J, Moran RC. 2014. Phylogeny and classification of the Cuban species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae), with description of Elaphoglossum sect. Wrightiana sect. nov. Plant Systematics and Evolution 300: 937–951.
80. Madeira PT, Pemberton RW, Center TD. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Lygodium (Schizaeaceae) with special reference to the biological control and host rang testing of Lygodium microphyllum. Biological Control 45: 308–318.
81. Marques GJ, Brussa CA. 2011. First record of Cyatheaceae in Uruguay. American Fern Journal 101: 205.
82. McHenry MA, Barrington DS. 2014. Phylogeny and biogeography of exindusiate Andean Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae). American Journal of Botany 101: 365–375.
83. Metzgar JS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2007. Phylogeny and divergence time estimates for the fern genus Azolla (Salviniaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 168: 1045–1053.
84. Metzgar JS, Skog JE, Zimmer EA, Pryer KM. 2008. The paraphyly of Osmunda is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of seven plastid loci. Systematic Botany 33: 31–36.
85. Meyer N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca Gab, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
86. Mickel JT, Smith AR. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 88: 1–1054.
87. Moran RC. 2008. Diversity, biogeography and floristics. In: Ranker TA, Haufler CH eds. Biology and evolution of ferns and lycophytes. New York: Cambridge University Press. 367–394.
88. Moran RC, Labiak PH. 2015. Phylogeny of the polybotryoid fern clade (Dryopteridaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 176: 880–891.
89. Moran RC, Labiak PH. 2016. Phylogeny and character evolution of the Neotropical fern genus Stigmatopteris (Dryopteridaceae). Brittonia 69: 1–13.
90. Moran RC, Labiak PH, Hanks JG, Prado J. 2014a. The phylogenetic relationships of Tectaria brauniana and T. nicotianifolia, and the recognition of Hypoderris (Tectariaceae). Systematic Botany 39: 384–395.
91. Moran RC, Labiak PH, Sundue M. 2010. Phylogeny and character evolution of the bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 171: 547–559.
92. Moran RC, Prado J, Labiak P. 2009a. Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. American Fern Journal 99: 1–44.
93. Moran RC, Prado J, Labiak P. 2009b. Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in the West Indies. Brittonia 61: 273–292.
94. Moran RC, Prado J, Sundue MA. 2014b. Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in Andean South America, Part I. American Fern Journal 104: 109–178.
95. Moran RC, Prado J, Sundue MA. 2014c. Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in Andean South America, Part II. American Fern Journal 104: 181–236.
96. Morejón Hernández R, Sanchez C. 2013. Novelties in the fern genus Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae) II. New records, new combinations and other new statuses for Cuba. Willdenowia 43: 325–330.
97. Morim MP, Lughadha EMN. 2015. Flora of Brazil Online: Can Brazil's botanists achieve their 2020 vision? Rodriguésia 66: 1115–1135.
98. Murakami N, Nogami S, Watanabe SM, Iwatsuki K. 1999. Phylogeny of Aspleniaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 89: 232–243.
99. Murakami N, Schaal BA. 1994. Chloroplast DNA variation and the phylogeny of Asplenium sect. Hymenasplenium (Aspleniaceae) in the New World tropics. Journal of Plant Research 107: 245–251.
100. Murdock AG. 2008. Phylogeny of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae): inferring a root in the absence of a closely related outgroup. American Journal of Botany 95: 626–641.
101. Mynssen CM, Vasco A, Moran RC, Sylvestre LS, Rouhan G. 2016. Desmophlebiaceae and Desmophlebium: A new family and genus of Eupolypods II ferns. Taxon 65: 19–34.
102. Nagalingum NS, Nowak MD, Pryer KM. 2008. Assessing phylogenetic relationships in extant heterosporous ferns (Salviniales), with a focus on Pilularia and Salvinia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 673–685.
103. Nagalingum NS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in the heterosporous fern genus Marsilea. Systematic Botany 32: 16–25.
