The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction on Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis and Methods to Assess Vascular Function and Structure

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 445-456

  Dengel, Donald R ^a   Bronas, Ulf G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease risk factors; endothelial dysfunction; intima media thickness; ultrasound imaging

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990342389     PISSN: 15598276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1559827610368773     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Rosamond W., Fegal K., Friday G., et al. Heart disease and stroke-2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007; 115: E69-E171.
2. Smith SC Jr, Greenland P., Grundy SM AHA Conference Proceedings. Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention. Executive Summary. Circulation. 2000; 1001: 111-116.
3. Vander A., Sherman J., Luciano D. Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
4. Liebermann EH, Garces MR, Lopez-Jimenez T. Endothelial function and insights into prevention. In: Fody JM, ed. Preventive Cardiology Insights Into the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 2006: 19-28.
5. Stamler J., Loh E., Roddy M., Currie K., Creager M. Nitric oxide regulates basal systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy humans. Circulation. 1994; 89: 2035-2040.
6. Vallance P., Collier J., Moncada S. Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man. Lancet. 1989; 2: 997-1000.
7. Furchgott R., Zawadzki J. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980; 288: 373-376.
8. Kubes P., Suzuki M., Granger D. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88: 4651-4655.
9. Randomski M., Palmer R., Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulated aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 5193-5197.
10. Garg U., Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1774-1777.
11. Kunsch C., Medford RM Oxidation-sensitive transcription and gene expression in atherosclerosis. In: Keaney JF, ed. Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2000: 135-154.
12. Libby P. Atherosclerosis: the new view. Sci Am. 2002;286: 47-55.
13. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009; 119: e21-e181.
14. Achenbach S., Daniel WG Current role of cardiac computed tomography. Herz. 2007; 32: 97-107.
15. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990; 15: 827-832.
16. Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R., et al. Comparative use of radionuclide stress testing, coronary artery calcium scanning, and noninvasive coronary angiography for diagnostic and prognostic cardiac assessment. Semin Nucl Med. 2007; 37: 2-16.
17. Lemne C., Jogestrand T., de Faire U. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in borderline hypertension. Stroke. 1995; 26: 34-39.
18. O-Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 14-22.
19. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Hofman A., Witteman JC, Grobbee DE Cross-sectionally assessed carotid intima-media thickness relates to long-term risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and death as estimated by available risk functions. J Intern Med. 1999; 245: 269-276.
20. Williamson EB, Bronas UG, Dengel DR Automated edge detection versus manual edge measurement in analysis of brachial artery reactivity: a comparison study. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008; 34: 1499-1503.
21. Dinenno FA, Tanaka H., Monahan KD, et al. Regular endurance exercise induces expansive arterial remodeling in the trained limbs of healthy men. J Physiol. 2001; 534: 287-295.
22. Moreau KI, Silver AE, Dinenno FA, Seals DR Habitual aerobic exercise is associated with smaller femoral artery intima-media thickness with age in healthy men and women. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006; 13: 805-811.
23. Bhagat K., Hingorani A., Vallance P. Flow associated or flow mediated dilatation? More than just semantics. Heart. 1997; 78: 7-8.
24. Corrette MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 257-265.
25. Munzel T., Sinning C., Post F., Warnholtz A., Schultz E. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic implications of endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med. 2008; 40: 180-196.
26. Pyke KE, Tschakovsky ME The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function. J Physiol. 2005; 568: 357-369.
27. Black MA, Cable NT, Thijssen DH, Green DJ Importance of measuring the time course of flow-mediated dilatation in humans. Hypertension. 2008; 51: 203-210.
28. Thelen MA, Kelly AS, Williamson EB, Dengel DR Examining the time course of endothelium-independent dilation by nitroglycerin. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008; 34: 1217-1220.
29. Fernhall B., Agiovlasitis S. Arterial function in youth: window into cardiovascular risk. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105: 325-333.
30. Schmidt-Trucksass A., Grathwohl D., Schmid A., et al. Structural, functional, and hemodynamic changes of the common carotid artery with age in male subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 1091-1097.
31. Tanaka H., Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, DeSouza CA, Seals DR Carotid artery wall hypertrophy with age is related to local systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 82-87.