104. Nakazato T, Gastony GJ. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of Anogramma species and related genera (Pteridaceae: Taenitidoideae). Systematic Botany 28: 490–502.
105. Nelson GJ. 1973. The higher-level phylogeny of vertebrates. Systematic Zoology 22: 87–91.
106. Otto EM, Janssen T, Kreier HP, Schneider H. 2009. New insights into the phylogeny of Pleopeltis and related Neotropical genera (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 190–201.
107. Pabón-Mora N, González F. 2015. Nephropteris out of the clouds: Molecular evidence places the enigmatic N. maxonii (Pteridaceae) within the Jamesonia clade. Brittonia 68: 83–92.
108. Ponce M. 2001. Additions and corrections to the pteridophyte flora of Northeastern Argentina. American Fern Journal 91: 70–72.
109. Ponce MM, Assis Elm, Labiak PH. 2008. A new species and two records of the fern genus Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae). American Fern Journal 98: 202–207.
110. Prado J, Hirai RY. 2014. Biogeography of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Evidence from phylogenetic data sets and perspectives for fern and lycophytes studies. Fern Gazette 19: 241–257.
111. Prado J, Rodrigues Cdn, Salatino A, Salatino MLF. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships among Pteridaceae, including Brazilian species, inferred from rbcL sequences. Taxon 56: 355–368.
112. Prado J, Smith AR. 2002. Novelties in Pteridaceae from South America. American Fern Journal 92: 105–111.
113. Prado J, Sylvestre LS, Labiak PH, Windisch PG, Salino A, Barros Icl, Hirai RY, Almeida TE, Santiago Acp, Kieling-Rubio MA, Pereira Afn, Øllgaard B, Ramos Cgv, Mickel JT, Dittrich Vao, Mynssen CM, Schwartsburd PB, Condack Jps, Pereira Jbs, Matos FB. 2015. Diversity of ferns and lycophytes in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1–11.
114. Pryer KM, Huiet L, Li F-W, Rothfels CJ, Schuettpelz E. 2016. Maidenhair ferns, Adiantum, are indeed monophyletic and sister to shoestring ferns, vittarioids (Pteridaceae). Systematic Botany 41: 17–23.
115. Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS, Sipes S. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409: 618–622.
116. Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Wolf PG, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1582–1598.
117. Reid JD, Plunkett GM, Peters GA. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships in the heterosporous fern genus Azolla (Azollaceae) based on DNA sequence data from three noncoding regions. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167: 529–538.
118. Rojas-Alvarado AF. 2001. New species, newly used names and new ranges of tree ferns (Filicales: Cyatheaceae) in the Neotropics. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49: 453–465.
119. Rojas-Alvarado AF. 2002. New species, new combinations and new distributions in neotropical species of Elaphoglossum (Lomariopsidaceae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 50: 969–1006.
120. Rouhan G, Hanks JG, McClelland D, Moran RC. 2007. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the fern genus Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae). Brittonia 59: 115–128.
121. Salino A, Almeida TE, Smith AR, Gómez AN, Kreier H-P, Schneider H. 2008. A new species of Microgramma (Polypodiaceae) from Brazil and recircumscription of the genus based on phylogenetic evidence. Systematic Botany 33: 630–635.
122. Sánchez-Baracaldo P. 2004a. Phylogenetics and biogeography of the Neotropical fern genera Jamesonia and Eriosorus (Pteridaceae). American Journal of Botany 91: 274–284.
123. Sánchez-Baracaldo P. 2004b. Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Taenitidoideae, Pteridaceae. American Fern Journal 94: 126–142.
124. Särkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S. 2013. Distribution models and species discovery: The story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 31: 1–20.
125. Schneider H, Kreier H-P, Wilson R, Smith AR. 2006. The Synammia enigma: Evidence for a temperate lineage of polygrammoid ferns (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae) in Southern South America. Systematic Botany 31: 31–41.
126. Schneider H, Russell ST, Cox CJ, Bakker F, Henderson S, Rumsey F, Barrett J, Gibby M, Vogel JC. 2004a. Chloroplast phylogeny of asplenioid ferns based on rbcL and trnL-F spacer sequences (Polypodiidae, Aspleniaceae) and its implications for biogeography. Systematic Botany 29: 260–274.
127. Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Hildebrand TJ, Haufler CH, Ranker TA. 2004b. Unraveling the phylogeny of polygrammoid ferns (Polypodiaceae and Grammitidaceae): Exploring aspects of the diversification of epiphytic plants. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1041–1063.
128. Schneider H, Smith AR, Pryer KM. 2009. Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Systematic Botany 34: 455–475.
129. Schuettpelz E, Pryer KM. 2008. Fern phylogeny. In: Hanker TA, Haufler CH eds. Biology and evolution of ferns and lycophytes. New York: Cambridge Press. 395–416.
130. Schuettpelz E, Schneider H, Huiet L, Windham MD, Pryer KM. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 1172–1185.
131. Sessa EB, Zimmer EA, Givnish TJ. 2012. Phylogeny, divergence times, and historical biogeography of new world Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae). American Journal of Botany 99: 730–750.
132. Sigel EM, Windham MD, Huiet L, Yatskievych G, Pryer KM. 2011. Species relationships and farina evolution in the cheilanthoid fern genus Argyrochosma (Pteridaceae). Systematic Botany 36: 554–564.
133. Skog JE, Mickel JT, Moran RC, Volovsek M, Zimmer EA. 2004. Molecular studies of representative species in the fern genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae) based on cpDNA sequences rbcL, trnL-F and rps4-trnS. International Journal of the Plant Sciences 165: 1063–1075.
134. Smith AR. 2005. Floristics in the 21st century: Balancing user-needs and phylogenetic information. Fern Gazette 17: 105–137.
135. Smith AR, Kessler M, Gonzales J. 1999. New records of pteridophytes from Bolivia. American Fern Journal 89: 244–266.
136. Smith AR, León B, Tuomisto H, van der Werff H, Moran RC, Lehnert M, Kessler M. 2005. New records of pteridophytes for the flora of Peru. Sida 21: 2321–2342.
137. Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705–731.
138. Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2008. Fern classification. In: Hanker TA, Haufler CH eds. Biology and evolution of ferns and lycophytes. New York: Cambridge Press. 417–467.
139. Sobral M, Stehmann JR. 2009. An analysis of new angiosperm species discoveries in Brazil (1990-2006). Taxon 58: 227–232.
140. Soria-Auza RW, Kessler M. 2008. The influence of sampling intensity on the perception of the spatial distribution of tropical diversity and endemism, a case study of ferns from Bolivia. Diversity and Distributions 14: 123–130.
141. Sousa-Baena MS, Garcia LC, Peterson AT. 2013. Knowledge behind conservation status decisions: Data basis for “Data Deficient” Brazilian plant species. Biological Conservation 173: 80–89.
142. Sousa-Baena MS, Garcia LC, Peterson AT. 2014. Completeness of digital accessible knowledge of the plants of Brazil and priorities for survey and inventory. Diversity and Distributions 20: 369–381.
143. Sprunt SV, Schneider H, Watson LE, Russell S, Navarro-Gomez A, Hickey RJ. 2011. Exploring the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Pleopeltis polypodioides (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiales) inferred from plastid DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 36: 862–869.
144. Sundue M, Kessler M. 2008. New species and new records of the fern genus Terpsichore (Polypodiopsida: Polypodiaceae) from Bolivia. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 8: 163e1–163e10.
145. Sundue MA, Islam MB, Ranker TA. 2010. Systematics of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae): Using morphology and plastid sequence data to resolve the circumscriptions of Melpomene and the polyphyletic genera Lellingeria and Terpsichore. Systematic Botany 35: 701–715.