32. Kotsis VT, Stabouli SV, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos NA Impact of obesity in intima media thickness of carotid arteries. Obesity. 2006; 14: 1708-1715.
33. Burke GL, Bertoni AG, Shea S., et al. The impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical vascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 928-935.
34. Kronenberg F., Pereira MA, Schmitz KH, et al. Influence of leisure time physical activity and television watching on atherosclerosis risk factors for NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 153: 433-443.
35. Moreau KL, Donato AJ, Seals DR, et al. Arterial intima-media thickness: site-specific associations with HRT and habitual exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002; 283: H1409-H1417.
36. Tanaka H., Seals DR, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA, Dinenno FA Regular aerobic exercise and the age-related increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness in healthy men. J Appl Physiol. 2002; 92: 1458-1464.
37. Shaw LJ, Shaw RE, Radford M., et al, for the ACC-National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Sex and ethnic differences in the prevalence of significant and severe coronary artery disease in the ACC: National Cardiovascular Data registry. Circulation. 2004; 110: S111800.
38. Zannad F., Sass C., Visvikis S. Environmental and genetic determinants of intima-media thickness of the carotid artery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001; 28: 1007-1010.
39. Urbina EM, Srinivasan SR, Tang R., Bond MG, Kieltyka L., Berenson GS Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90: 953-958.
40. Juonala M., Kahonen M., Laitinen T., et al. Effect of age and sex on carotid intima-media thickness, elasticity and brachial endothelial function in healthy adults: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 1198-1206.
41. Kapuku GK, Treiber FA, Hartley B., Ludwig DA Gender influences endothelial-dependent arterial dilation via arterial size in youth. Am J Med Sci. 2004; 327: 305-309.
42. Jensen-Urstad K., Johansson J., Jensen-Urstad M. Vascular function correlates with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in healthy population of 35-year-old subjects. J Intern Med. 1997; 241: 507-513.
43. Steinberg HO, Chaker H., Leaming R., Johnson A., Brechtel G., Baron AD Obesity/ insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 2601-2610.
44. Williams IL, Chowienczyk PJ, Wheatcroft SB, et al. Endothelial function and weight loss in obese humans. Obes Surg. 2005; 15: 1055-1060.
45. Olson TP, Schmitz KH, Leon AS, Dengel DR Vascular structure and function in women: relationship with body mass index. Am J Prev Med. 2006; 30: 487-492.
46. Tounian P., Aggoun Y., Dubern B., et al. Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001; 358: 1400-1404.
47. Woo KS, Chook P., Sung RYT, et al. Overweight in children is associated with arterial endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickening. Int J Obes. 2004; 28: 852-857.
48. Mavri A., Stegnar M., Sentocnik JT, et al. Impact of weight reduction on early carotid atherosclerosis in obese premenopausal women. Obes Res. 2001;9: 511-516.
49. Sarmento Plfa, Plavnik FL, Zanella MT, Pinto PE, Miranda RB, Ajzen SA Association of carotid intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in women pre- and post-bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19: 339-344.
50. Wunsch R., deSousa G., Toschke AM, Reinehr T. Intima-media thickness in obese children before and after weight loss. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 2334-2340.
51. Pierce GL, Beske SD, Lawson BR, et al. Weight loss alone improves conduit and resistance artery endothelial function in young and older overweight/obese adults. Hypertension. 2008; 52: 72-79.
52. Kaufman CL, Kaiser DR, Kelly AS, Dengel JL, Steinberger J., Dengel DR Diet revision in overweight children: effect on autonomic and vascular function. Clin Auton Res. 2008; 18: 105-108.
53. Raitakari M., Ilvonen T., Ahotupa M., et al. Weight reduction with very-low caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: role of plasma glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 124-128.
54. Shankar SS, Steinberg HO Weight loss and vascular function: the good and the unknown. Hypertension. 2008; 52: 57-58.
55. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1351-1357.
56. Taddei S., Galetta F., Virdis A., et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2896-2901.
57. Sugawara J., Inoue H., Hayashi K., Yokoi T., Kono I. Effect of low-intensity exercise training on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Hypertens Res. 2004; 27: 897-901.
58. Meyer AA, Kundt G., Lenschow U., Schuff-Werner P., Kienast W. Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1865-1870.
59. Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J., Bank AJ, Dengel DR Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. J Pediatr. 2004; 145: 731-736.
60. Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH Moderate resistance training and vascular health in overweight women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38: 1558-1564.
61. Maiorana A., O-Driscoll G., Dembo L., Goodman C., Taylor R., Green D. Exercise training, vascular function, and functional capacity in middle-aged subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: 2022-2028.
62. Watts K., Beye P., Siafarikas A., et al. Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 1823-1827.
63. Watts K., Beye P., Siafarikas A., et al. Effects of exercise training on vascular function in obese children. J Pediatr. 2004; 144: 620-625.
64. Juonala M., Viikari JSA, Laitinen T., et al. Interrelations between brachial endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2918-2923.
65. Raitakari OT, Juonala M., Kahonen M., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2277-2283.
66. Davis PH, Dawson JD, Mahoney LT, Lauer RM Increased carotid intimalmedial thickness and coronary calcification are related in young and middle-aged adults: the Muscatine Study. Circulation. 1999; 100: 838-842.
67. Kawamoto R., Tomita H., Oka Y., Ohtsuka N. Association between risk factors and carotid enlargement. Intern Med. 2006; 45: 503-509.
68. Knoflach M., Kiechl S., Penz D., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young women: atherosclerosis risk factors in female youngsters (ARFY study). Stroke. 2009; 40: 1063-1069.
69. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D., et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation. 1993; 88: 2149-2155.
70. Zeiher AM, Schachinger V., Minners J. Long-term cigarette smoking impairs endothelium-dependent coronary arterial vasodilator function. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1094-1100.
71. Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Eales-Reynolds LJ, DeVoe MC, Zervas JG, Saha DC Dysfunctional endothelial nitric oxide biosynthesis in healthy smokers with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1905-1910.
72. Kiowski W., Linder L., Stoschitzky K., et al. Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation. 1994; 90: 27-34.
73. Lekakis J., Papamichael C., Vemmos C., Stamatelopoulos K., Voutsas A., Stamatelopoulos S. Effects of acute cigarette smoking on endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 81: 1225-1228.
74. Raitakari OT, Adams MR, McCredie RJ, Griffiths KA, Celermajer DS Arterial endothelial dysfunction related to passive smoking is potentially reversible in healthy young adults. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 578-581.
75. Mukamal KJ, Kronmal RA, Mittleman MA, et al. Alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 2252-2259.
76. Schminke U., Luedemann J., Berger K., et al. Association between alcohol consumption and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Study of Health in Pomerania. Stroke. 2005; 36: 1746-1752.
77. Maiorano G., Bartolomucci F., Contursi V., et al. Noninvasive detection of vascular dysfunction in alcoholic patients. Am J Hypertens. 1999; 12: 137-144.
78. Puddey IB, Zilkens RR, Croft KD, Beilin LJ Alcohol and endothelial function: a brief review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001; 28: 1020-1024.
79. Di Gennaro C., Biggi A., Barilli AL, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in long-term withdrawing alcoholics. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 367-373.
80. Zilkens RR, Rich L., Burke V., Beilin LJ, Watts GF, Puddey IB Effects of alcohol intake on endothelial function in men: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2003; 21: 97-103.
81. Bau PF, Bau CH, Naujorks AA, Rosito GA Early and late effects of alcohol ingestion on blood pressure and endothelial function. Alcohol. 2005; 37: 53-58.
82. Vlachopoulos C., Tsekoura D., Tsiamis E., Panagiotakos D., Stefanadis C. Effect of alcohol on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Vasc Med. 2003; 8: 263-265.
83. Hashimoto M., Kim S., Eto M., et al. Effect of acute intake of red wine on flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88: 1457-1460.
84. Agewall S., Wright S., Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Duxbury M., Sharpe N. Does a glass of red wine improve endothelial function? Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 74-78.
85. Papamichael C., Karatzis E., Karatzi K., et al. Red wine-s antioxidants counteract acute endothelial dysfunction caused by cigarette smoking in healthy nonsmokers. Am Heart J. 2004; 147: G1-G5.
86. Karatzi KN, Papamichael CM, Karatzis EN, et al. Red wine acutely induces favorable effects on wave reflections and central pressures in coronary artery disease patients. Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18: 1161-1167.