146. Sundue MA, Labiak PH, Mostacero J, Smith AR. 2012. Galactodenia, a new genus of grammitid ferns segregated from Terpsichore (Polypodiaceae). Systematic Botany 37: 339–346.
147. Sundue MA, Parris BS, Ranker TA, Smith AR, Fujimoto EL, Zamora-Crosby D, Morden CW, Chiou W-L, Chen C-W, Rouhan G, Hirai RY, Prado J. 2014. Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 195–206.
148. Torres Eim, Keller HA, Brussa CA. 2010. New records of ferns from Northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. American Fern Journal 100: 183–187.
149. Tryon RM. 1972. Endemic areas and geographic speciation in tropical American ferns. Biotropica 4: 121–131.
150. Tryon RM. 1986. The biogeography of species, with special reference to ferns. The Botanical Review 52: 117–156.
151. Tryon RM, Conant DS. 1975. The ferns of Brazilian Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 5: 23–34.
152. Tryon RM, Stolze RG. 1989. Pteridophyta of Peru: Part I: 1. Ophioglossaceae–12. Cyatheaceae. Fieldiana Botany 20: 1–145.
153. Valdespino IA. 2015. Novelties in Selaginella (Selaginellaceae – Lycopodiophyta), with emphasis on Brazilian species. PhytoKeys 57: 93–133.
154. Vasco A, Lóriga J, Rouhan G, Ambrose BA, Moran RC. 2015. Divided leaves in the genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae): A phylogeny of Elaphoglossum section Squamipedia. Systematic Botany 40: 46–55.
155. Vasco A, Moran RC, Rouhan G. 2009. Circumscription and phylogeny of the Elaphoglossum ciliatum group (E. sect. Lepidoglossa, Dryopteridaceae) based on cpDNA sequences. Taxon 58: 825–834.
156. Wang L, Wu Z-Q, Bystriakova N, Ansell SW, Xiang Q-P, Heinrichs J, Schneider H, Zhang X-C. 2011. Phylogeography of the sino-himalayan fern Lepisorus clathratus on “The Roof of the World”. PLoS ONE 6: e25896.
157. Wei R, Xiang Q, Schneider H, Sundue MA, Kessler M, Kamau PW, Hidayat A, Zhang X. 2015. Eurasian origin, boreotropical migration and transoceanic dispersal in the pantropical fern genus Diplazium (Athyriaceae). Journal of Biogeography 42: 1809–1819.
158. Whittaker RJ, Araújo MG, Jepson P, Ladle RJ, Watson Jem, Willis KJ. 2005. Conservation biogeography: Assessment and prospect. Diversity and Distributions 11: 3–23.
159. Wikström N, Kenrick P. 2000a. Phylogeny of epiphytic Huperzia (Lycopodiaceae): Paleotropical and neotropical clades corroborated by rbcL sequences. Nordic Journal of Botany 20: 165–171.
160. Wikström N, Kenrick P. 2000b. Relationships of Lycopodium and Lycopodiella based on combined plastid rbcL gene and trnL intron sequence data. Systematic Botany 25: 495–510.
161. Wikström N, Kenrick P, Vogel JC. 2002. Schizaeaceae: A phylogenetic approach. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 119: 35–50.
162. Wolf PG, Sipes SD, White MR, Martines ML, Pryer KM, Smith AR, Ueda K. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic fern families Hymenophyllopsidaceae and Lophosoriaceae: Evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 219: 263–270.
163. Wolf PG, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of Dennstaedtioid ferns: Evidence from rbcL sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 383–392.
164. Yatabe Y, Nishida H, Murakami N. 1999. Phylogeny of Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidence. Journal of Plant Research 23: 485–493.
165. Yesilyurt JC, Barbará T, Schneider H, Russell S, Culham A, Gibby M. 2015. Identifying the generic limits of the Cheilanthoid genus Doryopteris. Phytotaxa 221: 101–122.
166. Zauner H. 2009. Evolving e-taxonomy. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 141.